Geography of Uruguay: Difference between revisions

Geography of Uruguay
Continent	South America
Region	Americas
Coordinates	33°00′S 56°00′W / 33.000°S 56.000°W
Area	Ranked 89
• Total	176,215 km2 (68,037 sq mi)
Coastline	660 km (410 mi)
Borders	Total land borders:; 1564 km; Argentina: 579 km; Brazil: 985 km
Highest point	Cerro Catedral (514 m)
Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean (0 m)
Longest river	Rio Negro
Exclusive economic zone	142,166 km2 (54,891 sq mi)

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Uruguay is a country in the southeastern region of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude and 30 and 35 south latitude.^[1] It is bordered to the west by Argentina, on the north and northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, which makes up Uruguay's coast.^[1]

To the south, it fronts the Río de la Plata, a broad estuary that opens out into the South Atlantic.^[1] Montevideo, the capital and major port, sits on the banks of the Río de la Plata and is on approximately the same latitude as Cape Town and Sydney.^[1] Uruguay is the smallest Spanish-speaking nation in South America with a land area of 175,015 km² (67,574 sq mi) and a water area of 1,200 km² (463 sq mi).^[1]^[2] Additionally, Uruguay is the world's only sovereign nation that does not extend north of the 30 degrees south latitude (if Nugent Island is considered New Zealand's northernmost point); accordingly, all other nations include at least some land further north than all points in Uruguay; in this sense, Uruguay could be considered the world's southernmost country. It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 142,166 km² (54,891 sq mi). It is the only country in South America situated completely south of the Tropic of Capricorn, as well as one of only such four in the world.

Topography and hydrography

Most of Uruguay is a rolling plain that represents a transition from the almost featureless Argentine pampas to the hilly uplands of southern Brazil.^[1] The country itself has flat plains on its eastern, southern, and western edges.^[1] The narrow Atlantic coastal plain is sandy and marshy, occasionally broken by shallow lagoons.^[1] The littorals of the Río de la Plata and the Río Uruguay are somewhat broader and merge more gradually into the hilly interior.^[1]

The remaining three-quarters of the country is a rolling plateau marked by ranges of low hills that become more prominent in the north as they merge into the highlands of southern Brazil.^[1] Even these hilly areas are remarkably featureless, however, and elevations seldom exceed 200 meters.^[1] The highest point, the Cerro Catedral (513 m), is located in the southeast of the country in the Cuchilla Grande mountain range.^[3]

Uruguay is a water-rich land.^[1] Prominent bodies of water mark its limits on the east, south, and west, and even most of the boundary with Brazil follows small rivers.^[1] Lakes and lagoons are numerous, and a high water table makes digging wells easy.^[1]

Three systems of rivers drain the land: rivers flow westward to the Río Uruguay, eastward to the Atlantic or tidal lagoons bordering the ocean, and south to the Río de la Plata.^[1] The Río Uruguay, which forms the border with Argentina, is flanked by low banks, and disastrous floods sometimes inundate large areas.^[1] The longest and most important of the rivers draining westward is the Río Negro, which crosses the entire country from northeast to west before emptying into the Río Uruguay.^[1] A dam on the Río Negro at Paso de los Toros has created a reservoir—the Embalse del Río Negro—that is the largest artificial lake in South America.^[1] The Río Negro's principal tributary and the country's second most important river is the Yí River.^[1]

The rivers flowing east to the Atlantic are generally shallower and have more variable flow than the other rivers.^[1] Many empty into lagoons in the coastal plain.^[1] The largest coastal lagoon, Laguna Merín, forms part of the border with Brazil.^[1] Six smaller lagoons, some freshwater and some brackish, line the coast farther south.^[1]

Climate

Located entirely within the temperate zone,^[1] Uruguay has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa according to the Köppen climate classification)^[4]^[5]^[6] that is fairly uniform nationwide.^[1] Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare.^[1] As would be expected by its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common.^[1] The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country.^[1] Weather is sometimes humid.^[7]

Seasons are fairly well defined, and in most of Uruguay spring is usually damp, cool, and windy; summers are warm; autumns are mild; and winters are chilly and somewhat uncomfortably damp.^[1] Northwestern Uruguay, however, is farther from large bodies of water and therefore has warmer summers and milder and drier winters than the rest of the country.^[1] Average highs and lows in summer (January) in Montevideo are 28 and 17 °C (82.4 and 62.6 °F), respectively, with an absolute maximum of 43 °C (109.4 °F); comparable numbers for Artigas in the northwest are 33 and 18 °C (91.4 and 64.4 °F), with the highest temperature ever recorded 42 °C or 107.6 °F.^[1] Winter (July) average highs and lows in Montevideo are 14 and 6 °C (57.2 and 42.8 °F), respectively, although the high humidity makes the temperatures feel colder; the lowest temperature registered in Montevideo is −4 °C (24.8 °F).^[1] Averages in July of a high of 18 °C (64.4 °F) and a low of 7 °C (44.6 °F) in Artigas confirm the milder winters in northwestern Uruguay, but even here temperatures have dropped to a subfreezing −4 °C (24.8 °F).^[1]

Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and annual amounts increase from southeast to northwest.^[1] Montevideo averages 950 millimeters (37.4 in) annually, and Artigas receives 1,235 millimeters (48.6 in) in an average year.^[1] As in most temperate climates, rainfall results from the passage of cold fronts in winter, falling in overcast drizzly spells, and summer thunderstorms are frequent.^[1]

High winds are a disagreeable characteristic of the weather, particularly during the winter and spring, and wind shifts are sudden and pronounced.^[1] A winter warm spell can be abruptly broken by a strong pampero, a chilly and occasionally violent wind blowing north from the Argentine pampas.^[1] Summer winds off the ocean, however, have the salutary effect of tempering warm daytime temperatures.^[1]

Land use and settlement patterns

Uruguay may be divided into four regions, based on social, economic, and geographical factors.^[1] The regions include the interior, the littoral, Greater Montevideo, and the coast.^[1]

The interior

This largest region includes the departments of Artigas, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Rivera, Salto, Tacuarembó, and Treinta y Tres and the eastern halves of Paysandú, Río Negro, and Soriano.^[1] The topsoil is thin and less suited to intensive agriculture, but it nourishes abundant natural pasture.^[1]

Only 2 to 3% of Uruguay's land is forested.^[1] An estimated 30,000 to 40,000 km² (15,444 sq mi) (17 to 23% of the total land) are arable, but only one-third of this (about 7% of the total productive land) was cultivated in 1990.^[1] Almost all of the interior consisted of cattle and sheep ranches; pasture accounted for 89% of the country's productive land.^[1]

Sheep rearing was typically undertaken on medium-sized farms concentrated in the west and south.^[1] It began to boom as an export industry in the last quarter of the 19th century, particularly following the invention of barbed wire, which allowed the easy enclosure of properties.^[1] Uruguayan wool is of moderate quality, not quite up to Australian standards.^[1]

