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The heartland, when referring to a cultural region of the United States, is the central land area of the country,^[1] usually the Midwestern United States^[2] or the states that do not border the Atlantic or Pacific oceans,^[3] associated with mainstream or traditional values, such as economic self-sufficiency, conservative political and religious ideals, and rootedness in agrarian life.^[2]

The US Census Bureau defines the Midwest as consisting of 12 states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Portions of other non-coastal states can be included in the region as well. These may include eastern portions of the Mountain States (Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming) and northern portions of some Southern states, such as Arkansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and West Virginia.

Location

There is no consensus regarding the geographical boundaries of America's heartland. However, the American Midwest is the most commonly cited area as being the nation's heartland, although many other places have been referred to as part of it, often extending to rural or farming regions in the Great Plains.^[4]^[5] At least as early as 2010, the term Heartland has been used to refer to many so-called "red states", including those in the Bible belt.^[6]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the mean center of population in the US in 2010 was in or around Texas County, Missouri. In 2000 it had been northeast from there, in Phelps County, Missouri. It is projected for the mean center of population to leave the Midwest and enter the Western United States by the mid-21st century.^[7]

The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states is near Lebanon, Kansas. When Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the Union in 1959, the geographic center of the United States moved from Smith County, Kansas to Butte County, South Dakota. The largest city by population in the American heartland is Chicago, Illinois with a metro area nearing ten million people, and it ranks third overall, after New York City and Los Angeles, respectively.

Use of term

The British geographer Halford Mackinder coined the word in 1904 to refer to the heart of the Eurasian land mass: a strategic center of industry, natural resources and power.^[4] The use of the term "heartland" to apply to the American Midwest did not become common until later in the 20th century.^[8]^[2]^[9]

Culture

Heartland rock musicians such as Bruce Springsteen (New Jersey), Bob Seger (Michigan), Melissa Etheridge (Kansas), John Mellencamp (Indiana), and Tom Petty (Florida) have sung about heartland values. Heartland rock albums include Springsteen's Nebraska. The genre is not necessarily Midwestern, as Springsteen was born in New Jersey, and Petty was born in Florida and has sung about the Southern United States, such as in his album Southern Accents. Modern artists of heartland rock include The Killers and The War on Drugs.^[10]

