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{{Short description|Great-grandfather of Muhammad (c. 464–497)}}
{{Short description|Great-grandfather of Muhammad (c. 464–497)}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hāshim ibn ‘Abd Manāf<br/>{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|هاشم بن عبد مناف}}}}
| name = Hāshim ibn 'Abd Manāf<br/>{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|هاشم بن عبد مناف}}}}
| birth_name = ‘Amr al-‘Ulā
| birth_name = 'Amr al-'Ulā
| birth_date = {{circa|464}}
| birth_date = {{circa|464}}
| birth_place = [[Makkah]], [[Arabia]]
| birth_place = [[Makkah]], [[Arabia]]
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| death_place = [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Byzantine Empire]]
| death_place = [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Byzantine Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]], Gaza
| burial_place = [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]], Gaza
| title = 3rd Major [[Tribal chief|Chief Leader]] of [[Quraysh]]
| succession = 3rd Major [[Tribal chief|Chief Leader]] of [[Quraysh]]
| predecessor = [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]
| predecessor = [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]
| successor = [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]
| successor = [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]
Line 20: Line 20:
}}
}}


'''Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf''' ({{lang-ar|هاشم بن عبد مناف}}; {{circa|464–497}}), born '''ʿAmr al-ʿUlā''' ({{lang|ar|عمرو العلا}}), was the great-grandfather of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the progenitor of the ruling [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] tribe in [[Mecca]]. At some point in his life before his father's death, ‘Amr chose for himself the name ''Hāshim'', as it was the name God used for Abraham (‘Amr was a [[Hanif]], follower of the "religion of [[Abraham]]"). The narrations from Islamic hagiographists to explain this name change are varied: A narration suggests that `Amr was called Hashim because Hashim translates as ''pulverizer'' in Arabic. As a generous man, he initiated the practice of providing crumbled [[bread]] in [[broth]] that was later adapted for the [[pilgrim]]s to the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] in [[Mecca]]. Another narration claims the name derives from the Arabic root ''Hashm'', ''to save the starving'', because he arranged for the feeding of the people of Mecca during a seasonal famine, and he thus came to be known as "the man who fed the starved" ({{lang-ar|هشم الجياع}}).
'''Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf''' ({{langx|ar|هاشم بن عبد مناف}}; {{circa|464–497}}), born '''ʿAmr al-ʿUlā''' ({{lang|ar|عمرو العلا}}), was the great-grandfather of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the progenitor of the ruling [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] tribe in [[Mecca]]. At some point in his life before his father's death, 'Amr chose for himself the name ''Hāshim'', as it was the name God used for Abraham ('Amr was a [[Hanif]], follower of the "religion of [[Abraham]]"). The narrations from Islamic hagiographists to explain this name change are varied: A narration suggests that `Amr was called Hashim because Hashim translates as ''pulverizer'' in Arabic. As a generous man, he initiated the practice of providing crumbled [[bread]] in [[broth]] that was later adapted for the [[pilgrim]]s to the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] in [[Mecca]]. Another narration claims the name derives from the Arabic root ''Hashm'', ''to save the starving'', because he arranged for the feeding of the people of Mecca during a seasonal famine, and he thus came to be known as "the man who fed the starved" ({{langx|ar|هشم الجياع}}).