Cattle ranches, or estancias, for beef and hides were typically quite large (over 10 km²) and were concentrated in the north and east.^[1] Dairying was concentrated in the department of Colonia.^[1] Because ranching required little labor, merely a few gauchos, the interior lacked a peasantry and large towns.^[1] Despite being sparsely populated, however, the interior was relatively urbanized in that the capital of each department usually contained about half the inhabitants.^[1] Social and economic development indicators were lowest for the departments along the Brazilian border to the northeast.^[1] Government attempts to encourage agricultural colonization by means of land reform in the interior had largely failed in economic terms, as had the promotion of wheat production.^[1] One exception, rice, most of which was produced in the east, had become a major nontraditional export in recent years.^[1]

The Littoral

Stretching west along the Río de la Plata from Montevideo, are the agricultural and dairying departments of San José and Colonia.^[1] To the north along the Río Uruguay lie the departments of Soriano, Río Negro, Paysandú and Salto.^[1] Their western halves form part of the litoral, a region that is somewhat more developed than the interior.^[1] Here soils are alluvial and more fertile, favoring crop production and farms of more modest size than in the interior.^[1] Citrus cultivation for export has increased in the departments along the Río Uruguay.^[1] The department of Colonia, some of which was settled by the Swiss, was famous for the production of milk, butter, cheese, and dulce de leche (a dessert made from concentrated milk and sugar).^[1] Most wheat (in which Uruguay was self-sufficient) also was produced in this region.^[1]

Construction with Argentina of the Salto Grande Dam across the Río Uruguay north of Salto was a major boost to the development of the northern litoral in the 1970s.^[1] By contrast, the closure of the famous meat-packing plant at Fray Bentos in the department of Río Negro transformed it into a virtual ghost town.^[1] Farther south, the litoral economy had benefited from completion of the General Artigas Bridge across the Río Uruguay from Paysandú to the Argentine province of Entre Ríos.^[1] However, the advent of a convenient (if circuitous) land route from Montevideo to Buenos Aires via the new bridge reduced freight and passenger traffic through the small port of Colonia on the Río de la Plata just opposite the Argentine capital.^[1] To compensate, the Uruguayan government encouraged the architectural restoration of Colonia, which was originally built by the Portuguese in colonial times.^[1] By 1990 Colonia had become one of Uruguay's most historic tourist attractions, and many of its houses had been bought by vacationers from Buenos Aires.^[1]

Greater Montevideo

According to the 2004 census, the population of the department of Montevideo was 1,325,968,^[8] and that of the neighboring department of Canelones was 485,240,^[9] out of a total population of 3,241,003.^[10] Thus, these departments and the eastern portion of San José, which together constituted the Greater Montevideo region, held over one-half of Uruguay's population.^[8]^[9]^[10]

This monocephalic pattern of settlement was more pronounced in Uruguay than in any other nation of the world, barring city-states.^[1] The 1985 census indicated a population density of about 2,475 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Montevideo and about 80 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Canelones.^[1] Densities elsewhere in the country were dramatically lower.^[1]

Montevideo was founded on a promontory beside a large bay that forms a perfect natural harbor.^[1] In the 19th century, the British promoted it as a rival port to Buenos Aires.^[1] The city has expanded to such an extent that by 1990 it covered most of the department.^[1] The original area of settlement, known as the Old City, lies adjacent to the port, but the central business district and the middle-class residential areas have moved eastward.^[1] The only exception to this pattern of eastward expansion is that banking and finance continued to cluster in the Old City around the Stock Exchange, the Bank of Uruguay (Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay—BROU), and the Central Bank of Uruguay.^[1]

Since the 1950s, Montevideo's prosperous middle classes have tended to abandon the formerly fashionable downtown areas for the more modern high-rise apartment buildings of Pocitos, a beachfront neighborhood east of the center.^[1] Still farther east lies the expensive area of Carrasco, a zone of modern luxury villas that has come to replace the old neighborhood of El Prado in the north of the city as home to the country's wealthy elite.^[1] Its beaches were less polluted than those closer to the center.^[1] Montevideo's Carrasco International Airport is located nearby,^[1] crossing the border to Canelones Department.^{[citation needed]} The capital's principal artery, 18 July Avenue, was long the principal shopping street of Montevideo, but it has been hurt since the mid-1980s by the construction of a modern shopping mall strategically located between Pocitos and Carrasco.^[1]

Montevideo's poorer neighborhoods tended to be located in the north of the city and around the bay in the areas of industrial activity.^[1] However, the degree of spatial separation of social classes was moderate by the standards of other cities in South America.^[1] Starting in the 1970s, the city began to acquire a belt of shantytowns around its outskirts, but in 1990 these remained small compared with Rio de Janeiro or Guayaquil, for example.^[1] About 60,000 families lived in such shantytowns, known in Uruguay as cantegriles.^[1] An intensive program of public housing construction was undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s, but it had not solved the problem by 1990.^[1]

In 1990 Greater Montevideo was by far the most developed region of Uruguay and dominated the nation economically and culturally.^[1] It was home to the country's two universities, its principal hospitals, and most of its communications media (television stations, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines).^[1] Attempts by the military governments from 1973 to 1985 to promote the development of the north of the country (partly for strategic reasons) failed to change this pattern of extreme centralization.^[1] In one way, however, they achieved a major success: the introduction of direct dialing revolutionized the country's long distance telephone system.^[1] By contrast, the local telephone network in Montevideo remained so hopelessly antiquated and unreliable that many firms relied on courier services to get messages to other downtown businesses.^[1]

Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed.^[1] In many parts of the center, elegant nineteenth-century houses built around a central patio were still to be seen in 1990.^[1] In some cases, the patio was open to the air, but in most cases it was covered by a skylight, some of which were made of elaborate stained glass.^[1] Few of these houses were used for single-family occupancy, however, and many had been converted into low-cost apartments.^[1]

The middle classes preferred to live in more modern apartments near the city center or the University of the Republic.^[1] Alternatively, they might purchase a single-family villa with a small yard at the back.^[1] Many of these were close to the beaches running east from the downtown along the avenue known as the Rambla.^[1] In Pocitos, however, high-rise apartments had replaced the single-family homes on those streets closest to the beach.^[1]

The coast

Stretching east from Montevideo along the Río de la Plata are the departments of Canelones, Maldonado, and Rocha.^[1] The inland portion of Canelones is an area of small farms and truck gardens, which produce vegetables for the capital.^[1] It was relatively poor in 1990.^[1] Many inhabitants of the department's small towns also commuted to jobs in Montevideo by express bus.^[1] Along the coast lie a string of small seaside towns (balnearios), from which more prosperous employees had also begun to commute.^[1] Farther east in the highly developed department of Maldonado lies the major resort of Punta del Este.^[1] This has been developed as a fashionable playground more for Argentines than for average Uruguayans, who found it too expensive.^[1] With its hotels, restaurants, casino, and nightclubs, Punta del Este was a major export earner, and it dominated Uruguay's tourism industry.^[1]