References

^ "heartland". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, pp. 71-73 (2006)
^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 4, 2010). "Heartland Headache: Democrats have to be more competitive in states that don't touch an ocean if they want to bounce back". National Journal. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Badger, Emily; Quealy, Kevin (January 3, 2017). "Where Is America's Heartland? Pick Your Map". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ "HEARTLAND - What is Heartland". Heartlandeindhoven.nl. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ Boyer, Paul S., Clifford E. Clark, Karen Halttunen, Joseph F. Kett, and Neal Salisbury. The enduring vision: A history of the American people Volume II: Since 1865. Cengage Learning, 2016.
^ Yen, Hope (March 8, 2011). "US 'heartland' near historic shift from Midwest". Forbes. Associated Press.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Imagined Heartland, Frontier to Heartland, Newberry Library (2009), Retrieved 4 February 2015
^ "Google Ngram Viewer". Books.google.com. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
^ Jeremiah Tucker (January 29, 2016). "Jeremiah Tucker: Heartland rock could see major resurgence this year". The Joplin Globe. Retrieved November 18, 2020.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Central area of the US that is culturally associated with traditional values}}
 {{other uses|Heartland (disambiguation)}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
-[[File:Classic Kansas field of waving wheat LCCN2011632245.tif|thumb|The term "heartland" often invokes imagery of rural farming regions, such as this picture of a Kansas wheat field.]]
+[[File:Classic Kansas field of waving wheat LCCN2011632245.tif|thumb|The term ''heartland'' often invokes imagery of [[rural area]]s, such as this wheat field in [[Kansas]].]]
+[[File:Iowa terrain.jpg|thumb|[[Iowa]] terrain]]
-The '''heartland''', when referring to a cultural region of the United States, is the central land area of the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web |title=heartland |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heartland |website=merriam-webster.com |access-date=August 2, 2020}}</ref> usually the [[Midwestern United States]]<ref name="encyc"/> or the [[U.S. state|states]] that do not border the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] or [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans,<ref>{{cite news|url = http://nationaljournal.com/columns/political-connections/a-heartland-headache-for-dems-20101104|publisher = [[National Journal]]|title = Heartland Headache: Democrats have to be more competitive in states that don’t touch an ocean if they want to bounce back|first = Ronald|last = Brownstein|date = November 4, 2010|access-date = November 5, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101125102409/http://nationaljournal.com/columns/political-connections/a-heartland-headache-for-dems-20101104|archive-date = November 25, 2010|url-status = dead}}</ref> associated with mainstream or traditional values, such as economic self-sufficiency, conservative political and religious ideals, and rootedness in agrarian life.<ref name="encyc"/>
+The '''heartland''', when referring to a [[cultural area|cultural region]] of the [[United States]], is the central land area of the country,<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster |heartland |access-date=August 2, 2020}}</ref> usually the [[Midwestern United States]]<ref name="encyc"/> or the [[U.S. state|states]] that do not border the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] or [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nationaljournal.com/columns/political-connections/a-heartland-headache-for-dems-20101104 |work=[[National Journal]] |title=Heartland Headache: Democrats have to be more competitive in states that don't touch an ocean if they want to bounce back |first=Ronald |last=Brownstein |date=November 4, 2010 |access-date=November 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125102409/http://nationaljournal.com/columns/political-connections/a-heartland-headache-for-dems-20101104 |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> associated with mainstream or [[traditionalist conservatism|traditional values]], such as economic [[self-sustainability|self-sufficiency]], [[conservatism in the United States|conservative]] political and religious ideals, and rootedness in [[agrarian society|agrarian]] life.<ref name="encyc"/>
-The [[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]] defines the Midwest as consisting of 12 states: [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], [[Ohio]], [[South Dakota]], and [[Wisconsin]]. Portions of other non-coastal states can be included in the region as well. These may include eastern portions of the [[Mountain States]] ([[Colorado]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]]) and northern portions of some [[Southern United States|Southern]] states, such as [[Arkansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Tennessee]], and [[West Virginia]]. One part of this is the [[Suburb]]s, the [[United States Census Bureau]] has found to be [[Middle-class]].
+The [[US Census Bureau]] defines the Midwest as consisting of 12 states: [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], [[Ohio]], [[South Dakota]], and [[Wisconsin]]. Portions of other non-coastal states can be included in the region as well. These may include eastern portions of the [[Mountain States]] ([[Colorado]], [[Utah]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]]) and northern portions of some [[Southern United States|Southern]] states, such as [[Arkansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Tennessee]], and [[West Virginia]].
 == Location ==
 [[File:East Side Lutheran Church Sioux Falls 2.JPG|thumb|A church in South Dakota]]
-There is no consensus as to the geographical boundaries of America's heartland. However, the American Midwest is the most commonly cited area as being the nation's heartland, although many other places have been referred to as part of it, often extending to rural or farming regions in the great plains.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/03/upshot/where-is-americas-heartland-pick-your-map.html|title=Where Is America’s Heartland? Pick Your Map|last=Badger|first=Emily|date=2017-01-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-16|last2=Quealy|first2=Kevin|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heartlandeindhoven.nl/info_EN.php|title=HEARTLAND - What is Heartland|website=Heartlandeindhoven.nl|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> At least as early as 2010, the term ''Heartland'' has been used to refer to many so-called "[[red states]]", including those in the [[Bible belt]].<ref>Boyer, Paul S., Clifford E. Clark, Karen Halttunen, Joseph F. Kett, and Neal Salisbury. ''The enduring vision: A history of the American people Volume II: Since 1865''. Cengage Learning, 2016.</ref>
+There is no consensus regarding the geographical boundaries of America's heartland. However, the American Midwest is the most commonly cited area as being the nation's heartland, although many other places have been referred to as part of it, often extending to rural or farming regions in the Great Plains.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/03/upshot/where-is-americas-heartland-pick-your-map.html|title=Where Is America's Heartland? Pick Your Map|last1=Badger|first1=Emily|date=2017-01-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-16|last2=Quealy|first2=Kevin|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heartlandeindhoven.nl/info_EN.php|title=HEARTLAND - What is Heartland|website=Heartlandeindhoven.nl|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> At least as early as 2010, the term ''Heartland'' has been used to refer to many so-called "[[red states]]", including those in the [[Bible belt]].<ref>Boyer, Paul S., Clifford E. Clark, Karen Halttunen, Joseph F. Kett, and [[Neal Salisbury]]. ''The enduring vision: A history of the American people Volume II: Since 1865''. Cengage Learning, 2016.</ref>