==Birth legend==
==Birth legend==
Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim. Some consider it to be a very bloody and cruel one, indeed. This narration states that Hashim and [['Abd Shams]] were [[conjoined twins]] born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. It says that they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn. Their birth was remembered for Hashim being born with one of his toes pressed into the younger twin brother's forehead.<ref name="Jafar Subhani">{{cite book|last1=Subhani|first1=Jafar|title=The Message|publisher=Islamic Seminary Publications|location=P O Box 5425 Karachi, Pakistan|url=https://www.al-islam.org/the-message-ayatullah-jafar-subhani/chapter-4-ancestors-prophet#4-hashim|access-date=10 September 2017|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Ancestors of The Prophet|date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> Legend says that their father, '[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]], separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between [[Abbasid Caliphate|Bani al'Abbas]] and [[Umayyad Caliphate|Bani Ummaya]] [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|ibn 'Abd Shams]] in the year 750 CE).<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Kathir|last2=Le Gassick|first2=Trevor|last3=Fareed|first3=Muneer|title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya|page=132}}</ref> The astrologers of Arabia predicted that Abd Manaf had committed a grave error when he separated both of them by means of a sword. That which he had done was not regarded by them as a good omen.<ref name="Razvi">{{cite book|last=Razvi|first=Haafiz Mohammed Idrees|title=Manifestations of the Moon Of Prophethood|url=http://www.fikreraza.org/books/books/manifestations-of-the-moon-of-prophethood%5B1%5D.pdf|year=2009|publisher=Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre Overport|page=18|access-date=2014-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012711/http://www.fikreraza.org/books/books/manifestations-of-the-moon-of-prophethood%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim. This narration states that Hashim and [['Abd Shams]] were [[conjoined twins]] born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. It says that they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn. Their birth was remembered for Hashim being born with one of his toes pressed into the younger twin brother's forehead.<ref name="Jafar Subhani">{{cite book|last1=Subhani|first1=Jafar|title=The Message|publisher=Islamic Seminary Publications|location=P O Box 5425 Karachi, Pakistan|url=https://www.al-islam.org/the-message-ayatullah-jafar-subhani/chapter-4-ancestors-prophet#4-hashim|access-date=10 September 2017|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Ancestors of The Prophet|date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> Legend says that their father, '[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]], separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between [[Abbasid Caliphate|Bani al'Abbas]] and [[Umayyad Caliphate|Bani Ummaya]] [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|ibn 'Abd Shams]] in the year 750 CE).<ref name="IbnKathir">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Kathir|last2=Le Gassick|first2=Trevor|last3=Fareed|first3=Muneer|title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya|page=132}}</ref> The astrologers of Arabia predicted that Abd Manaf had committed a grave error when he separated both of them by means of a sword. Hashim was born to an [[Adnanite]] Arabian tribe.<ref name="Razvi">{{cite book|last=Razvi|first=Haafiz Mohammed Idrees|title=Manifestations of the Moon Of Prophethood|url=http://www.fikreraza.org/books/books/manifestations-of-the-moon-of-prophethood%5B1%5D.pdf|year=2009|publisher=Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre Overport|page=18|access-date=2014-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012711/http://www.fikreraza.org/books/books/manifestations-of-the-moon-of-prophethood%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
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While assembled at the Ka'aba, Hashim and his brothers and all their allies dipped their hands in a bowl of rich perfume with nutmeg powder and swore that they would never abandon one another, rubbing their scented hands over the stone of the Ka'aba in confirmation of their pact. Hashim and his allies were thereafter known as the ''"Hilf al-Mutayyabun"'' ("Alliance of the Scented Ones"), while their rivals also swore an oath of union and organised themselves into the ''"Hilf al-Ahlaf"'' ("Alliance of the Confederates"). As neither side wanted a full-scale conflict, they reached a compromise whereby The Scented Ones retained control of the charity tax and the food and drink for pilgrims, where as the Confederates retained the keys to the Ka'aba and the running of the House of Assembly.<ref>Ibn Kathir 1.186.</ref> Hashim's brothers agreed that he should have the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims.<ref name="Lings">{{cite book |last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=1983|publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]]|page=7|isbn=0946621330}}</ref> Their descendants in the clans named after them tended to keep this old alliance.<ref name="Armstrong"/>
While assembled at the Ka'aba, Hashim and his brothers and all their allies dipped their hands in a bowl of rich perfume with nutmeg powder and swore that they would never abandon one another, rubbing their scented hands over the stone of the Ka'aba in confirmation of their pact. Hashim and his allies were thereafter known as the ''"Hilf al-Mutayyabun"'' ("Alliance of the Scented Ones"), while their rivals also swore an oath of union and organised themselves into the ''"Hilf al-Ahlaf"'' ("Alliance of the Confederates"). As neither side wanted a full-scale conflict, they reached a compromise whereby The Scented Ones retained control of the charity tax and the food and drink for pilgrims, where as the Confederates retained the keys to the Ka'aba and the running of the House of Assembly.<ref>Ibn Kathir 1.186.</ref> Hashim's brothers agreed that he should have the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims.<ref name="Lings">{{cite book |last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=1983|publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]]|page=7|isbn=0946621330}}</ref> Their descendants in the clans named after them tended to keep this old alliance.<ref name="Armstrong"/>