Vacationing Uruguayans of more modest means were concentrated in smaller resorts such as Piriápolis and Atlántida, which are closer to Montevideo.^[1] Beyond Punta del Este in the still mostly undeveloped department of Rocha, a number of communities had sprouted along the unspoiled Atlantic coast with its kilometres of sandy beaches and huge breakers.^[1] These small vacation communities—such as Aguas Dulces and Cabo Polonio, both in Rocha Department—were entirely unplanned and lacked essential services.^[1] In many cases, simple holiday chalets had been built on public property adjoining the seashore without any legal title to the land.^[1] In 1990 the authorities in Rocha Department announced plans to regulate and improve this development in hopes of encouraging visits by higher-spending tourists.^[1]

Regional development

Uruguay's regions differed markedly not only in population size and density but also in their indexes of social and economic development, including education, health care, communications, energy consumption, and industrialization.^[1] Least developed were the northern ranching departments along the Brazilian border—Artigas, Rivera, and Cerro Largo—and also Tacuarembó.^[1] Somewhat more developed was a band of six departments stretching across the center of the country, from west to east: Río Negro, Flores, Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, and Rocha.^[1] More industrialized and urbanized, but still quite poor, were the departments of Soriano and Salto, which, as noted previously, benefited from the construction of a bridge and a dam, respectively, across the Río Uruguay in the late 1970s and early 1980s.^[1] The two remaining western departments—Colonia and Paysandú—were the most developed of the littoral.^[1]

Three departments close to Montevideo—San José, Canelones, and Lavalleja—presented a contradictory picture of relatively advanced economic development combined with low indexes of social modernization.^[1] Finally, Montevideo and the department of Maldonado (which is strongly affected by the tourism industry in Punta del Este) had the highest indexes of social and economic development in the country.^[1]^[11]

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive Economic Zone: 142,166 km² (54,891 sq mi), 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi). Overflight and navigation is guaranteed beyond 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)

Natural resources: arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries

Irrigated land: 1,180 km² (2003)

Total renewable water resources: 139 km³ (2011)

Environment - current issues: water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp Gillespie, Charles Guy (1992). "Geography". In Hudson, Rex A.; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.). Uruguay: a country study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 52–62. ISBN 0-8444-0737-2. OCLC 25409241. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ "Uruguay". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. May 27, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ Suárez, Rafael (2015-01-01). "The Paleoamerican Occupation of the Plains of Uruguay: Technology, Adaptations, and Mobility". PaleoAmerica. 1 (1): 88–104. doi:10.1179/2055556314Z.00000000010. ISSN 2055-5563. S2CID 128985617.
^ Pidwirny, Michael (20 August 2023). Understanding Physical Geography, Appendix 2: Köppen Climate Classification. Kelowna, British Columbia: Our Planet Earth Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9877029-4-4.
^ "Uruguay Climate: Weather Uruguay & Temperature by Month".
^ "Montevideo, Uruguay Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)".
^ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ ^a ^b 2004 census Montevideo Department Archived December 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "2004 census Canelones Department". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
^ ^a ^b "2004 census Totals". Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
^ "A different country" (in Spanish). EL PAIS. 24 February 2014.

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp Gillespie, Charles Guy (1992). "Geography". In Hudson, Rex A.; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.). Uruguay: a country study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 52–62. ISBN 0-8444-0737-2. OCLC 25409241. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[2] "Uruguay". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. May 27, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.

[3] Suárez, Rafael (2015-01-01). "The Paleoamerican Occupation of the Plains of Uruguay: Technology, Adaptations, and Mobility". PaleoAmerica. 1 (1): 88–104. doi:10.1179/2055556314Z.00000000010. ISSN 2055-5563. S2CID 128985617.

[4] Pidwirny, Michael (20 August 2023). Understanding Physical Geography, Appendix 2: Köppen Climate Classification. Kelowna, British Columbia: Our Planet Earth Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9877029-4-4.

[5] "Uruguay Climate: Weather Uruguay & Temperature by Month".

[6] "Montevideo, Uruguay Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)".

[7] "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2023-04-03.

[:1-8] 2004 census Montevideo Department Archived December 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

[:2-9] "2004 census Canelones Department". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-06-12.

[:3-10] "2004 census Totals". Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2011-06-12.