-According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the [[mean center of United States population|mean center of population in the U.S.]] in 2010 was in or around [[Texas County, Missouri]]. In 2000 it had been northeast from there, in [[Phelps County, Missouri]]. It is projected for the mean center of population to leave the Midwest and enter the [[Western United States|Western U.S.]] by the middle of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|agency = [[Associated Press]]|url = https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/03/08/general-us-census-america-apos-s-heartland_8344805.html|title = US 'heartland' near historic shift from Midwest|first = Hope|last = Yen|date = March 8, 2011|work=Forbes}}</ref>
+According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the [[mean center of United States population|mean center of population in the US]] in 2010 was in or around [[Texas County, Missouri]]. In 2000 it had been northeast from there, in [[Phelps County, Missouri]]. It is projected for the mean center of population to leave the Midwest and enter the [[Western United States]] by the mid-21st century.<ref>{{cite news|agency = [[Associated Press]]|url = https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/03/08/general-us-census-america-apos-s-heartland_8344805.html|title = US 'heartland' near historic shift from Midwest|first = Hope|last = Yen|date = March 8, 2011|work=Forbes}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
-The [[geographic center of the United States|geographic center of the 48 contiguous U.S. states]] is near [[Lebanon, Kansas]]. When [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] were admitted to the Union in 1959, the [[geographic center of the United States]] moved from [[Smith County, Kansas]] to [[Butte County, South Dakota]].
+The [[geographic center of the United States|geographic center of the 48 contiguous states]] is near [[Lebanon, Kansas]]. When [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] were admitted to the Union in 1959, the [[geographic center of the United States]] moved from [[Smith County, Kansas]] to [[Butte County, South Dakota]].  The largest city by population in the American heartland is [[Chicago, Illinois]] with a metro area nearing ten million people, and it ranks third overall, after [[New York City]] and [[Los Angeles]], respectively.
-== Use of the term ==
+== Use of term ==
 [[File:Corn Fields, Iowa Farm 7-13 (15277889101).jpg|thumb|Corn field in Iowa]]
-[[Halford Mackinder]], a British geographer, coined the word in 1904 to refer to the heart of the Eurasian land mass: a strategic center of industry, natural resources and power.<ref name=":0" /> The use of the term "heartland" to apply to the American Midwest did not become common until sometime later in the 20th century.<ref name="newberry">[http://publications.newberry.org/frontiertoheartland/exhibits/show/perspectives/rethinkingheartland Imagined Heartland], ''Frontier to Heartland'', [[Newberry Library]] (2009), Retrieved 4 February 2015</ref><ref name="encyc">[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA71&#v=onepage&q&f=false The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia], pp. 71-73 (2006)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=7&case_insensitive=on&content=heartland&direct_url=t4;,heartland;,c0;,s0;;heartland;,c0;;Heartland;,c0;;HEARTLAND;,c0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|website=Books.google.com|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref>
+The British geographer [[Halford Mackinder]] coined the word in 1904 to refer to the heart of the Eurasian land mass: a strategic center of industry, natural resources and power.<ref name=":0" /> The use of the term "heartland" to apply to the American Midwest did not become common until later in the 20th century.<ref name="newberry">[http://publications.newberry.org/frontiertoheartland/exhibits/show/perspectives/rethinkingheartland Imagined Heartland], ''Frontier to Heartland'', [[Newberry Library]] (2009), Retrieved 4 February 2015</ref><ref name="encyc">[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA71 The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia], pp. 71-73 (2006)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=7&case_insensitive=on&content=heartland&direct_url=t4;,heartland;,c0;,s0;;heartland;,c0;;Heartland;,c0;;HEARTLAND;,c0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|website=Books.google.com|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref>
 == Culture ==
-[[Heartland rock]] musicians such as [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Bob Seger]] (Michigan), [[Melissa Etheridge]] (Kansas), [[John Mellencamp]] (Indiana), and [[Tom Petty]] have sung about heartland values. Heartland rock albums include Springsteen's ''[[Nebraska (album)|Nebraska]]''. The genre is not necessarily Midwestern, as Springsteen was born in [[New Jersey]], and Petty was born in [[Florida]] and has sung about the Southern United States, such as in his album ''[[Southern Accents]]''. Modern artists of heartland rock include [[The Killers]], [[The War on Drugs (band)|The War on Drugs]], and [[Jack Antonoff]].<ref name="joplinglobe.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/lifestyles/jeremiah-tucker-heartland-rock-could-see-major-resurgence-this-year/article_fb05295c-ca63-5093-8ea3-7584c8da535f.html|title=Jeremiah Tucker: Heartland rock could see major resurgence this year|work=The Joplin Globe|access-date=November 18, 2020|author=Jeremiah Tucker}}</ref>
+[[Heartland rock]] musicians such as [[Bruce Springsteen]] (New Jersey), [[Bob Seger]] (Michigan), [[Melissa Etheridge]] (Kansas), [[John Mellencamp]] (Indiana), and [[Tom Petty]] (Florida) have sung about heartland values. Heartland rock albums include Springsteen's ''[[Nebraska (album)|Nebraska]]''. The genre is not necessarily Midwestern, as Springsteen was born in [[New Jersey]], and Petty was born in [[Florida]] and has sung about the Southern United States, such as in his album ''[[Southern Accents]]''. Modern artists of heartland rock include [[The Killers]] and [[The War on Drugs (band)|The War on Drugs]].<ref name="joplinglobe.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/lifestyles/jeremiah-tucker-heartland-rock-could-see-major-resurgence-this-year/article_fb05295c-ca63-5093-8ea3-7584c8da535f.html|title=Jeremiah Tucker: Heartland rock could see major resurgence this year|work=The Joplin Globe|access-date=November 18, 2020|author=Jeremiah Tucker|date=29 January 2016 }}</ref>
 == See also ==
-*[[Bible belt]]
+*[[Bible Belt]]
 *[[Central United States]]
-*[[Heartland rock]]
+*[[Flyover country]]
-*[[Left Coast]]
 *[[Middle America (United States)]]
-*[[Rust belt]]
+*[[Rust Belt]]
-*[[West Coast of the United States]]
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|refs=
+<!--
+<ref name="encyc">{{Cite book |last=Cayton |first=Andrew R. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA71 |title=The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia |last2=Sisson |first2=Richard |last3=Zacher |first3=Chris |date=2006-11-08 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00349-2 |language=en}}</ref>
+-->
+}}
 == Further reading ==