Worms massacre (1096): Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 08:48, 19 December 2024

The Worms massacre was the murder of at least 800 to 1000 Jews from Worms, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany), during the events of the First Crusade (More precisely by the People's Crusade) under Count Emicho in May, 18-25 1096.^[a]^[1] This massacre is a part of series of mass murders of Jews that happen in the Rhineland Jewish communities that known as The Rhineland massacres or Gzerot Tatnó (Hebrew: גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856").^[2]

The massacre at Worms was one of a number of attacks against Jewish communities perpetrated during the First Crusade (1096–1099). Followers of Count Emicho arrived at Worms on 18 May 1096. Soon after his arrival, a rumour spread that the Jews had boiled a Christian alive, and used his corpse to contaminate water to poison the town's wells. The local populace later joined forces with Emicho and launched a savage attack on the town's Jews, who had been given sanctuary in Bishop Adalbert's palace, though others chose to remain outside its walls. They were the first to be massacred.^[3]

After eight days, Emicho's army, assisted by local burghers broke in and slaughtered those seeking asylum there.^[4] The Jews were in the midst of reciting the Hallel prayer for Rosh Chodesh Sivan.^[5]

In all, from 800 to 1,000 Jews were killed, with the exception of some who committed suicide (Martyrdom, known in Judaism as Kiddush Hashem) and a few who were forcibly baptised.^[6] One, Simchah ben Yitzchak ha-Cohen, stabbed the bishop's nephew while being baptised and was consequently killed.^[5] One of the most famous victims was Minna of Worms.^[7] The synagogue destroyed during the massacre and subsequently rebuilt in 1175.^[8] In the late eleventh or early twelfth century a prayer was written in memory of those killed in the massacre called Av HaRachamim.^[9]

Footnotes

^ Although Emicho has frequently been referenced in secondary and tertiary sources as having been present during the massacres of Jews in Cologne and Worms, there is sparse evidence in the primary accounts to support his involvement. Indeed, the only massacre in which Emicho definitively participated was that in Mainz.

References

^ Gabriele, Matthew. “Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade” in Christian Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Middle Ages: a casebook, edited by Michael Frassetto, 61–83, New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2007.
^ David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, pp. 279–310
^ Simon Schama, The History of the Jews, 1000 BCE–1492 CE, Vintage Books 2014 pp. 298–299.
^ Runciman, Steven (2004). The First Crusade. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780521611480.
^ ^a ^b Kantor, Máttis (2005). Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History, Covering 5,764 Years of Biblical, Talmudic & Post-Talmudic History. Zichron Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780967037837.
^ "Worms". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
^ Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry & Cheryl Tallan, The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E., 2003
^ "Worms". SchUM Städte e.V. Retrieved 2024-12-19.
^ Eisenberg, Ronald L.; Society, Jewish Publication (2008). Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide. New Adult Titles. Dulles: Jewish Publication Society. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-8276-1039-2.

[1] Although Emicho has frequently been referenced in secondary and tertiary sources as having been present during the massacres of Jews in Cologne and Worms, there is sparse evidence in the primary accounts to support his involvement. Indeed, the only massacre in which Emicho definitively participated was that in Mainz.

[2] Gabriele, Matthew. “Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade” in Christian Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Middle Ages: a casebook, edited by Michael Frassetto, 61–83, New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2007.

[3] David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, pp. 279–310

[4] Simon Schama, The History of the Jews, 1000 BCE–1492 CE, Vintage Books 2014 pp. 298–299.

[5] Runciman, Steven (2004). The First Crusade. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780521611480.

[CJ-6] Kantor, Máttis (2005). Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History, Covering 5,764 Years of Biblical, Talmudic & Post-Talmudic History. Zichron Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780967037837.

[7] "Worms". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 March 2014.

[8] Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry & Cheryl Tallan, The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E., 2003

[9] "Worms". SchUM Städte e.V. Retrieved 2024-12-19.

[10] Eisenberg, Ronald L.; Society, Jewish Publication (2008). Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide. New Adult Titles. Dulles: Jewish Publication Society. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-8276-1039-2.