[11] "A different country" (in Spanish). EL PAIS. 24 February 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 {{Country geography
 |map=Uruguay mapa.png
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 |km coastline=660
-|area ranking=
+|area ranking= 89
 |largest lake=
 |highest point=[[Cerro Catedral (Uruguay)|Cerro Catedral]] (514 m)
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 {{Uruguay main topics}}
-'''[[Uruguay]]''' is a country in South/East [[South America]], bordering the South [[Atlantic Ocean]], between [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] and Paraguay. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude and 30 and 35 south latitude. It is bordered to the west by Argentina, on the north and northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, which makes up [[Uruguay|Uruguay's]] coast.
+'''[[Uruguay]]''' is a country in the southeastern region of [[South America]], bordering the [[Atlantic Ocean]], between [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]]. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude and 30 and 35 south latitude.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Uruguay: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92006702/|last=Gillespie|first=Charles Guy|date=1992|editor-last=Hudson|editor-first=Rex A.|edition=2nd|pages=52–62|isbn=0-8444-0737-2|oclc=25409241|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}|editor-last2=Meditz|editor-first2=Sandra W.|entry=Geography}}</ref> It is bordered to the west by Argentina, on the north and northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, which makes up [[Uruguay|Uruguay's]] coast.<ref name=":0" />
-To the south, it fronts the Río de la Plata, a broad estuary that opens out into the South Atlantic. Montevideo, the capital and major port, sits on the banks of the [[Río de la Plata]] and is on approximately the same latitude as [[Cape Town]] and [[Sydney]]. Uruguay is the smallest Spanish-speaking nation in South America with a land area of {{convert|171520|km²|0|abbr=on}} and a water area of {{convert|2600|km²|0|abbr=on}}. Additionally, Uruguay is the world's only sovereign nation that does not extend north of the 30 degrees south latitude (if [[Nugent Island]] is considered [[New Zealand|New Zealand's]] northernmost point); accordingly, all other nations include at least some land further north than all points in Uruguay; making Uruguay the world most southernmost [[Country|sovereign nation]]. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|142,166|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. It is the only country in South America situated completely south of the Tropic of Capricorn, as well as one of only four in the world.
+To the south, it fronts the Río de la Plata, a broad estuary that opens out into the South Atlantic.<ref name=":0" /> Montevideo, the capital and major port, sits on the banks of the [[Río de la Plata]] and is on approximately the same latitude as [[Cape Town]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=":0" /> Uruguay is the smallest Spanish-speaking nation in South America with a land area of {{convert|175015|km²|0|abbr=on}} and a water area of {{convert|1200|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 27, 2021|title=Uruguay|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uruguay/|access-date=June 9, 2021|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Additionally, Uruguay is the world's only [[Country|sovereign nation]] that does not extend north of the 30 degrees south latitude (if [[Nugent Island]] is considered [[New Zealand|New Zealand's]] northernmost point); accordingly, all other nations include at least some land further north than all points in Uruguay; in this sense, Uruguay could be considered the world's southernmost country. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|142,166|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. It is the only country in South America situated completely south of the Tropic of Capricorn, as well as one of only such four in the world.
 ==Topography and hydrography==
 [[File:Uruguay fisico.png|thumb|Uruguay]]
-Most of Uruguay is a rolling plain that represents a transition from the almost featureless Argentine pampas to the hilly uplands of southern Brazil. The country itself has flat plains on its eastern, southern, and western edges. The narrow Atlantic coastal plain is sandy and marshy, occasionally broken by shallow lagoons. The littorals of the Río de la Plata and the Río Uruguay are somewhat broader and merge more gradually into the hilly interior.
+Most of Uruguay is a rolling plain that represents a transition from the almost featureless Argentine pampas to the hilly uplands of southern Brazil.<ref name=":0" /> The country itself has flat plains on its eastern, southern, and western edges.<ref name=":0" /> The narrow Atlantic coastal plain is sandy and marshy, occasionally broken by shallow lagoons.<ref name=":0" /> The littorals of the Río de la Plata and the Río Uruguay are somewhat broader and merge more gradually into the hilly interior.<ref name=":0" />
-The remaining two-quarters of the country is a rolling plateau marked by ranges of low hills that become more prominent in the north as they merge into the highlands of southern Brazil. Even these hilly areas are remarkably featureless, however, and elevations seldom exceed 200 meters. The highest point, the [[Cerro Catedral (Uruguay)|Cerro Catedral]] (513 m), is located in the southeast of the country in the [[Cuchilla Grande]] mountain range.
+The remaining three-quarters of the country is a rolling plateau marked by ranges of low hills that become more prominent in the north as they merge into the highlands of southern Brazil.<ref name=":0" /> Even these hilly areas are remarkably featureless, however, and elevations seldom exceed 200 meters.<ref name=":0" /> The highest point, the [[Cerro Catedral (Uruguay)|Cerro Catedral]] (513 m), is located in the southeast of the country in the [[Cuchilla Grande]] mountain range.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suárez |first=Rafael |date=2015-01-01 |title=The Paleoamerican Occupation of the Plains of Uruguay: Technology, Adaptations, and Mobility |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/2055556314Z.00000000010 |journal=PaleoAmerica |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=88–104 |doi=10.1179/2055556314Z.00000000010 |s2cid=128985617 |issn=2055-5563}}</ref>
-Uruguay is a water-rich land. Prominent bodies of water mark its limits on the east, south, and west, and even most of the boundary with Brazil follows small rivers. Lakes and lagoons are numerous, and a high water table makes digging wells easy.
+Uruguay is a water-rich land.<ref name=":0" /> Prominent bodies of water mark its limits on the east, south, and west, and even most of the boundary with Brazil follows small rivers.<ref name=":0" /> Lakes and lagoons are numerous, and a high water table makes digging wells easy.<ref name=":0" />
-Three systems of rivers drain the land: rivers flow westward to the [[Río Uruguay]], eastward to the Atlantic or tidal lagoons bordering the ocean, and south to the Río de la Plata. The Río Uruguay, which forms the border with Argentina, is flanked by low banks, and disastrous floods sometimes inundate large areas. The longest and most important of the rivers draining westward is the [[Río Negro (Uruguay)|Río Negro]], which crosses the entire country from northeast to west before emptying into the Río Uruguay. A dam on the Río Negro at Paso de los Toros has created a reservoir—the Embalse del Río Negro—that is the largest artificial lake in South America. The Río Negro's principal tributary and the country's second most important river is the [[Yí River]] (Río Yí).
+Three systems of rivers drain the land: rivers flow westward to the [[Río Uruguay]], eastward to the Atlantic or tidal lagoons bordering the ocean, and south to the Río de la Plata.<ref name=":0" /> The Río Uruguay, which forms the border with Argentina, is flanked by low banks, and disastrous floods sometimes inundate large areas.<ref name=":0" /> The longest and most important of the rivers draining westward is the [[Río Negro (Uruguay)|Río Negro]], which crosses the entire country from northeast to west before emptying into the Río Uruguay.<ref name=":0" /> A dam on the Río Negro at Paso de los Toros has created a reservoir—the Embalse del Río Negro—that is the largest artificial lake in South America.<ref name=":0" /> The Río Negro's principal tributary and the country's second most important river is the [[Yí River]].<ref name=":0" />
-The rivers flowing east to the Atlantic are generally shallower and have more variable flow than the other rivers. Many empty into lagoons in the coastal plain. The largest coastal lagoon, [[Laguna Merín]], forms part of the border with Brazil. Six smaller lagoons, some freshwater and some brackish, line the coast farther south.