Hashim was accepted as the overall leader, with the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims in the Ka’aba precincts, with the support of his brothers [[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf|'Abd Shams]] and [[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Muttalib]], and his half-brother [[Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf|Nawfal]]. The only person who challenged Hashim's authority was Umayyah, the son of his brother 'Abd Shams, but he had no real support and shifted to live out his life in Syria. Makkah became the acknowledged capital of Arabia, and markets were established around the city to deal with all the business.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4">{{cite news|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqaiyyah Waris|url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm|title=The Prophet's Family Line No. 4 – Amr (Hashim), the Founder of the Hashimites|publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah|access-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213146/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm|archive-date=30 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Hashim was accepted as the overall leader, with the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims in the Ka'aba precincts, with the support of his brothers [[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf|'Abd Shams]] and [[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf|Muttalib]], and his half-brother [[Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf|Nawfal]]. The only person who challenged Hashim's authority was Umayyah, the son of his brother 'Abd Shams, but he had no real support and shifted to live out his life in Syria. Makkah became the acknowledged capital of Arabia, and markets were established around the city to deal with all the business.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4">{{cite news|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqaiyyah Waris|url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm|title=The Prophet's Family Line No. 4 – Amr (Hashim), the Founder of the Hashimites|publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah|access-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213146/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm|archive-date=30 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
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He commenced by going in person to [[Aden]] in Yemen to meet the ships coming from [[India]], purchased the stock and transported it first to Mecca and then on to Syria, [[Gaza City|Gaza]] or Egypt. There he bought up goods of local manufacture and brought them back to Mecca, mainly selling them at the various Arab markets and fairs. Thus, the Quraish engaged in trade in Yemen, Syria and [[Ankara]] which allowed them to flourish economically. The Quraysh were so respected and popular that they felt no fears for their caravans being robbed or harmed along the way, and the various tribes did not even attempt to charge them the usual heavy transit taxes they demanded from other caravans.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4"/>
He commenced by going in person to [[Aden]] in Yemen to meet the ships coming from [[India]], purchased the stock and transported it first to Mecca and then on to Syria, [[Gaza City|Gaza]] or Egypt. There he bought up goods of local manufacture and brought them back to Mecca, mainly selling them at the various Arab markets and fairs. Thus, the Quraish engaged in trade in Yemen, Syria and [[Ankara]] which allowed them to flourish economically. The Quraysh were so respected and popular that they felt no fears for their caravans being robbed or harmed along the way, and the various tribes did not even attempt to charge them the usual heavy transit taxes they demanded from other caravans.<ref name="ruqaiyyah4"/>


He was generous to a fault, and it was his practical compassion in one year of drought that earned him his famous nickname of ''Hashim, the Crusher''. This was not for crushing or oppressing anyone, but because when the people were starving and emaciated he provided food at his own expense for the entire population of Mecca, personally fetching an immense stock of flour from Syria by camel-caravan, then slaughtering the camels and crushing the bread and meat to provide a soup-kitchen for his people.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tharid al Baraka at Aljamea |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528222001/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |archive-date=29 May 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref> His descendants are still proudly called [[Hashemite]]s to this day.<ref>‘Lata’if al-ma’arif, Tha’alibi, Edinburgh, 1968, p.42; Ibn Kathir 1.132, from Ibn Ishaq; Ibn Sa’d vol 1 p.77</ref>
He was generous to a fault, and it was his practical compassion in one year of drought that earned him his famous nickname of ''Hashim, the Crusher''. This was not for crushing or oppressing anyone, but because when the people were starving and emaciated he provided food at his own expense for the entire population of Mecca, personally fetching an immense stock of flour from Syria by camel-caravan, then slaughtering the camels and crushing the bread and meat to provide a soup-kitchen for his people.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tharid al Baraka at Aljamea |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528222001/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |archive-date=28 May 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref> His descendants are still proudly called [[Hashemite]]s to this day.<ref>'Lata'if al-ma'arif, Tha'alibi, Edinburgh, 1968, p.42; Ibn Kathir 1.132, from Ibn Ishaq; Ibn Sa'd vol 1 p.77</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
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=== Dynasties ===
=== Dynasties ===
The following [[Royal family|Royal]] and [[Empire|Imperial]] dynasties claim descent from Hashim:
The following [[Royal family|royal]] and [[Empire|imperial]] dynasties claim descent from Hashim:


''Europe''
''Europe''
* [[Hammudid dynasty|Hummudid Dynasty]] (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]])
* [[Hammudid dynasty|Hummudid dynasty]] (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]])
''Arabia''
''Arabia''
* [[Hashemite dynasty|Hashemite Dynasty]](through [[Qatadah ibn Idris]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hashemite dynasty]](through [[Qatadah ibn Idris]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Abbasid Dynasty]] of the Abbasid Empire (through [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn Muttalib]])
* [[Abbasid dynasty]] of the Abbasid Empire (through [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn Muttalib]])
* [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimid Dynasty]] of the Fatimid Dynasty including the later Agha Khans. (through [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Ismail ibn Jafar]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Fatimid dynasty]] of the Fatimid dynasty including the later Agha Khans. (through [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Ismail ibn Jafar]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rassid Dynasty]] of Yemen (through Ibrahim al Jamr bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthanna]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rassid dynasty]] of Yemen (through Ibrahim al Jamr bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthanna]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|Mutawakkilite Dynasty]] of Yemen (through Ibrahim al Jamr bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthanna]] as cadets of the Rassid Dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|Mutawakkilite dynasty]] of Yemen (through Ibrahim al Jamr bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthanna]] as cadets of the Rassid dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
''Africa''
''Africa''
* [[Alaouite dynasty|Aluoite Dynasty of Morocco]] (through [[Muhammad Nafs Zakiya|Muhammad Nafs az zakiyah]] bin Abdullah al Kamal ) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Alaouite dynasty|Aluoite dynasty of Morocco]] (through [[Muhammad Nafs Zakiya|Muhammad Nafs az zakiyah]] bin Abdullah al Kamal ) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisid Dynasty]] of West Africa (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]]) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236}}</ref>
* [[Idrisid dynasty]] of West Africa (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]]) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236}}</ref>
* [[Senussi dynasty|Senussi Dynasty]] of Libya (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]] as cadets of the Idrisid Dynasty)
* [[Senussi dynasty]] of Libya (through [[Idris ibn Abdullah]] as cadets of the Idrisid dynasty)

*[[Isaaq|Ishaqids]]:
*[[Isaaq|Ishaqids]]:
**[[Habr Je'lo|Tolje'lo Dynasty]] of the [[Isaaq Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref>
**[[Habr Je'lo|Tolje'lo dynasty]] of the [[Isaaq Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref>
** [[Guled Abdi (Sultan)|Guled Dynasty]] of the [[Isaaq Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd" />
** [[Guled Abdi (Sultan)|Guled dynasty]] of the [[Isaaq Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd" />
** [[Rer Ainanshe|Ainanshe Dynasty]] of the [[Habr Yunis Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref>
** [[Rer Ainanshe|Ainanshe dynasty]] of the [[Habr Yunis Sultanate]] (through [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed]])<ref name="Lewisapd"/>


''Indo-Persia'':
''Indo-Persia'':