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Mass murder of Jews in Worms, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany)}}
-The '''Worms massacre''' refers to the murder of 800 Jews of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Germany]], at the hands of [[crusaders]] headed by [[Emicho|Count Emicho]] during May 1096.
+The '''Worms massacre''' was the murder of at least 800 to 1000 Jews from [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] (now Germany), during the events of  the [[First Crusade]] (More precisely by the [[People's Crusade]]) under [[Emicho|Count Emicho]] in May, 18-25 1096.{{efn|Although Emicho has frequently been referenced in secondary and tertiary sources as having been present during the massacres of Jews in Cologne and Worms, there is sparse evidence in the primary accounts to support his involvement. Indeed, the only massacre in which Emicho definitively participated was that in Mainz.}}<ref>Gabriele, Matthew. “Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade” in ''Christian Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Middle Ages: a casebook'', edited by Michael Frassetto, 61–83, New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2007.</ref> This massacre is a part of series of [[Pogrom|mass murders of Jews]] that happen in the [[Rhineland]] Jewish communities that known as [[Rhineland massacres|The '''Rhineland massacres''']] or ''Gzerot Tatnó'' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856").<ref>David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, pp. 279–310</ref>
-The massacre at Worms was one of number of attacks against Jewish communities perpetrated during the [[First Crusade]] (1096–1099). Followers of Count Emicho arrived at Worms on May 18, 1096. Soon after a rumour spread that the Jews had drowned a Christian and used contaminated water to [[Well poisoning#Accusations of well-poisoning against Jews|poison the town’s wells]]. The local populace later joined forces with Emicho and launched a savage attack on the town’s Jews. Every Jew that was captured was slain. [[Bishopric of Worms|Bishop Adalbert]] intervened and allowed his palace to serve as a refuge, but eight days later the mob broke in and slaughtered those seeking [[Sanctuary#Right of asylum|asylum]] there.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z_sWBOzEleMC&dq=worms+massacre&source=gbs_navlinks_s | title=The First Crusade | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Runciman, Steven | year=2004 | pages=65}}</ref> They were in the midst of reciting the [[Hallel]] prayer for [[Rosh Chodesh]] [[Sivan]].<ref name="CJ">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6uK5pa3R4d8C&lpg=PA186&dq=worms%20massacre&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q=worms%20massacre&f=false | title=Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History, Covering 5,764 Years of Biblical, Talmudic & Post-Talmudic History | publisher=Zichron Press | author=Kantor, Máttis | year=2005 | pages=186}}</ref>  In all, around 800 Jews were killed, with the exception of some who committed suicide and a few who were forcibly baptised.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15013-worms#ixzz1KCHABEdj | title=Worms | publisher=Jewish Encyclopedia | accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref> One Simchah ben Yitzchak ha-Cohen stabbed the bishop's nephew while being baptised and was killed for it.<ref name=CJ/>
+The massacre at Worms was one of a number of attacks against Jewish communities perpetrated during the [[First Crusade]] (1096–1099). Followers of Count Emicho arrived at Worms on 18 May 1096. Soon after his arrival, a rumour spread that the Jews had boiled a Christian alive, and used his corpse to contaminate water to [[Well poisoning#Accusations of well-poisoning against Jews|poison the town's wells]]. The local populace later joined forces with Emicho and launched a savage attack on the town's Jews, who had been given sanctuary in [[Bishopric of Worms|Bishop Adalbert]]'s palace, though others chose to remain outside its walls. They were the first to be massacred.<ref>[[Simon Schama]], ''The History of the Jews, 1000 BCE–1492 CE,''  Vintage Books 2014 pp. 298–299.</ref>
+After eight days, Emicho's army, assisted by local burghers broke in and slaughtered those seeking [[Sanctuary#Right of asylum|asylum]] there.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_sWBOzEleMC&q=worms+massacre | title=The First Crusade | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Runciman, Steven | year=2004 | pages=65| isbn=9780521611480 }}</ref> The Jews were in the midst of reciting the [[Hallel]] prayer for [[Rosh Chodesh]] [[Sivan]].<ref name="CJ">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uK5pa3R4d8C&q=worms+massacre&pg=PA186 | title=Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History, Covering 5,764 Years of Biblical, Talmudic & Post-Talmudic History | publisher=Zichron Press | author=Kantor, Máttis | year=2005 | pages=186| isbn=9780967037837 }}</ref>
+In all, from 800 to 1,000 Jews were killed, with the exception of some who committed suicide ([[Martyr|Martyrdom]], known in Judaism as ''[[Kiddush Hashem]])'' and a few who were forcibly baptised.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15013-worms#ixzz1KCHABEdj | title=Worms | publisher=Jewish Encyclopedia | access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> One, Simchah ben Yitzchak ha-Cohen, stabbed the bishop's nephew while being baptised and was consequently killed.<ref name=CJ/>  One of the most famous victims was [[Minna of Worms]].<ref>Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry & Cheryl Tallan, ''The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E.'', 2003</ref> The [[Worms Synagogue|synagogue]] destroyed during the massacre and subsequently rebuilt in 1175.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worms |url=https://schumstaedte.de/en/shum/worms/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=SchUM Städte e.V. |language=en}}</ref> In the late eleventh or early twelfth century a prayer was written in memory of those killed in the massacre called [[Av HaRachamim]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eisenberg |first=Ronald L. |title=Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide |last2=Society |first2=Jewish Publication |date=2008 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=978-0-8276-1039-2 |series=New Adult Titles |location=Dulles |pages=461}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+{{Portal|Genocide}}
-*[[Persecution of Jews in the First Crusade]]
+*[[Av HaRachamim]]
+*[[Jews in the Middle Ages]]
+*[[Medieval antisemitism]]
+*[[Rhineland massacres]]
+*[[Minna of Worms]]
+*[[Kalonymus Ben Meshullam]]
+== Footnotes ==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-{{coord missing|Germany}}
+{{coord missing|Rhineland-Palatinate}}
+{{Massacres of Jews}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Worms Massacre (1096)}}
+[[Category:11th-century massacres]]
 [[Category:Massacres in Germany]]
 [[Category:Jewish German history]]
-[[Category:Crusades]]
+[[Category:First Crusade]]
-[[Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents]]
 [[Category:Medieval anti-Jewish pogroms]]
-[[Category:Worms, Germany]]
+[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Worms, Germany]]
-[[Category:1096 in Germany]]
+[[Category:History of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
-[[Category:11th century in Germany]]
+[[Category:1090s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
+[[Category:1096 in Europe]]
+[[Category:Massacres of Jews]]
+[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe]]