+The rivers flowing east to the Atlantic are generally shallower and have more variable flow than the other rivers.<ref name=":0" /> Many empty into lagoons in the coastal plain.<ref name=":0" /> The largest coastal lagoon, [[Laguna Merín]], forms part of the border with Brazil.<ref name=":0" /> Six smaller lagoons, some freshwater and some brackish, line the coast farther south.<ref name=":0" />
 [[File:Uruguay T2.png|300px|thumb|right|A satellite image of Uruguay]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 ==Climate==
 {{main|Climate of Uruguay}}
-Located entirely within the temperate zone, Uruguay has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]) that is fairly uniform nationwide. Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare. As would be expected by its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common. The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country. Weather is sometimes humid.
+Located entirely within the temperate zone,<ref name=":0" /> Uruguay has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa according to the [[Köppen climate classification]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Pidwirny |first=Michael |author-link= |date=20 August 2023 |title=Understanding Physical Geography, Appendix 2: Köppen Climate Classification | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEwGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |location=Kelowna, British Columbia |publisher=Our Planet Earth Publishing |page=7 |isbn=978-0-9877029-4-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/uruguay-191/ | title=Uruguay Climate: Weather Uruguay & Temperature by Month }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58568&+Uruguay | title=Montevideo, Uruguay Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) }}</ref> that is fairly uniform nationwide.<ref name=":0" /> Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare.<ref name=":0" /> As would be expected by its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common.<ref name=":0" /> The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country.<ref name=":0" /> Weather is sometimes humid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref>
-Seasons are fairly well defined, and in most of Uruguay spring is usually damp, cool, and windy; summers are warm; autumns are mild; and winters are chilly and somewhat uncomfortably damp. Northwestern Uruguay, however, is farther from large bodies of water and therefore has warmer summers and milder and drier winters than the rest of the country. Average highs and lows in summer (January) in [[Montevideo]] are {{convert|28|and|17|°C|°F|1}}, respectively, with an absolute maximum of {{convert|43|°C|1}}; comparable numbers for [[Artigas, Uruguay|Artigas]] in the northwest are {{convert|33|and|18|°C|°F|1}}, with the highest temperature ever recorded ({{convert|42|°C|1|disp=or}}). Winter (July) average highs and lows in Montevideo are {{convert|14|and|6|°C|°F|1}}, respectively, although the high humidity makes the temperatures feel colder; the lowest temperature registered in Montevideo is {{convert|-4|°C|1}}. Averages in July of a high of {{convert|18|°C|1}} and a low of {{convert|7|°C|1}} in Artigas confirm the milder winters in northwestern Uruguay, but even here temperatures have dropped to a subfreezing {{convert|-4|°C|1}}.
+Seasons are fairly well defined, and in most of Uruguay spring is usually damp, cool, and windy; summers are warm; autumns are mild; and winters are chilly and somewhat uncomfortably damp.<ref name=":0" /> Northwestern Uruguay, however, is farther from large bodies of water and therefore has warmer summers and milder and drier winters than the rest of the country.<ref name=":0" /> Average highs and lows in summer (January) in [[Montevideo]] are {{convert|28|and|17|°C|°F|1}}, respectively, with an absolute maximum of {{convert|43|°C|1}}; comparable numbers for [[Artigas, Uruguay|Artigas]] in the northwest are {{convert|33|and|18|°C|°F|1}}, with the highest temperature ever recorded {{convert|42|°C|1|disp=or}}.<ref name=":0" /> Winter (July) average highs and lows in Montevideo are {{convert|14|and|6|°C|°F|1}}, respectively, although the high humidity makes the temperatures feel colder; the lowest temperature registered in Montevideo is {{convert|-4|°C|1}}.<ref name=":0" /> Averages in July of a high of {{convert|18|°C|1}} and a low of {{convert|7|°C|1}} in Artigas confirm the milder winters in northwestern Uruguay, but even here temperatures have dropped to a subfreezing {{convert|-4|°C|1}}.<ref name=":0" />
-Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and annual amounts increase from southeast to northwest. Montevideo averages {{convert|950|mm|1|sp=us}} annually, and Artigas receives {{convert|1235|mm|1|sp=us}} in an average year. As in most temperate climates, rainfall results from the passage of cold fronts in winter, falling in overcast drizzly spells, and summer [[thunderstorm]]s are frequent.
+Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and annual amounts increase from southeast to northwest.<ref name=":0" /> Montevideo averages {{convert|950|mm|1|sp=us}} annually, and Artigas receives {{convert|1235|mm|1|sp=us}} in an average year.<ref name=":0" /> As in most temperate climates, rainfall results from the passage of cold fronts in winter, falling in overcast drizzly spells, and summer [[thunderstorm]]s are frequent.<ref name=":0" />
-High winds are a disagreeable characteristic of the weather, particularly during the winter and spring, and wind shifts are sudden and pronounced. A winter warm spell can be abruptly broken by a strong pampero, a chilly and occasionally violent wind blowing north from the Argentine pampas. Summer winds off the ocean, however, have the salutary effect of tempering warm daytime temperatures.
+High winds are a disagreeable characteristic of the weather, particularly during the winter and spring, and wind shifts are sudden and pronounced.<ref name=":0" /> A winter warm spell can be abruptly broken by a strong pampero, a chilly and occasionally violent wind blowing north from the Argentine pampas.<ref name=":0" /> Summer winds off the ocean, however, have the salutary effect of tempering warm daytime temperatures.<ref name=":0" />
 ==Land use and settlement patterns==
-Uruguay may be divided into four regions, based on social, economic, and geographical factors. The regions include the countryside, the littoral, Greater Montevideo, and the coast.
+Uruguay may be divided into four regions, based on social, economic, and geographical factors.<ref name=":0" /> The regions include the interior, the littoral, Greater Montevideo, and the coast.<ref name=":0" />
-===The Countryside===
+===The interior===
-This largest region includes the departments of [[Artigas Department|Artigas]], [[Cerro Largo Department|Cerro Largo]], [[Durazno Department|Durazno]], [[Flores Department|Flores]], [[Florida Department|Florida]], [[Lavalleja Department|Lavalleja]], [[Rivera Department|Rivera]], [[Salto Department|Salto]], [[Tacuarembó Department|Tacuarembó]], and [[Treinta y Tres Department|Treinta y Tres]] and the eastern halves of [[Paysandú Department|Paysandú]], [[Río Negro Department|Río Negro]], and [[Soriano Department|Soriano]]. The topsoil is thin and less suited to intensive agriculture, but it nourishes abundant natural pasture.
+This largest region includes the departments of [[Artigas Department|Artigas]], [[Cerro Largo Department|Cerro Largo]], [[Durazno Department|Durazno]], [[Flores Department|Flores]], [[Florida Department|Florida]], [[Lavalleja Department|Lavalleja]], [[Rivera Department|Rivera]], [[Salto Department|Salto]], [[Tacuarembó Department|Tacuarembó]], and [[Treinta y Tres Department|Treinta y Tres]] and the eastern halves of [[Paysandú Department|Paysandú]], [[Río Negro Department|Río Negro]], and [[Soriano Department|Soriano]].<ref name=":0" /> The topsoil is thin and less suited to intensive agriculture, but it nourishes abundant natural pasture.<ref name=":0" />
-Only 2 to 3% of Uruguay's land is naturally forested. An estimated 30,000 to {{convert|40000|km²|0|abbr=on}} (17 to 23% of the total land) are arable, but only one-third of this (about 7% of the total productive land) was cultivated in 1990. Almost all of the interior consisted of cattle and sheep ranches; pasture accounted for 89% of the country's productive land.
+Only 2 to 3% of Uruguay's land is forested.<ref name=":0" /> An estimated 30,000 to {{convert|40000|km²|0|abbr=on}} (17 to 23% of the total land) are arable, but only one-third of this (about 7% of the total productive land) was cultivated in 1990.<ref name=":0" /> Almost all of the interior consisted of cattle and sheep ranches; pasture accounted for 89% of the country's productive land.<ref name=":0" />