⚫
* [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Dynasty]] of Persia (through Abul Qasim Humza bin [[Musa al-Kadhim|Musa al Kadhim]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morimoto |first1=Kazuo |title=The Earliest ʿAlid Genealogy for the Safavids: New Evidence for the Pre-dynastic Claim to Sayyid Status |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=447–469 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2010.495561 |jstor=23033219 |s2cid=161191720 }}</ref>
* [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]]
* [[Shah Jalal]] after the [[conquest of Sylhet]].
⚫
* [[Safavid dynasty]] of Persia (through Abul Qasim Humza bin [[Musa al-Kadhim|Musa al Kadhim]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morimoto |first1=Kazuo |title=The Earliest ʿAlid Genealogy for the Safavids: New Evidence for the Pre-dynastic Claim to Sayyid Status |journal=Iranian Studies |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=447–469 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2010.495561 |jstor=23033219 |s2cid=161191720 }}</ref>
* [[Alid dynasties of northern Iran|Alid]] of Tabaristan (through Zayd bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthana]])
* [[Alid dynasties of northern Iran|Alid]] of Tabaristan (through Zayd bin [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hassan al Muthana]])
* Zaydi Dynasty of Tabarstan (through [[Zayd ibn Ali]]) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* Zaydi dynasty of Tabarstan (through [[Zayd ibn Ali]]) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* The Agha Khans (Through [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Ismail ibn Jafar]] as cadets of the Fatimid dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Barha dynasty|Barha Dynasty]] Including the later Nawabs of Samballhera (through [[Zayd ibn Ali]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Abul Fazl |title=The Āʼīn-i Akbarī |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=9693515307 |edition=2nd|year=2004 }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Sabzwari dynasty]] (through [[Ali al reza|Ali al Reza]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shah Nawaz |title=Maasir al Umara |date=1952 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |location=Calcutta |pages=259–262}}</ref>
* [[Rohilla Dynasty]] including the later Nawabs of Rampur (through [[Zayd ibn Ali]] as Cadets of the Barha Dynasty)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/akhbar-us-sanadeed-volume-001-mohammad-najmul-gani-khan-ebooks|title=Akhbar-us-Sanadeed, vol. 1|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Najm-ul-Ghani|publisher=Munshi Nawal Kishore|year=1918|location=Lucknow|pages=79–83 (85–89)}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Najafi dynasty of Bengal]]. Including the later Nawabs of Murshidabad and the Tabatabai family of Iran (through Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Ismail al Dibaj)
⚫
* The Agha Khans (Through [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Ismail ibn Jafar]] as cadets of the Fatimid Dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Daudpota|Daudpota Dynasty]] including the later Nawabs of Bhawalpur and Sindh ([[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhora]]) (through [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn Muttalib]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Punjab States Gazetteers Bahawalpur State Vol.36 |date=1908 |page=47 |edition=Volume 36 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105641/page/n65/mode/2up}}</ref>
* [[Hyder Ali|The Sultans of Mysore]] (through [[Qatadah ibn Idris]] as cadets of the Hashemite Dynasty) {{cn|date=August 2020}}
⚫
* [[Sabzwari dynasty|Sabzwari Dynasty]] (through [[Ali al reza|Ali al Reza]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shah Nawaz |title=Maasir al Umara |date=1952 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |location=Calcutta |pages=259–262}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Najafi Dynasty of Bengal]]. Including the later Nawabs of Murshidabad and the Tabatabai family of Iran (through Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Ismail al Dibaj)
''East Asia''
''East Asia''
* [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura|Sultans of Siak]] (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura|Sultans of Siak]] (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bendahara dynasty|Bendahara Dynasty]] of Pahang and Terengannu (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[Bendahara dynasty]] of Pahang and Terengannu (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[Bolkiah|Bolkiah Dynasty]] of Brunei (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[Bolkiah|Bolkiah dynasty]] of Brunei (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[House of Jamalullail (Perak)|Jamal al layl dynasty]] of Perak and Perlis (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[House of Jamalullail (Perak)|Jamal al layl dynasty]] of Perak and Perlis (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai)
* [[Sultanate of Pontianak|Sultans of Pontianak]] (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sultanate of Pontianak|Sultans of Pontianak]] (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Ba alawai) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Vachon |first1=Auguste |last2=Boudreau |first2=Claire |last3=Cogné |first3=Daniel |title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1600-1 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW-kDAAAQBAJ&q=ibrahim+al+jamr&pg=PA236 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Temenggong of Johor|House of Temenggong]] of Johor (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Bendahara Dynasty)
*[[Temenggong of Johor|House of Temenggong]] of Johor (through [[Ahmad al-Muhajir|Ahmad al Muhajir]] as cadets of the Bendahara dynasty)

==See also==
==See also==
*[[Family tree of Muhammad]]
*[[Family tree of Muhammad]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd Manaf, Hashim Ibn}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd Manaf, Hashim Ibn}}
[[Category:464 births]]
[[Category:460s births]]
[[Category:497 deaths]]
[[Category:497 deaths]]
[[Category:5th-century Arabs]]
[[Category:5th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Ancestors of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Ancestors of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Quraysh]]
[[Category:Quraysh]]

Latest revision as of 11:16, 19 December 2024

Hāshim ibn 'Abd Manāf
هاشم بن عبد مناف
3rd Major Chief Leader of Quraysh
PredecessorAbd Manaf ibn Qusai
SuccessorAbd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Born'Amr al-'Ulā
c. 464
Makkah, Arabia
Diedc. 497 (aged 32–33)
Gaza, Byzantine Empire
Burial
Sayed al-Hashim Mosque, Gaza
SpouseSalma bint Amr
Children
FatherAbd Manaf ibn Qusai
MotherAtikah bint Murrah
OccupationBusiness

Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf (Arabic: هاشم بن عبد مناف; c. 464–497), born ʿAmr al-ʿUlā (عمرو العلا), was the great-grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the ruling Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. At some point in his life before his father's death, 'Amr chose for himself the name Hāshim, as it was the name God used for Abraham ('Amr was a Hanif, follower of the "religion of Abraham"). The narrations from Islamic hagiographists to explain this name change are varied: A narration suggests that `Amr was called Hashim because Hashim translates as pulverizer in Arabic. As a generous man, he initiated the practice of providing crumbled bread in broth that was later adapted for the pilgrims to the Ka'aba in Mecca. Another narration claims the name derives from the Arabic root Hashm, to save the starving, because he arranged for the feeding of the people of Mecca during a seasonal famine, and he thus came to be known as "the man who fed the starved" (Arabic: هشم الجياع).

Birth legend

[edit]

Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim. This narration states that Hashim and 'Abd Shams were conjoined twins born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. It says that they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn. Their birth was remembered for Hashim being born with one of his toes pressed into the younger twin brother's forehead.[1] Legend says that their father, 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between Bani al'Abbas and Bani Ummaya ibn 'Abd Shams in the year 750 CE).[2] The astrologers of Arabia predicted that Abd Manaf had committed a grave error when he separated both of them by means of a sword. Hashim was born to an Adnanite Arabian tribe.[3]

Life

[edit]

Hashim was the son of Abd Manaf, who argued with his brother 'Abd ad-Dar over the inheritance. 'Abd ad-Dar was supported by their cousins Makhzum, Sahm, Jumah, their uncle Adi and their families. Abd Manaf contested his inheritance and was supported by their nephew Asad, their uncle Zuhrah ibn Kilab, their father's uncle Taym ibn Murrah, and al-Harith ibn Fihr.[4] The effects of this conflict continued among their descendants, especially and affected the internal history of Mecca right up to Muhammad's time.[4]

The conflict escalated under Hashim, who demanded that the rights be transferred from the clan of Abd ad-Dar to his clan. Those who supported Hashim and his brothers were the descendants of Zuhrah and Taym ibn Murrah, and all Qusay's descendants except those of the eldest line. The descendants of Makhzum and of the other remoter cousins maintained that the rights should remain in the family of Abd ad-Dar.

While assembled at the Ka'aba, Hashim and his brothers and all their allies dipped their hands in a bowl of rich perfume with nutmeg powder and swore that they would never abandon one another, rubbing their scented hands over the stone of the Ka'aba in confirmation of their pact. Hashim and his allies were thereafter known as the "Hilf al-Mutayyabun" ("Alliance of the Scented Ones"), while their rivals also swore an oath of union and organised themselves into the "Hilf al-Ahlaf" ("Alliance of the Confederates"). As neither side wanted a full-scale conflict, they reached a compromise whereby The Scented Ones retained control of the charity tax and the food and drink for pilgrims, where as the Confederates retained the keys to the Ka'aba and the running of the House of Assembly.[5] Hashim's brothers agreed that he should have the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims.[6] Their descendants in the clans named after them tended to keep this old alliance.[4]

Hashim was accepted as the overall leader, with the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims in the Ka'aba precincts, with the support of his brothers 'Abd Shams and Muttalib, and his half-brother Nawfal. The only person who challenged Hashim's authority was Umayyah, the son of his brother 'Abd Shams, but he had no real support and shifted to live out his life in Syria. Makkah became the acknowledged capital of Arabia, and markets were established around the city to deal with all the business.[7]

Legacy

[edit]

Hashim was held in much honour, both at home and abroad. It was Amr who first realised the potential for his family of taking part in the lucrative trade between Syria and Egypt that passed through Arabia. Trading was the most important means of livelihood for the inhabitants of Mecca, a barren 'valley without cultivation'.

He initiated and established the two great trade caravan journeys of Quraish from Mecca, the Caravan of Winter to Yemen and the Caravan of Summer to north-west Arabia, and beyond it to Palestine and Syria, which were then under Byzantine rule as part of the Roman Empire. After obtaining privileges from the Ghassanid king of Syria, even went in person to Byzantium and procured an edict from the Byzantine Roman Caesar, exempting Quraish from duties or taxes when operating in the countries under his domain. Caesar also wrote to the King Negus of Abyssinia to admit the Quraish there for trade, and Hashim's brother 'Abd Shams had a special permit with him. Muttalib had his treaty with the Himyarites of Yemen, and their half-brother Nawfal with the Persian governments of Iraq and Iran.[6]

He commenced by going in person to Aden in Yemen to meet the ships coming from India, purchased the stock and transported it first to Mecca and then on to Syria, Gaza or Egypt. There he bought up goods of local manufacture and brought them back to Mecca, mainly selling them at the various Arab markets and fairs. Thus, the Quraish engaged in trade in Yemen, Syria and Ankara which allowed them to flourish economically. The Quraysh were so respected and popular that they felt no fears for their caravans being robbed or harmed along the way, and the various tribes did not even attempt to charge them the usual heavy transit taxes they demanded from other caravans.[7]

He was generous to a fault, and it was his practical compassion in one year of drought that earned him his famous nickname of Hashim, the Crusher. This was not for crushing or oppressing anyone, but because when the people were starving and emaciated he provided food at his own expense for the entire population of Mecca, personally fetching an immense stock of flour from Syria by camel-caravan, then slaughtering the camels and crushing the bread and meat to provide a soup-kitchen for his people.[8] His descendants are still proudly called Hashemites to this day.[9]

Death

[edit]

According to Muslim tradition, Hashim died after falling ill on a journey returning from Syria, in Gaza, Palestine in 497. According to tradition, Hashim's tomb is located beneath the dome of Sayed al-Hashim Mosque in the al-Daraj neighborhood of Gaza which is named in his honor. The mosque itself was built around the 12th century.[10]

His business passed to none of his sons, but to his brothers, the sons of Atikah bint Murrah.[citation needed]

Family

[edit]

His father was 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusai who according to Islamic tradition is a descendant of Ibrahim (Abraham) through his son Ismail (Ishmael)[citation needed]. His mother was ʻĀtikah bint Murrah ibn Hilāl ibn Fālij ibn Dhakwān. Hashim had two full brothers, the elder was 'Abd Shams and younger was Muttalib who would succeed him, and half-brother Nawfal whose mother was Waqida bint Amr.

He had at least five wives, four sons, and six daughters. His first three wives were his grandmother Hubba bint Hulail's niece Qaylah (or Hind) bint Amr ibn Malik of the Banu Khuza'a, Halah (Hind) bint Amr ibn Thalabah al-Khazrajiyah, and a woman from the Banu Quda'a, the people of Qusai's stepfather who had been so supportive of his cause. For his fourth wife, he married his father's widow, Waqida bint Amr (Abu Adiy) al-Maziniyyah, who was the mother of his half-brother Nawfal. His fifth wife was Salma bint Amr, a woman from Yathrib, one of the most influential women of the Banu Khazraj tribe and the daughter of 'Amr of Banu Najjar clan.

By Qaylah, he had a son Asad (Ali's maternal grandfather). By Halah, he had the son Abu Saifi, and daughter Hayyah (or Hannah). By Waqida, he had the daughters Khalidah and Da'ifa. By the woman of Banu Quda'a, he had the son Nadla (or Nadh) and daughter Ash-Shifa. By Salma bint Amr he had Shaiba/'Abd al-Muṭṭalib, the paternal grandfather of Muhammad, and a daughter Ruqayyah. There was another son Sayfayyah and another daughter Jannah.[7]

Notable descendants

[edit]

Family tree

[edit]
Quraysh tribe
Waqida bint AmrAbd Manaf ibn QusaiĀtikah bint Murrah
Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf‘Abd ShamsBarraHalaMuṭṭalib ibn Abd ManafHashimSalma bint Amr
Umayya ibn Abd ShamsʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
HarbAbū al-ʿĀsʿĀminahʿAbdallāhHamzaAbī ṬālibAz-Zubayral-ʿAbbās Abū Lahab
ʾAbī Sufyān ibn Harbal-ḤakamʿUthmānʿAffānMUHAMMAD
(Family tree)		Khadija bint KhuwaylidʿAlī
(Family tree)		Khawlah bint Ja'farIbn Abbas
Muʿāwiyah IMarwān IʿUthmān ibn ʿAffānRuqayyaFatimahMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahʿAli ibn ʿAbdallāh
SufyanidsMarwanidsal-Ḥasanal-Ḥusayn
(Family tree)		Abu Hasim
(Imām of al-Mukhtār and Hashimiyya)		Muhammad
"al-Imām"
(Abbasids)
Ibrāhim "al-Imām"al-Saffāḥal-Mansur

Dynasties

[edit]

The following royal and imperial dynasties claim descent from Hashim:

Europe

Arabia

Africa

Indo-Persia:

East Asia

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Subhani, Jafar (27 December 2012). "Chapter 4: Ancestors of The Prophet". The Message. P O Box 5425 Karachi, Pakistan: Islamic Seminary Publications. Retrieved 10 September 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ Ibn Kathir; Le Gassick, Trevor; Fareed, Muneer. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya. p. 132.
  3. ^ Razvi, Haafiz Mohammed Idrees (2009). Manifestations of the Moon Of Prophethood (PDF). Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre Overport. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  4. ^ a b c Armstrong, Karen (2001). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. Phoenix. p. 66. ISBN 0946621330.
  5. ^ Ibn Kathir 1.186.
  6. ^ a b Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. George Allen & Unwin. p. 7. ISBN 0946621330.
  7. ^ a b c Maqsood, Ruqaiyyah Waris. "The Prophet's Family Line No. 4 – Amr (Hashim), the Founder of the Hashimites". Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  8. ^ "Tharid al Baraka at Aljamea". jameasaifiyah.edu. 10 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  9. ^ 'Lata'if al-ma'arif, Tha'alibi, Edinburgh, 1968, p.42; Ibn Kathir 1.132, from Ibn Ishaq; Ibn Sa'd vol 1 p.77
  10. ^ Hooda, Samreen (September 2006). "Mosque of Sayyed Hashim - Gaza". This Week In Palestine. Palestine. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  11. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  12. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  13. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  14. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  15. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  16. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  17. ^ a b c I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.
  18. ^ Morimoto, Kazuo (2010). "The Earliest ʿAlid Genealogy for the Safavids: New Evidence for the Pre-dynastic Claim to Sayyid Status". Iranian Studies. 43 (4): 447–469. doi:10.1080/00210862.2010.495561. JSTOR 23033219. S2CID 161191720.
  19. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  20. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  21. ^ Khan, Shah Nawaz (1952). Maasir al Umara. Calcutta: Calcutta Oriental Press. pp. 259–262.
  22. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.
  23. ^ Vachon, Auguste; Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel (1998). Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996. University of Ottawa Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-7766-1600-1.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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