-[[Sheep]] rearing was typically undertaken on medium-sized farms concentrated in the west and south. It began to boom as an export industry in the last quarter of the 19th century, particularly following the invention of barbed wire, which allowed the easy enclosure of properties. Uruguayan wool is of moderate quality, not quite up to Australian standards.
+[[Sheep]] rearing was typically undertaken on medium-sized farms concentrated in the west and south.<ref name=":0" /> It began to boom as an export industry in the last quarter of the 19th century, particularly following the invention of barbed wire, which allowed the easy enclosure of properties.<ref name=":0" /> Uruguayan wool is of moderate quality, not quite up to Australian standards.<ref name=":0" />
-[[Cattle ranch]]es, or estancias, for beef and hides were typically quite large (over 10&nbsp;km²) and were concentrated in the north and east. [[Dairy]]ing was concentrated in the department of Colonia. Because ranching required little labor, merely a few gauchos, the interior lacked a peasantry and large towns. Despite being sparsely populated, however, the interior was relatively urbanized in that the capital of each department usually contained about half the inhabitants. Social and economic development indicators were lowest for the departments along the Brazilian border to the northeast. Government attempts to encourage agricultural colonization by means of land reform in the interior had largely failed in economic terms, as had the promotion of wheat production. One exception, rice, most of which was produced in the east, had become a major nontraditional export in recent years.
+[[Cattle ranch]]es, or estancias, for beef and hides were typically quite large (over 10&nbsp;km²) and were concentrated in the north and east.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dairy]]ing was concentrated in the department of Colonia.<ref name=":0" /> Because ranching required little labor, merely a few gauchos, the interior lacked a peasantry and large towns.<ref name=":0" /> Despite being sparsely populated, however, the interior was relatively urbanized in that the capital of each department usually contained about half the inhabitants.<ref name=":0" /> Social and economic development indicators were lowest for the departments along the Brazilian border to the northeast.<ref name=":0" /> Government attempts to encourage agricultural colonization by means of land reform in the interior had largely failed in economic terms, as had the promotion of wheat production.<ref name=":0" /> One exception, rice, most of which was produced in the east, had become a major nontraditional export in recent years.<ref name=":0" />
 ===The Littoral===
 [[File:Pradera y bosque de ribera Uruguay.JPG|thumb|275px|Countryside in San José department]]
-Stretching west along the Río de la Plata from Montevideo, are the agricultural and dairying departments of [[San José Department|San José]] and Colonia. To the north along the Río Uruguay lie the departments of Soriano, Río Negro, Paysandú and Salto. Their western halves form part of the [[litoral]], a region that is somewhat more developed than the interior. Here soils are alluvial and more fertile, favoring crop production and farms of more modest size than in the interior. Citrus cultivation for export has increased in the departments along the Río Uruguay. The department of Colonia, some of which was settled by the Swiss, was famous for the production of milk, butter, cheese, and dulce de leche (a dessert made from concentrated milk and sugar). Most wheat (in which Uruguay was self-sufficient) also was produced in this region.
+Stretching west along the Río de la Plata from Montevideo, are the agricultural and dairying departments of [[San José Department|San José]] and Colonia.<ref name=":0" /> To the north along the Río Uruguay lie the departments of Soriano, Río Negro, Paysandú and Salto.<ref name=":0" /> Their western halves form part of the [[litoral]], a region that is somewhat more developed than the interior.<ref name=":0" /> Here soils are alluvial and more fertile, favoring crop production and farms of more modest size than in the interior.<ref name=":0" /> Citrus cultivation for export has increased in the departments along the Río Uruguay.<ref name=":0" /> The department of Colonia, some of which was settled by the Swiss, was famous for the production of milk, butter, cheese, and dulce de leche (a dessert made from concentrated milk and sugar).<ref name=":0" /> Most wheat (in which Uruguay was self-sufficient) also was produced in this region.<ref name=":0" />
-Construction with Argentina of the [[Salto Grande Dam]] across the Río Uruguay north of Salto was a major boost to the development of the northern litoral in the 1970s. By contrast, the closure of the famous meat-packing plant at [[Fray Bentos]] in the department of Río Negro transformed it into a virtual ghost town. Farther south, the litoral economy had benefited from completion of the [[General Artigas Bridge]] across the Río Uruguay from Paysandú to the Argentine province of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. However, the advent of a convenient (if circuitous) land route from Montevideo to Buenos Aires via the new bridge reduced freight and passenger traffic through the small port of [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colonia]] on the Río de la Plata just opposite the Argentine capital. To compensate, the Uruguayan government encouraged the architectural restoration of Colonia, which was originally built by the Portuguese in colonial times. By 1990 Colonia had become one of Uruguay's most historic tourist attractions, and many of its houses had been bought by vacationers from Buenos Aires.
+Construction with Argentina of the [[Salto Grande Dam]] across the Río Uruguay north of Salto was a major boost to the development of the northern litoral in the 1970s.<ref name=":0" /> By contrast, the closure of the famous meat-packing plant at [[Fray Bentos]] in the department of Río Negro transformed it into a virtual ghost town.<ref name=":0" /> Farther south, the litoral economy had benefited from completion of the [[General Artigas Bridge]] across the Río Uruguay from Paysandú to the Argentine province of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]].<ref name=":0" /> However, the advent of a convenient (if circuitous) land route from Montevideo to Buenos Aires via the new bridge reduced freight and passenger traffic through the small port of [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colonia]] on the Río de la Plata just opposite the Argentine capital.<ref name=":0" /> To compensate, the Uruguayan government encouraged the architectural restoration of Colonia, which was originally built by the Portuguese in colonial times.<ref name=":0" /> By 1990 Colonia had become one of Uruguay's most historic tourist attractions, and many of its houses had been bought by vacationers from Buenos Aires.<ref name=":0" />
 ===Greater Montevideo===
-According to the 2004 census, the population of the department of Montevideo was 1,325,968,<ref>[http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Montevideo/Cuadro7_01.XLS 2004 census Montevideo Department] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203194404/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Montevideo/Cuadro7_01.XLS |date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> and that of the neighboring department of Canelones was 485,240,<ref>[http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/Cuadro7_03.XLS 2004 census Canelones Department]</ref> out of a total population of 3,241,003.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/TotalPais/divulgacion_TotalPais.asp |title=2004 census Totals |access-date=2011-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809070951/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/TotalPais/divulgacion_TotalPais.asp |archive-date=2011-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus, these departments and the eastern portion of San José, which together constituted the Greater Montevideo region, held over one-half of Uruguay's population.
+According to the 2004 census, the population of the department of Montevideo was 1,325,968,<ref name=":1">[http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Montevideo/Cuadro7_01.XLS 2004 census Montevideo Department] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203194404/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Montevideo/Cuadro7_01.XLS |date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> and that of the neighboring department of Canelones was 485,240,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/Cuadro7_03.XLS |title=2004 census Canelones Department |access-date=2011-06-12 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721211604/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/Canelones/Cuadro7_03.XLS |url-status=dead }}</ref> out of a total population of 3,241,003.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/TotalPais/divulgacion_TotalPais.asp |title=2004 census Totals |access-date=2011-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809070951/http://www.ine.gub.uy/fase1new/TotalPais/divulgacion_TotalPais.asp |archive-date=2011-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus, these departments and the eastern portion of San José, which together constituted the Greater Montevideo region, held over one-half of Uruguay's population.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
-This monocephalic pattern of settlement was more pronounced in Uruguay than in any other nation of the world, barring citystates. The 2004 census indicated a population density of about 2,475 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Montevideo and about 80 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Canelones. Densities elsewhere in the country were dramatically lower.
+This monocephalic pattern of settlement was more pronounced in Uruguay than in any other nation of the world, barring city-states.<ref name=":0" /> The 1985 census indicated a population density of about 2,475 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Montevideo and about 80 inhabitants per square kilometer in the department of Canelones.<ref name=":0" /> Densities elsewhere in the country were dramatically lower.<ref name=":0" />
-Montevideo was founded on a promontory beside a large bay that forms a perfect natural harbor. In the 19th century, the British promoted it as a rival port to Buenos Aires. The city has expanded to such an extent that by 1990 it covered most of the department. The original area of settlement, known as the Old City, lies adjacent to the port, but the central business district and the middle-class residential areas have moved eastward. The only exception to this pattern of eastward expansion is that banking and finance continued to cluster in the Old City around the Stock Exchange, the Bank of Uruguay (Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay—BROU), and the Central Bank of Uruguay.
+Montevideo was founded on a promontory beside a large bay that forms a perfect natural harbor.<ref name=":0" /> In the 19th century, the British promoted it as a rival port to Buenos Aires.<ref name=":0" /> The city has expanded to such an extent that by 1990 it covered most of the department.<ref name=":0" /> The original area of settlement, known as the Old City, lies adjacent to the port, but the central business district and the middle-class residential areas have moved eastward.<ref name=":0" /> The only exception to this pattern of eastward expansion is that banking and finance continued to cluster in the Old City around the Stock Exchange, the Bank of Uruguay (Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay—BROU), and the Central Bank of Uruguay.<ref name=":0" />
-Since the 1950s, Montevideo's prosperous middle classes have tended to abandon the formerly fashionable downtown areas for the more modern high-rise apartment buildings of [[Pocitos]], a beachfront neighborhood east of the center. Still farther east lies the expensive area of [[Carrasco, Montevideo|Carrasco]], a zone of modern luxury villas that has come to replace the old neighborhood of [[Prado, Montevideo|El Prado]] in the north of the city as home to the country's wealthy elite. Its beaches were less polluted than those closer to the center. Montevideo's [[Carrasco International Airport]] is located nearby, crossing the border to Canelones Department. The capital's principal artery, 18 July Avenue, was long the principal shopping street of Montevideo, but it has been hurt since the mid-1980s by the construction of a modern shopping mall strategically located between Pocitos and Carrasco.
+Since the 1950s, Montevideo's prosperous middle classes have tended to abandon the formerly fashionable downtown areas for the more modern high-rise apartment buildings of [[Pocitos]], a beachfront neighborhood east of the center.<ref name=":0" /> Still farther east lies the expensive area of [[Carrasco, Montevideo|Carrasco]], a zone of modern luxury villas that has come to replace the old neighborhood of [[Prado, Montevideo|El Prado]] in the north of the city as home to the country's wealthy elite.<ref name=":0" /> Its beaches were less polluted than those closer to the center.<ref name=":0" /> Montevideo's [[Carrasco International Airport]] is located nearby,<ref name=":0" /> crossing the border to Canelones Department.{{Fact|date=June 2021}} The capital's principal artery, 18 July Avenue, was long the principal shopping street of Montevideo, but it has been hurt since the mid-1980s by the construction of a modern shopping mall strategically located between Pocitos and Carrasco.<ref name=":0" />
-Montevideo's poorer neighborhoods tended to be located in the north of the city and around the bay in the areas of industrial activity. However, the degree of spatial separation of social classes was moderate by the standards of other cities in South America. Starting in the 1970s, the city began to acquire a belt of shantytowns around its outskirts, but in 1990 these remained small compared with [[Rio de Janeiro]] or Guayaquil, for example. About 60,000 families lived in such shantytowns, known in Uruguay as ''cantegriles''. An intensive program of public housing construction was undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s, but it had not solved the problem by 1990.
+Montevideo's poorer neighborhoods tended to be located in the north of the city and around the bay in the areas of industrial activity.<ref name=":0" /> However, the degree of spatial separation of social classes was moderate by the standards of other cities in South America.<ref name=":0" /> Starting in the 1970s, the city began to acquire a belt of shantytowns around its outskirts, but in 1990 these remained small compared with [[Rio de Janeiro]] or Guayaquil, for example.<ref name=":0" /> About 60,000 families lived in such shantytowns, known in Uruguay as ''cantegriles''.<ref name=":0" /> An intensive program of public housing construction was undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s, but it had not solved the problem by 1990.<ref name=":0" />
-In 1990 Greater Montevideo was by far the most developed region of Uruguay and dominated the nation economically and culturally. It was home to the country's two universities, its principal hospitals, and most of its communications media (television stations, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines). Attempts by the military governments from 1973 to 1985 to promote the development of the north of the country (partly for strategic reasons) failed to change this pattern of extreme centralization. In one way, however, they achieved a major success: the introduction of direct dialing revolutionized the country's long distance telephone system. By contrast, the local telephone network in Montevideo remained so hopelessly antiquated and unreliable that many firms relied on courier services to get messages to other downtown businesses.
+In 1990 Greater Montevideo was by far the most developed region of Uruguay and dominated the nation economically and culturally.<ref name=":0" /> It was home to the country's two universities, its principal hospitals, and most of its communications media (television stations, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines).<ref name=":0" /> Attempts by the military governments from 1973 to 1985 to promote the development of the north of the country (partly for strategic reasons) failed to change this pattern of extreme centralization.<ref name=":0" /> In one way, however, they achieved a major success: the introduction of direct dialing revolutionized the country's long distance telephone system.<ref name=":0" /> By contrast, the local telephone network in Montevideo remained so hopelessly antiquated and unreliable that many firms relied on courier services to get messages to other downtown businesses.<ref name=":0" />
-Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed. In many parts of the center, elegant nineteenth-century houses built around a central patio were still to be seen in 1990. In some cases, the patio was open to the air, but in most cases it was covered by a skylight, some of which were made of elaborate stained glass. Few of these houses were used for single-family occupancy, however, and many had been converted into low-cost apartments.
+Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed.<ref name=":0" /> In many parts of the center, elegant nineteenth-century houses built around a central patio were still to be seen in 1990.<ref name=":0" /> In some cases, the patio was open to the air, but in most cases it was covered by a skylight, some of which were made of elaborate stained glass.<ref name=":0" /> Few of these houses were used for single-family occupancy, however, and many had been converted into low-cost apartments.<ref name=":0" />
-The middle classes preferred to live in more modern apartments near the city center or the University of the Republic. Alternatively, they might purchase a single-family villa with a small yard at the back. Many of these were close to the beaches running east from the downtown along the avenue known as the Rambla. In Pocitos, however, high-rise apartments had replaced the single-family homes on those streets closest to the beach.
+The middle classes preferred to live in more modern apartments near the city center or the University of the Republic.<ref name=":0" /> Alternatively, they might purchase a single-family villa with a small yard at the back.<ref name=":0" /> Many of these were close to the beaches running east from the downtown along the avenue known as the Rambla.<ref name=":0" /> In Pocitos, however, high-rise apartments had replaced the single-family homes on those streets closest to the beach.<ref name=":0" />
 ===The coast===
-Stretching east from Montevideo along the Río de la Plata are the departments of Canelones, Maldonado, and Rocha. The inland portion of Canelones is an area of small farms and truck gardens, which produce vegetables for the capital. It was relatively poor in 1990. Many inhabitants of the department's small towns also commuted to jobs in Montevideo by express bus. Along the coast lie a string of small seaside towns (balnearios), from which more prosperous employees had also begun to commute. Farther east in the highly developed department of Maldonado lies the major resort of [[Punta del Este]]. This has been developed as a fashionable playground more for Argentines than for average Uruguayans, who found it too expensive. With its hotels, restaurants, casino, and nightclubs, Punta del Este was a major export earner, and it dominated Uruguay's tourism industry.
+Stretching east from Montevideo along the Río de la Plata are the departments of Canelones, Maldonado, and Rocha.<ref name=":0" /> The inland portion of Canelones is an area of small farms and truck gardens, which produce vegetables for the capital.<ref name=":0" /> It was relatively poor in 1990.<ref name=":0" /> Many inhabitants of the department's small towns also commuted to jobs in Montevideo by express bus.<ref name=":0" /> Along the coast lie a string of small seaside towns (balnearios), from which more prosperous employees had also begun to commute.<ref name=":0" /> Farther east in the highly developed department of Maldonado lies the major resort of [[Punta del Este]].<ref name=":0" /> This has been developed as a fashionable playground more for Argentines than for average Uruguayans, who found it too expensive.<ref name=":0" /> With its hotels, restaurants, casino, and nightclubs, Punta del Este was a major export earner, and it dominated Uruguay's tourism industry.<ref name=":0" />
-Vacationing Uruguayans of more modest means were concentrated in smaller resorts such as Piriápolis and Atlántida, which are closer to Montevideo. Beyond Punta del Este in the still mostly undeveloped department of Rocha, a number of communities had sprouted along the unspoiled Atlantic coast with its kilometres of sandy beaches and huge breakers. These small vacation communities—such as Aguas Dulces and Cabo Polonio, both in Rocha Department—were entirely unplanned and lacked essential services. In many cases, simple holiday chalets had been built on public property adjoining the seashore without any legal title to the land. In 1990 the authorities in Rocha Department announced plans to regulate and improve this development in hopes of encouraging visits by higher-spending tourists.
+Vacationing Uruguayans of more modest means were concentrated in smaller resorts such as Piriápolis and Atlántida, which are closer to Montevideo.<ref name=":0" /> Beyond Punta del Este in the still mostly undeveloped department of Rocha, a number of communities had sprouted along the unspoiled Atlantic coast with its kilometres of sandy beaches and huge breakers.<ref name=":0" /> These small vacation communities—such as Aguas Dulces and Cabo Polonio, both in Rocha Department—were entirely unplanned and lacked essential services.<ref name=":0" /> In many cases, simple holiday chalets had been built on public property adjoining the seashore without any legal title to the land.<ref name=":0" /> In 1990 the authorities in Rocha Department announced plans to regulate and improve this development in hopes of encouraging visits by higher-spending tourists.<ref name=":0" />
 ===Regional development===
-Uruguay's regions differed markedly not only in population size and density but also in their indexes of social and economic development, including education, health care, communications, energy consumption, and industrialization. Least developed were the northern ranching departments along the Brazilian border—Artigas, Rivera, and Cerro Largo—and also Tacuarembó. Somewhat more developed was a band of six departments stretching across the center of the country, from west to east: Río Negro, Flores, Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, and Rocha. More industrialized and urbanized, but still quite poor, were the departments of Soriano and Salto, which, as noted previously, benefited from the construction of a bridge and a dam, respectively, across the Río Uruguay in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The two remaining western departments—Colonia and Paysandú—were the most developed of the littoral.
+Uruguay's regions differed markedly not only in population size and density but also in their indexes of social and economic development, including education, health care, communications, energy consumption, and industrialization.<ref name=":0" /> Least developed were the northern ranching departments along the Brazilian border—Artigas, Rivera, and Cerro Largo—and also Tacuarembó.<ref name=":0" /> Somewhat more developed was a band of six departments stretching across the center of the country, from west to east: Río Negro, Flores, Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, and Rocha.<ref name=":0" /> More industrialized and urbanized, but still quite poor, were the departments of Soriano and Salto, which, as noted previously, benefited from the construction of a bridge and a dam, respectively, across the Río Uruguay in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name=":0" /> The two remaining western departments—Colonia and Paysandú—were the most developed of the littoral.<ref name=":0" />
-Three departments close to Montevideo—San José, Canelones, and Lavalleja—presented a contradictory picture of relatively advanced economic development combined with low indexes of social modernization. Finally, Montevideo and the department of Maldonado (which is strongly affected by the tourism industry in Punta del Este) had the highest indexes of social and economic development in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elpais.com.uy/opinion/editorial/pais-diferente.html |title=A different country |publisher=[[El País (Uruguay)|EL PAIS]] |date=24 February 2014|language=es}}</ref>
+Three departments close to Montevideo—San José, Canelones, and Lavalleja—presented a contradictory picture of relatively advanced economic development combined with low indexes of social modernization.<ref name=":0" /> Finally, Montevideo and the department of Maldonado (which is strongly affected by the tourism industry in Punta del Este) had the highest indexes of social and economic development in the country.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elpais.com.uy/opinion/editorial/pais-diferente.html |title=A different country |publisher=[[El País (Uruguay)|EL PAIS]] |date=24 February 2014|language=es}}</ref>
 '''Maritime claims:'''
@@ Line 118: / Line 120: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist}}{{Geography of South America}}
-* Rex A. Hudson and Sandra W. Meditz, editors. [http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/ Uruguay: A Country Study]. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990.
-* {{loc}}
-==External links==
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809113827/http://portal.gub.uy/ Uruguayan Government Portal]
-{{Geography of South America}}
 {{South America topic|Climate of}}
 {{Uruguay topics}}

v t e Geography of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

v t e Climate of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands