Jump to content

Hatching (heraldry): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m →Other Hatching Systems: Sancta → Petra Sanctata
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,394,088 edits
Added title. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Pancho507 | Linked from User:Pancho507/sandbox/1 | #UCB_webform_linked 2401/3849
 
(194 intermediate revisions by 79 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|System of patterns used in heraldry}}
The system of [[heraldry]] has two main methods to designate the tinctures of arms in uncolored illustrations: '''hatching''' and [[tricking (heraldry)|tricking]]. Hatching, i. e. exertion of lines and dots, is the most common method to designate colours on uncoloured surfaces, like printings, seals, and coins.
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image_style = border:none;


| image1 = DEU Kreis Minden-Luebbecke COA.svg
[[Image:Vonalkázás.png]]
| image2 = Wappen Kreis Minden-Lübbecke (sw).jpg
| footer = The coat of arms of the German district of [[Minden-Lübbecke]] in coloured and hatched versions.
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image_style = border:none;


| image1 = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
Our present day hatching system was developed during the 1630s by [[Silvester Petra Sancta]] and [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière]]. Some earlier hatching methods were also developed, but did not get on.
| image2 = Greater coat of arms of the United States (monochrome).svg
| footer = The coat of arms of the United States in a coloured and hatched version.
}}
'''Hatching''' (sometimes called ''hachure'', from the French word) is a conventional system for monochrome denotation of [[heraldry|heraldic]] armory, whereby the [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]] (colours) are represented by dots and lines. This technique is employed in cases where colours, for either aesthetic, practical or economic reasons are not reproduced – e.g. on surfaces such as [[woodcut]]s or [[engraving]]s, [[seal (emblem)|seals]] and coins.


Several systems of hatchings were developed during the [[Renaissance]] as an alternative to [[tricking]], the earlier method of indicating heraldic tinctures by use of written [[abbreviation]]s. The present day hatching system was developed during the 1630s by [[Silvester Petra Sancta]] and [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière]]. Some earlier hatching methods were also developed, but did not come into wide use.
== The Origin of Hatching Systems ==


[[Tricking]] is an alternative method which has the same purpose as hatching.
[[Hatching]] was a method of screening in the [[Renaissance]] painting. For such the great copperplate engravers and artists such as [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]] and [[Jacob Franquart|Franquart]] it served as a natural method to designate tinctures of the arms. Thus, it can be concluded that this way to designate the tinctures originated by all probability from the artists (copper plate engravers) and not the heraldists. As part of the techniques of hatching, artists used various lengths, angles, mutual space and other properties of lines.


==Conventional system==
The copper plate engravers were always seized of the problem of properly picturing the black (dark) and white (light) surfaces. They also dealt with the problem on producing the coloured illustrations. It is around the middle of the 17th century that the first tests of the colour in copperplate engraving were done by [[François Perrier]] (1590-Paris, 1650). According to some views, the multi-coloured copperplate engravings were invented by [[Abraham Bosse]] as described in his 1645 treatise.
{{Hatching table}}


==Genesis==
[[Herald]]s did not like hatching, and the [[College of Arms]] gave preference to [[tricking (heraldry)|tricking]] even beyond the 17th century, sometimes even on the coloured and hatched images. It was so because tricking was a simpler way to the drawer than hatching to designate the tinctures. [[Otto Titan von Hefner]] maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries. Both tricking as well as hatching was applied by the Benedictine monk, philologist and outstanding historian Vincenzio or Vincenzo Maria [[Vincenzo Borghini|Borghini]] (Florence, Oct. 29, 1515 – Aug. 18, 1580, Florence). He drew a difference between the metals and the colours on the woodcuts of his work by leaving the places blank on the arms for all metals; similarly all colours were hatched by the same way, as the colour vert is being used today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking: R–rosso–gules, A–azure–azure, N–nigro–sable, G–gialbo–yellow (or), and B–biancho–white (argent). Notably, the vert was not present on the arms presented by him.
[[File:Gelenius vonalkázási tábla 1645. p. 121.PNG|thumb|Hatching table of [[Aegidius Gelenius]], published 1645]]
[[Image:Zangrius wapenkaartt.jpg|thumb|The original of the armorial chart of [[Jan Baptist Zangrius]] from the Helmond archive (1600)]]
During the 15-18th centuries, [[painting]] and [[graphics]] were on a very high level in the [[Low Countries]]. For this reason, it isn’t accidental that different hatching methods were emerged in the system of [[heraldry]] in these territories. The earliest one and then the majority of these systems were developed in the Low Countries (mainly in the Duchy of [[Brabant]]) such as the method of [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]] (1600), [[Jacob Franquart|Franquart]] (1623), [[Christophe Butkens|Butkens]] (1626), and [[Thomas de Rouck|de Rouck]] (1645). So, four out of the eight authors of the seven known hatching systems came from the Low Countries and the remaining four authors – [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière|de la Colombière]], [[Silvester Petra Sancta|Petra Sancta]], [[Aegidius Gelenius|Gelenius]], and [[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz|Lobkowitz]] – also had close connection with the heraldists and artists of these territories.
[[Hatching]] developed as a method of screening used by [[Renaissance]] painters. For [[Intaglio (printmaking)|copperplate engravers]] and artists such as [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]] and [[Jacob Franquart|Franquart]], it served as a natural method to designate heraldic tinctures. Copper plate engravers faced difficulties producing coloured illustrations. The first tests of colour copperplate engravings were done by [[François Perrier (painter)|François Perrier]] around the middle of the 17th century. According to some views, however, multi-coloured copperplate engravings were invented by [[Abraham Bosse]], as described in his 1645 treatise.


[[File:Zangrius kaart arceringg.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Hatching table of Zangrius (1600)]]
[[Image:Vonalkázási rendszerek,.PNG]]
[[Herald]]s did not like hatching,{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} and the [[College of Arms]] gave preference to [[tricking (heraldry)|tricking]] even beyond the 17th century. Tricking was a simpler and quicker way than hatching to designate the tinctures. [[:de:Otto Titan von Hefner|Otto Titan von Hefner]] maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Both tricking and hatching were applied by the Benedictine monk, philologist and historian [[Vincenzo Borghini]] (1515–1580). He drew a difference between metals and colours of arms on his woodcuts by leaving the places for metals blank; similarly, all colours were hatched the same way the colour vert is today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking: ''R'' for ''rosso'' ([[gules]]), ''A'' for ''[[azure (heraldry)|azure]]'', ''N'' for ''nigro'' ([[sable (heraldry)|sable]]), ''G'' for ''gialbo'' ([[Or (heraldry)|Or]]), and ''B'' for ''biancho'' ([[argent]]). [[Vert (heraldry)|Vert]] was not represented among his works.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}


[[Painting]] and [[graphics]] advanced greatly in the [[Low Countries]] during the 15th–18th centuries. For this reason, different hatching methods emerged in the system of [[heraldry]] in these territories (mainly in the [[Duchy of Brabant]]), such as the methods of [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]] (1600), [[Jacob Franquart|Franquart]] (1623), [[Christophe Butkens|Butkens]] (1626), and [[Thomas de Rouck|de Rouck]] (1645). The four other authors to produce hatching systems in the 17th century – [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière|de la Colombière]], [[Silvester Petra Sancta|Petra Sancta]], [[Aegidius Gelenius|Gelenius]], and [[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz|Lobkowitz]] – also had close connection with heraldists and artists in these territories.
The earliest hatching system was developed by the outstanding copper plate engraver, publisher, typographer and bookseller [[Jan Baptist Zangrius]] (†1606) of Leuven in 1600 and was seen at the armorial chart of Brabant. Inasmuch as the hatching systems of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière differ from the method developed by Zangrius only in the way of hatching of the colour Sable, as it almost seems evident that Petra Sancta or de la Colombière modeled their systems after Zangrius‘ hatching table.


The earliest hatching system was developed by [[Jan Baptist Zangrius]], a copperplate engraver, publisher, typographer and bookseller from [[Leuven]], in 1600. The hatching systems of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière differed from Zangrius's method only in their hatchings of the colour Sable.
== The Dispute of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière ==


=== Dispute of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière ===
[[Image:Corbelletti 1627.png|thumb|The 1627 '''screening''' method of Corbelletti]]
[[Image:Corbelletti 1639.png|thumb|The 1639 '''hatching''' method of Corbelletti]]
[[File:Corbelletti 1639.png|thumb|right|Example of hatching on the title page of a book printed in 1639 by Francesco Corbelletti]]
[[Image:Brabant map.png|thumb|The concentration of different hatching systems in Brabant and the neighbouring countries]]
[[Image:HefnerX.png|thumb|Table X. of Hefner with different hatching systems]]
[[Image:Lobkowitz Portugal.jpg|thumb|Hatched arms of Portugal from the book of Lobkowitz, ''Philippus Prudens'' (1639)]]
[[Image:Lobkowitz Henrik.jpg|thumb|Another hatched arms of prince Henry from the book of Lobkowitz, ''Philippus Prudens'' (1639)]]


The primacy of developing a hatching method belongs undoubtedly to [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]]. In comparison to his system, [[Silvester Petra Sancta|Petra Sancta]] and [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière|de la Colombière]] made only minor changes to Zangrius‘ system such as different hatching for the colour [[Sable]], and developing hatching for the colour [[Purpure]]. It seems that de la Colombière preceded Petra Sancta and the armorial chart of Zangrius published in French could possibly be known to him pretty well. The artists from the Spanish [[Low Countries]] (where by all probability the heraldic hatching systems were invented), that is to say from the neighbouring territories to France, visited [[Paris]] very often.
The primacy of developing a hatching method belongs undoubtedly to [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]]. In comparison to his system, [[Silvester Petra Sancta|Petra Sancta]] and [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière|de la Colombière]] made only minor changes to Zangrius' system such as different hatching for the colour [[Sable (heraldry)|Sable]]. It seems that de la Colombière preceded Petra Sancta and the armorial chart of Zangrius published in French could possibly be known to him pretty well. The artists from the Spanish [[Low Countries]] (where by all probability the heraldic hatching systems were invented), that is to say from the neighbouring territories to France, visited [[Paris]] very often.


We have only some fragmental data about the life of [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière]]. By all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament. He also published a book in the spirit of the [[Gallicanism]] in [[Geneva]] that year. Colombière’s ideas suited the king’s taste too, as a result he left [[Grenoble]] and settled down in [[Paris]], where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. His next book was published in Paris in 1638. He had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time. For this reason, it could perhaps be concluded that de la Colombière was right in claiming the title of the inventor of the hatching system, and accusing Petra Sancta of copying his method and incorrectly publishing it in his 1638 work (''Tesserae gentilitiae'', [[Rome]] 1638), one year before the same hatching system was published by de la Colombière (''Recueil de plusieurs pièces et figures d'armoiries...'', Paris 1639). On page 37 of his title ''La Science Heroїque'' (1644), Colombière maintains that Petra Sancta simply copied his system without any changes. De la Colombière also mentions the book publishers and copperplate [[engraving|engravers]] as the users of the hatching system.<ref>"Et afin que le Lecteur se satisfasse entierement, ie luy presente les deux metaux, les cinq couleurs, & les deux pennes graués en la page suiuante, & luy fais voir l’inuention de laquelle ie me suis seruy au premier liure de blazon, que ie fis imprimer pour connoistre les metaux & les couleurs par la taille douce, laquelle a ésté imitée & practiquée par le docte Petra Sancta, au liure intitulé, Tessera gentilitia, qu’il a composé en Latin, & fait imprimer à Rome; Aupaurauant l’on se seruoit des lettres capitales des metaux, & des couleurs pour les denoter, mais cela enlaidissoit l’armoirie, & apportoit de la confusion, & tout au contraire ceste inuention remplit & ombrage les pieces bien mieux qu’elles n’estoient auant qu’on la practiquât; & contente la veuë auec plus d’agréement: Et il seroit necessaire que d’ores-en-auant tous les graueurs d’vn commún consentement se seruissent de ceste methodo, & la practiquassent inuiolablement lors qu’ils grauent des Armoiries en des lieux où l’on ne peut dechiffrer leurs blazons, ny exprimer leur émail." </ref>
We have only some fragmental data about the life of [[Marcus Vulson de la Colombière]]. He visited Paris in 1618, but by all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament. He also published a book in the spirit of the [[Gallicanism]] in [[Geneva]] that year. Colombière's ideas suited the king's taste too, as a result he departed [[Grenoble]] and settled in [[Paris]], where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. His next book was published in Paris in 1638. He had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time. For this reason, it could perhaps be concluded that de la Colombière was right in claiming the title of the inventor of the hatching system, and accusing Petra Sancta of copying his method and incorrectly publishing it in his 1638 work (''Tesserae gentilitiae'', [[Rome]] 1638), one year before the same hatching system was published by de la Colombière (''Recueil de plusieurs pièces et figures d'armoiries...'', Paris 1639). However, the earlier book of Petra Sancta from 1634 had a hatching table as well. On page 37 of his title ''La Science Heroїque'' (1644), Colombière maintains that Petra Sancta simply copied his system without any changes. De la Colombière also mentions the book publishers and copperplate [[engraving|engravers]] as the users of the hatching system.<ref>"Et afin que le Lecteur se satisfasse entierement, ie luy presente les deux metaux, les cinq couleurs, & les deux pennes graués en la page suiuante, & luy fais voir l’inuention de laquelle ie me suis seruy au premier liure de blazon, que ie fis imprimer pour connoistre les metaux & les couleurs par la taille douce, laquelle a ésté imitée & practiquée par le docte Petra Sancta, au liure intitulé, Tessera gentilitia, qu’il a composé en Latin, & fait imprimer à Rome; Aupaurauant l’on se seruoit des lettres capitales des metaux, & des couleurs pour les denoter, mais cela enlaidissoit l’armoirie, & apportoit de la confusion, & tout au contraire ceste inuention remplit & ombrage les pieces bien mieux qu’elles n’estoient auant qu’on la practiquât; & contente la veuë auec plus d’agréement: Et il seroit necessaire que d’ores-en-auant tous les graueurs d’vn commún consentement se seruissent de ceste methodo, & la practiquassent inuiolablement lors qu’ils grauent des Armoiries en des lieux où l’on ne peut dechiffrer leurs blazons, ny exprimer leur émail."</ref>


Ottfried Neubecker maintains that the hatching system in heraldry was invented by de la Colombière and not Petra Sancta who only popularized the system through his second treatise titled Tesserae gentilitia, published in 1638. On the other hand, it’s also true that Silvester Petra Sancta provided though preliminary, comprehensive studies on his heraldic work in [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]] and that it’s very likely that he was acquainted with the idea of hatching and the earlier existing hatching methods from the Dutch engravers before he developed his own hatching system. He was the confessor of the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] Pier Luigi Carafa (1581-1655). Between 1624 and 1634, Petra Sancta stayed with his lord in [[Cologne]] where he fought against the rising [[Protestantism]] through his sermons and religious discussions, including through two of his emblematic books published in 1634 and 1638, respectively. Later he settled down in Rome and published his famous treatise on heraldry there, but during late 1620s and the early 1630s he stayed in the Spanish [[Low Countries]] and the neighbouring territories. In 1634 he published his first book touching the topic of heraldry in Antwerp; his main heraldic work containing the hatching system was published in 1638 in Rome.
[[Ottfried Neubecker]] maintains that the hatching system in heraldry was invented by de la Colombière and not Petra Sancta who only popularized the system through his second treatise titled ''Tesserae gentilitiae'', published in 1638.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ottfried |last=Neubecker |author-link=Ottfried Neubecker |title=Heraldry: sources, symbols and meaning |location=London |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |year=1977 |isbn=9780354041577 |page=187 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023}} On the other hand, it is also true that Silvester Petra Sancta provided though preliminary, comprehensive studies on his heraldic work in [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]] and that it is very likely that he was acquainted with the idea of hatching and the earlier existing hatching methods from the Dutch engravers before he developed his own hatching system. He was the confessor of the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Pier Luigi Carafa (1581–1655)|Pier Luigi Carafa]] (1581–1655). Between 1624 and 1634, Petra Sancta stayed with his lord in [[Cologne]] where he fought against the rising [[Protestantism]] through his sermons and religious discussions, including through two of his emblematic books published in 1634 and 1638, respectively. Later he settled down in Rome and published his famous treatise on heraldry there, but during the late 1620s and the early 1630s he stayed in the Spanish [[Low Countries]] and the neighbouring territories. In 1634 he published his first book touching the topic of heraldry, containing a hatching table, and his main heraldic work with a coherent hatching system was published in 1638 in Rome.


== The Contribution of Engravers in Development of Hatching Systems ==
=== Contribution of engravers to development ===
According to the data from the Plantin-Moretus archive, the emblems in Petra Sancta's 1634 book were initially prepared by artist-engravers in the service of the Jesuit monks, and then redone by [[André Pauwels]] (Andries Pauli, 1600–1639) between December 1631 and June 1634 for [[Balthasar Moretus]] (1574–1641). The allegorical title page of this book was prepared by [[Rubens]]. Petra Sancta's 1638 book was published by Francesco Corbelletti in Rome.


The woodcuts from one of Corbelletti's publications (Giovanni Antonio Brandi, ''Cronologia de' sommi pontefici'' ...., Rome: Francesco Corbelletti, 1627) are good examples of stripping applied for screening. One of the woodcuts (no. 152) in the book even shows a kind of a screening with hatching. Moreover, the arms on the title page of one of Corbelletti's 1639 ''La perfettione del cavallo'' (Francesco Liberati,... Rome: Per gli Heredi di Francesco Corbelletti) already use a complete example of heraldic hatching. That means Corbelletti adopted the heraldic hatching system in the very next year after Petra Sancta's 1638 system. If we consider the time needed to prepare the engravings and the approval by the [[censure]], Corbelletti must have known Petra Sancta's system even before 1638.
According to the data from the Plantin-Moretus archive, the emblems of Petra Sancta's 1634 book were prepared by artist-engravers in the service of the Jesuit monks first and then between December 1631 and June 1634 it was redone by [[André Pauwels]] (Andries Pauli, 1600-1639) for [[Batlhasar Moretus]] (1574-1641). The allegorical title page of this book was prepared by [[Rubens]]. Petra Sancta's 1638 book was published by Francesco Corbelletti in Rome.


Thus it is obvious that Petra Sancta got the model for his system from the illustrators and publishers of his books in the Low Countries. It is possible that these engravers also knew at least two earlier hatching systems: Zangrius' in 1600 and Francquart's in 1623. The techniques might have even been carried forward by the [[guild]]s of engravers one after another. Certainly, Petra Sancta must have at least held consultations with the engravers who were preparing illustrations for his books to explain his concept or to develop a coherent method to designate tinctures by mutual agreement.
The woodcuts from one of the publications of Corbelletti dated 1627 (Giovanni Antonio Brandi, ''Cronologia de' sommi pontefici'' ...., Rome: Francesco Corbelletti, 1627) are good examples of stripping applied for screening. One of the woodcuts (no. 152) in the book shows even a kind of a screening with hatching. Moreover, the arms on the title page of one of the Corbelletti’s 1639 publications (Francesco Liberati, ''La perfettione del cavallo''... Rome: Per gli Heredi di Francesco Corbelletti, 1639) already represents a complete example of heraldic hatching. That means Corbelletti took over the heraldic hatching system already in the next year after the 1638 system of Petra Sancta appeared. If we consider the time needed to prepare the engravings and the approval by the [[censure]], Corbelletti must know the hatching system of Petra Sancta even before 1638.


Designation of tinctures by hatching requires copperplate engravings, as the tiny areas in the escutcheons need lines more closely spaced than woodcuts can produce. And copperplate engraving was the most developed form of hatching in the Low Countries, especially in Antwerp, while until the 1630s it was almost unknown in some other countries, including Paris. So heraldic hatching was developed as a result of the cooperation between heraldists and copperplate engravers and artists.
Thus it’s obvious that Petra Sancta got the model for his heraldic hatching system from the [[illustrator]]s and [[publisher]]s of his [[book]]s in the Low Countries. It is possible that these engravers also knew at least two earlier hatching systems by Zangrius in 1600, and Francquart in 1623. The techniques of heraldic hatching might have even been carried forward by the [[guild]]s of engravers one after another. Certainly, Petra Sancta must have at least held consultations with the engravers who were preparing illustrations for his books to explain to them his concept or to develop a coherent method to designate tinctures by mutual agreement.


=== Other systems ===
Designation of tinctures by hatching needs copperplate engravings as the tiny places of the escutcheons need lines close to each other, which is impossible to be realized by using woodcuts. And copperplate engraving was the most developed form of hatching in the Low Countries, especially in Antwerp, while until the 1630s it was almost unknown in some other countries, including [[Paris]]. So, the heraldic hatching was developed as a result of the cooperation between heraldists and copperplate engravers and artists.
[[File:BARCZA~1.PNG|thumb|Comparison of hatching systems, published by Oszkár Bárczay in Budapest, 1897 (n.b.:'Pegoing' is a typographical error for 'Segoing'. Colors in Hungarian: gold, silver, red, blue, green, black, purple, iron.)]]
[[File:De Rouck színjelölési táblája.png|thumb|Hatching table of [[Thomas de Rouck]] (1645)]]
The French heraldist Imbert de la Phalecque and his Italian counterpart Goffredo di Crollanza claimed that the work of [[Philippe de l'Espinoy]] was the first one that adopted the hatching system applied in the blazon. His two-volume book was published in [[Douai]] in 1631 and in 1632 respectively. (A facsimile of l’Espinoy's book titled ''Recherche des antiquités et noblesse de Flandre'' was published in 1972.) This city, now in France, was then part of [[Flanders]]. The illustrations in this book include 1,121 [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]]s, [[flag|standard]]s and [[device (seal)|seals]] of [[armorial bearings]], on wood, besides 58 copperplate illustrations that at first sight appear to have hatchings. If one however compares these "hatchings" with the descriptions, then one finds out that there isn't any system in it at all. For instance Gules is alternately indicated by horizontal or vertical or diagonal lines or is left blank. It seems l'Espinoy considered lines and dots merely as a sort of artistic additions which he put in at random. There is no hatching table at all.


Most other known hatching systems also originated in the Low Countries. The tiny hatching table of the above-mentioned [[Jacob Franquart]], to be found in his ''Pompa funebris Alberti Pii Austriaci'' (1623), was the earliest hatching method after Zangrius. The Cistercian abbot from Antwerp and historian and genealogist [[Christophe Butkens]] also developed his own system, but it was used by him in an inconsequent way which led to the misunderstandings and the resultant sudden disappearance of this system. The hatching table of [[Thomas de Rouck]] was radically different from that of [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]]. [[Aegidius Gelenius]] was one of the most respected [[Cologne]] historians of his time. He developed a late hatching system but it did not gain popularity. Gelenius was deeply influenced by Petra Sancta and both the men met personally several times in Cologne. Gelenius also studied the coats of arms and antiquities of the Rhenish nobility in the territory neighboring the Low Countries. However, Gelenius’ hatching system is identical only at two points with Petra Sancta, indicating that he consciously tried to develop an independent system but failed to make a serious cut, or it can also indicate that Petra Sancta's system was not yet fully developed when they met in Cologne. If this is true, it makes certain the primacy of de la Colombière as the inventor of the hatching system.
== Other Hatching Systems ==


[[File:Segoing 16.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Hatching table of Charles Segoing (1660 edition)]]
The French heraldist Imbert de la Phalecque and his Italian counterpart Goffredo di Crollanza claimed that the work of [[Philippe de l'Espinoy]] was the first one that adopted the hatching system applied in the blazon. His two-volume book was published in [[Douai]] in 1631 and in 1632 respectively. (A facsimile of l’Espinoy’s book titled ''Recherche des antiquites et noblesse de Flandre'' was published in 1972.) This city which earlier was part of [[Flanders]] and the [[Low Countries]], is in the present-day France now. The number of illustrations in this book counts to a hefty 1,121 [[escutcheon]]s, [[flag|standard]]s and [[seal]]s of [[armorial bearings]], on wood, besides 58 copperplate illustrations, that at first sight appear to have hatchings. If one however compares these "hatchings" with the descriptions, then one finds out that there isn't any system in it at all. For instance Gules is alternately indicated by horizontal or vertical or diagonal lines or is left blank. It seems l'Espinoy considered lines and dots merely as a sort of artistic additions which he put in at random. There is no hatching table at all.
[[File:Vonalkázási rendster, Filippo Bonanni 1711. 142.jpg|thumb|Hatching table of [[Filippo Bonanni]], 1711<ref>{{cite book |first=Filippo |last=Bonanni |author-link=Filippo Bonanni |title=Ordinum Equestrium et Militarium Catalogus: in imaginibus expositus & cum brevi narratione |location=Rome |publisher=Giorgio Placho |year=1711 |page=142 |url=https://archive.org/details/ordinumequestriu00buon/page/n603/mode/2up?view=theater }}</ref>]]
The last hatching method was developed by [[Charles Segoing]], a French heraldist and royal historian in 1654 (''Armorial universel, contenant les armes des principales maisons de l'Europe''. Paris, 1654). His system is similar to the method of Petra Sancta. On the table X of his work, Otto Titan von Hefner published still another system of hatching from 1639, attributed to [[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz|Lobkowitz]]. (On page 49, footnote 4 Hefner names his source as Rietstap's Handboek der Wapenkunde, p.&nbsp;96.) His book titled ''Philippus Prudens'' contains as many as 27 engraved [[portrait]]s of the Portuguese [[king]]s, among them several with hatched [[coat of arms]], but there is no hatching table at all. However, in his earlier book from 1636 we can really find a hatching table. (One of the book censors was [[Christophe Butkens]].)


In 1632 Lobkowitz was sent to the Low Countries where he became a renowned preacher and missionary. His first book ''Steganographia ars orthographia'' was published in 1636 in [[Brussels]] when he was a [[professor]] at the [[Leuven]] University – the same city where [[Jan Baptist Zangrius]] was also active. Here Lobkowitz published a major work titled ''Theologia Moralis ad prima, eaque clarissima principia reducta'' printed by Perus Zangrius (Lovanii, typis ac sumptibus Petrus Zangrius, 1645). His book titled ''Philippus Prudens'' containing some hatched arms was published in 1639 by [[Balthasar Moretus]] in [[Antwerp]]. The coats of arms were engraved by [[Cornelis Galle the Younger]], after the drawings of [[Erasmus Quellinus II|Erasmus Quellinus the Younger]] ([[Antwerp]], 1607 – Antwerp, 1678), a [[Flemish Baroque painter]], and the engraving of the frontispiece was made by [[Jacob Neefs]] (Antwerp, June 3, 1610 – 1660), also after a design by Erasmus Quellinus the Younger.
The majority of other known hatching systems originated also in the Low Countries. The tiny hatching table of the above-mentioned [[Jacob Franquart]] to be found in his work titled ''Pompa funebris Alberti Pii Austriaci'' (1623). It was the earliest hatching method after Zangrius. The Cistercian abbot from Antwerp and historian and genealogist [[Christophe Butkens]] also developed his own system, but it was used by him in an inconsequent way which led to the misunderstandings and the resultant sudden disappearance of this system. The hatching table of [[Thomas de Rouck]] was radically different from that of [[Jan Baptist Zangrius|Zangrius]]. [[Aegidius Gelenius]] was one of the most respected [[Cologne]] historians of his time. He developed a late hatching system but it did not gain popularity. Gelenius was deeply influenced by Petra Sancta and both the men met personally several times in Cologne. Gelenius also studied the coat of arms and antiquities of the Rhinish nobility in the territory neighboring the Low Countries. However, Gelenius’ hatching system is identical only at two points with Petra Sancta, thereby indicating that he consciously tried to develop an independent system but failed to make a serious cut, or it can also indicate that when he was meeting Petra Sancta in Cologne, the latter’s hatching system was not yet developed fully. And if this is true, it makes it certain the primacy of de la Colombière as being the inventor of the hatching system.


[[Christoffel Plantin]] (1520–1589), grandfather of [[Balthasar Moretus]], set up his printing shop called 'De Gulden Passer' (Golden Compasses) in Antwerp in 1555, publishing both Catholic and Protestant literature. This Frenchman, who fled his native country to Antwerp to escape the persecution during the 1540s, was the best-known printer of his time. Moretus was also a close friend to [[Rubens]] who made several illustrations for the company's publications. This company also published a work by [[Justus Lipsius]] in 1604 using the same portrait of Lipsius that was engraved by Zangrius in 1601. Zangrius had also some Parisian connections. The Parisian Book Society knew several representatives of a number of leading engravers originating from the Netherlands, for instance, the famous [[Jodocus Badius]] (1462–1535) from Asse, and the not-so-famous [[Johannes Lodoicus Tiletanus]] (1566–1581) from Tielt. He started off as a corrector at Badius, married the sister-in-law of Badius' daughter Madeleine and became an uncle to Petrus Zangrius.
On the table X of his work, Otto Titan von Hefner published still another system of hatching from 1639, attributed to [[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz|Lobkowitz]]. His book titled ''Philippus Prudens'' contains as many as 27 engraved [[portrait]]s of the Portuguese [[king]]s, but only two of them have engravings with [[coat of arms]] there, and no hatching table at all. However, the mentioned arms are evidently provided with hatching. In all probability, Hefner used these coat of arms to construct the hatching table of Lobkowitz. However, the hatching system of Lobkowitz should not be attributed to him but to the engravers and artists creating the illustrations for the mentioned work.


In 1711, [[Filippo Bonanni]] published another hatching system, which has distinct hatching for the tincture Argent and the color white. His marking of the tincture Or is a slightly different as well.
In 1632 he was sent to the Low Countries where he became a renowned preacher and missionary. His first book ''Steganographia ars orthographia'' was published in 1636 in [[Brussels]] when he was a [[professor]] at the [[Leuven]] University – the same city where [[Jan Baptist Zangrius]] was also active. Here Lobkowitz published a major work titled ''Theologia Moralis ad prima, eaque clarissima principia reducta'' printed by Perus Zangrius (Lovanii, typis ac sumptibus Petrus Zangrius, 1645). His book titled ''Philippus Prudens'' containing some hatched arms was published in 1639 by [[Balthasar Moretus]] in [[Antwerp]]. The coat of arms were engraved by [[Cornelis Galle]] Sr., after the drawings of [[Erasmus Quellinus]] Sr (Liège, 1584 - Antwerp, at the end of 1639 or in the beginning of 1640), a Flemish Baroque Era painter, and the engraving of the frontispiece was made by [[Jacob Neeffs]] (Antwerp, June 3, 1610-1660).


=== Additional tinctures ===
[[Christoffel Plantin]] (1520-1589), the grandfather of [[Balthasar Moretus]], set up his publishing workshop called 'De Gulden Passer' (Golden Compasses) in Antwerp in 1555 that used to publish both the Catholic and Protestant literature. This Frenchman, who fled his native country to escape the persecution during the 1540s to Antwerp, was the best-known printer of his time. Moretus was also a close friend to [[Rubens]] who made several illustrations for the company‘s publications. This company also published a work by [[Justus Lipsius]] in 1604 using the same portrait of Lipsius that was engraved by Zangrius in 1601. Zangrius had also some Parisian connections. The Parisian Book Society knew several representatives of a number of leading engravers originating from the Netherlands, for instance, the famous [[Jodocus Badius]] (1462-1535) from Asse, and the not-so-famous [[Johannes Lodoicus Tiletanus]] (1566-1581) from Tielt. He started off as a corrector at Badius, married the sister-in-law of Badius' daughter Madeleine and became an uncle to Petrus Zangrius.
Out of these systems, [[Otto Titan von Hefner]] published some further hatching methods at table X of his above cited book, presenting hatching methods for some additional [[Tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]] as well. Some additional tinctures had already appeared in the theory of heraldry in the early 15th century, which were then soon applied in practice. The German jurist and heraldist [[Eucharius Gottlieb Rink]] (1670–1746) introduced hatching for the gray (''Eisen'' = iron) and [[Proper (heraldry)|proper]] (''Naturfarbe''). These hatchings (''natürlichen Farbe, Eisenfarbe'') were presented by [[Johann Christoph Gatterer|Gatterer]] as well. He maintained that the first one is needless, but the second one has its own importance, because he had noticed himself that old armorials produced by heralds, at least in Germany, also made a difference between iron-colour (''Eisenfarbe'') and the white colour (''weisse Farbe''), when they omit the term ''Argent''. He also recommended to study the work by [[Johann David Köhler]] titled ''Programma de auctoribus incisurarum'', to learn about the origin of hatchings.<ref>"''Der sel. Rink zu Altdorf hat zu den Schrafirungen des Colombiere noch zwo, nämlich das Zeichen der natürlichen (Fig. 19.) und der Eisenfarbe (Fig. 20.) hinzusetzt: ich halte jedoch die erste für überflüssig, die andere aber um deswillen für unterweislich, weil ich aus alten Wappenbriefen gelernet habe, daß die Herolde, wenigstens in Deutschland, die Eisenfarbe und die weise farbe, das ist, Silber als gleichgültige Ausdrücke gebrauchen. Zur Erläuterung dieser Abhandlung vom Ursprunge der Schrafirungen dient das oben angeführte köhlerische Programma. Das Zeichen der Tinctur des Pelzwerkes, sowohl des gemeinen, als Hermelins, hat mit dem Urbilde selbst, als eine Gattung der natürlichen Farbe (§. 10.), eine Aehlnichkeit (Fig. 17.und 18.).''" Johann Christoph Gatterer, ''Abriss der Heraldik''. Nürnberg, 1774. p. 12.</ref> The German heraldist [[Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd]] (1775–1854) introduced hatching for some other tinctures such as ''Umbra'' (sienne, earth-color), ''Rotgelb'' (yellow-red, orange), ''Stahlblau'' (steel blue) and ''Blutfarbe'' (sanguine).{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}


Besides the traditional metals, [[or (heraldry)|or]] (gold) and [[argent]] (silver), some other metals like [[copper]], [[lead]], [[bronze]], etc. also emerged over the years. Hatching for [[iron]] (''ferro'') and steel (''acciaio'') were introduced by two Italian heraldists Guelfi Camaini and Goffredo di Crollanza, but these were rarely used.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}
== The Hatching of Additional Tinctures ==


The heraldic furs ([[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]], [[vair]]) do not need a special hatching method, as they have a special pattern that is easily recognizable even on the uncoloured illustrations. Nevertheless, there existed two heraldic furs that had their own hatchings. Also, there are in use (mainly in the Czech heraldic literature) furs like zibeline and marten. The colour and hatching for zibeline is the same as the sable (black) tincture, and the colour and hatching of marten is identical with the gules (red) tincture. So, in some countries these tinctures are also held as furs (mainly in the Czech heraldic traditions, but not in real use, and sometimes also in the German heraldry, which is also not in real use today).{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}
Out of these systems, [[Otto Titan von Hefner]] published some further hatching methods at table X of his above cited book, presenting hatching methods for some additional [[tinctures]] as well. Some additional tinctures already appeared in the theory of heraldry in the early 15th century, which were then soon applied in practice. The heraldic literature named de la Colombière as the inventor of hatching system for some additional tinctures. The German jurist and heraldist [[Eucharius Gottlieb Rink]] (1670-1746) introduced hatching for the gray (Eisen) and [[proper]] (Naturfarbe). The German heraldist [[Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd]] (1775-1854) introduced hatching for some other tinctures such as Umbra, Rotgelb, Stahlblau and Blutfarbe.


Zibeline (in German ''Zobelfell'', in Czech ''sobol'', and in Hungarian ''coboly'') was already used in the ancient times of heraldry.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} Some [[minnesänger]]s applied the word ''Zobelfell'' for the black tincture, and the arms of the count von Zollern also contained zibeline (''Zobelfell''). The colour and hatching of marten (in German ''Marderfell'', in Czech ''kunina'', and in Hungarian ''nyest'') is identical with the red (gules) tincture{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}}. The origin of the word [[gules]] is from the Medieval [[Latin]] word ''gula'', which means the mouth of a carnivorous [[animal]], and in some cases the goules are made of the marten fur (one text says goules de martre). Maybe its reddish tint came to the heraldry from the fur of pine marten.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} In the poem of [[Konrad von Würzburg]] we can read ''kelen rôt'' (line 985) transformed into modern German as ''pelzrot''. (Furthermore, we can read there phrases like ''vîz hermelin'' (405), which is ''hermelinweiß'', and ''zobel'' (400) as well.) Though the [[Webster's Dictionary]] defines the meaning of ''pine'' as a white, yellowish timber and the [[Cambridge International Dictionary]] defines it as a timber usually pale in colour, no source, including heraldry textbooks, mentions it in connection with heraldry.
Besides the traditional metals ([[or]] and [[argent]]) some other metals like [[copper]], [[lead]], [[bronze]] etc also emerged over the years. Hatching for the [[iron]] (it: ferro) and steel (it: acciaio) were introduced by two Italian heraldists Guelfi Camaini and Goffredo di Crollanza, but these were rarely used.


[[File:Complete Guide to Heraldry Fig036.png|thumb|500px|center|Fig. 36 from [[Arthur Charles Fox-Davies|Fox-Davies]], ''Complete Guide to Heraldry'' (1909): Extended hatching scheme used in continental heraldry. ''a'', brown; ''b'', blood-red; ''c'', earth-colour; ''d'', iron-grey; ''e'', water-colour; <br />''f'', flesh-colour; ''g'', ashen-grey; ''h'', orange; and ''i'', colour of nature.]]
The heraldic furs ([[ermine]], [[vair]]) do not need a special hatching method, as they have a special pattern that is easily recognizable even on the uncoloured illustrations. Nevertheless, there exited two heraldic furs that had their own hatchings. Also, there are in use (mainly in the Czech heraldic literature) furs like zibeline and marten. The colour and hatching for zibeline is the same as the sable (black) tincture, and the colour and hatching of marten is identical with the gules (red) tincture. So, in some countries these tinctures are also held as furs (mainly in the Czech heraldic traditions, but not in real use, and sometimes also in the German heraldry, which is also not in real use today).


==Other modern usages==
Zibeline (in German Zobelfell, in Czech sobol, and in Hungarian coboly) was already used in the ancient times of heraldry. Some [[minnesänger]]s applied the word Zobelfell for the black tincture, and the arms of the count von Zollern also contained zibeline (Zobelfell). The colour and hatching of marten (in German Marderfell, in Czech kunina, and in Hungarian nyest) is identical with the red (gules) tincture. The origin of the word [[gules]] is from the Medieval [[Latin]] word gula, which means the mouth of a carnivorous [[animal]], and in some cases the goules are made of the marten fur (one text says goules de martre). Maybe its reddish tint came to the heraldry from the fur of pine marten. In the poem of [[Konrad von Würzburg]] we can read kelen rôt (line 985) transformed into modern German as pelzrot. (Furthermore, we can read there phrases like vîz hermelin (405), which is hermelinweiß, and zobel (400) as well.) Though the Webster's Dictionary defines the meaning of pine as a white, yellowish timber and the Cambridge International Dictionary defines it as a timber usually pale in colour, no source, including heraldry textbooks, mentions it in connection with heraldry.
The basic Petra Sancta system was adopted in the modern world by [[industrial engineering|industrial engineers]] as a standard system of colors and hatch patterns for use in planning [[factory|factories]] and [[materials handling|material handling]] systems.<ref>''Systematic Layout Planning'', [[Richard Muther (industrial engineer)|Richard Muther]], Cahners, 1973</ref>


The representative glyphs in the [https://www.unicode.org/charts/ Unicode charts] use hatching on characters whose color is essential to the character's identity, such as the twelve colored "heart" emoji.
<!-- A TÁBLÁZAT KEZDETE -->
[[File:2 Euro, Austria.jpg|thumb|Austrian [[€2 coin]] with hatched flag at lower left.]]
{| {{széptáblázat}}
The [[Austrian flag]] appears engraved on the [[Austrian euro coins]], with vertical hatching used to indicate the red stripes and no hatching for the white stripe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/at_euro.html|title=National flag on Austrian EURO coins (Austria)|website=www.fotw.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://onlinecoin.club/Coins/CoinType/Austria/Two_Euro/ | title=Two Euro, Austria, Coin Type from Austria - Online Coin Club }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern color hatching systems
!
! colspan="7" | [[Tincture (heraldry)|Tinctures]]
! colspan="5" | Others
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Color

| White ([[Argent]])
|style="background-color:#734132; height: 50px"|brown
| Yellow ([[Or (heraldry)|Or]])

| Red ([[Gules (heraldry)|Gules]])
|style="background-color:#BE0000; height: 50px"|sanguine
| Black ([[Sable (heraldry)|Sable]])

| Blue ([[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]])
|style="background-color:#822819; height: 50px"|earth-colour<br>(Umbra)
| Green ([[Vert (heraldry)|Vert]])

| Purple ([[Purpure]])
|style="background-color:#4B6478; height: 50px"|iron-grey
| Brown ([[Tenné]])

| Orange ([[Orange (heraldry)|Orange]])
|style="background-color:#33CCFF; height: 50px"|water-colour
| Pink ([[Rose (heraldic tincture)|Rose]])

| Light blue ([[Bleu celeste]])
|style="background-color:#FFD296; height: 50px"|flesh-colour<br>(carnation)
| Gray ([[Cendrée]])

|style="background-color:#909090; height: 50px"|ashen-grey
|- style="height:30px"
| style="background:white" |

|style="background-color:#FA6405; height: 50px"|orange
| style="background:gold" |
| style="background:red" |

| style="background:black" |
|[[Image:Természetes szín.png]]
| style="background:blue" |

| style="background:green" |
|height: 50px"|colour of<br>nature<br>([[tincture (heraldry)#Proper|proper]])
| style="background:purple" |

| style="background:#a04000" |
|}
| style="background:orange" |
<!-- A TÁBLÁZAT VÉGE -->
| style="background:pink" |

| style="background:#7EC0EE" |
{{wide image|Nemheraldikus_színek_vonalkázása,.png|850px|Hatching table of additional tintctures and hatching variants}}
| style="background:gray" |

|- style="height:30px"
Colour scale of all tinctures used in heraldry (as we can see, some of them are spare)
! Present extended conventional system

| style="{{Hatching colors|Argent}}" |
<!-- A TÁBLÁZAT KEZDETE -->
| style="{{Hatching colors|Or}}" |
{| {{széptáblázat}}
| style="{{Hatching colors|Gules}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Sable}}" |
|style="background-color:#white; height: 50px"|white
| style="{{Hatching colors|Azure}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Vert}}" |
|style="background-color:#F0F0F0; height: 50px"|argent
| style="{{Hatching colors|Purpure}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Tenné}}" |
|style="background-color:#F0DED7; height: 50px"|iron
| {{NA}}

| {{NA}}
|style="background-color:#D7E6F0; height: 50px"|steel
| {{NA}}

| {{NA}}
|style="background-color:#BECDDC; height: 50px"|platinum
|- style="height:30px"

! Unicode charts
|style="background-color:#AFAABE; height: 50px"|silver gray
| style="{{Hatching colors|Argent}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Or}}" |
|style="background-color:#909090; height: 50px"|ashen-grey
| style="{{Hatching colors|Gules}}" |

|style="background-color:#4B6478; height: 50px"|iron-grey
| style="background:black" |
| style="{{Hatching colors|Azure}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Vert}}" |
|style="background-color:#413C37; height: 50px"|lead
| style="{{Hatching colors|Purpure}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Tenné}}" |
|style="background-color:#000000; height: 50px"|<font color="#FFFF00">sable</font>
| style="{{Hatching colors|Orange}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Rose}}" |
|style="background-color:#000000; height: 50px;"|<font color="#FFFF00">zibelline</font>
| style="{{Hatching colors|Bleu celeste}}" |

| style="{{Hatching colors|Murrey}}" |
|-

|style="background-color:#AA00AA; height: 50px"|purpure

|style="background-color:#A52878; height: 50px"|crimson

|style="background-color:#8C004B; height: 50px"|murrey

|style="background-color:#000082; height: 50px"|navy-<br>blue

|style="background-color:#2D6996; height: 50px"|(dark) horizon<br>blue

|style="background-color:#0000FF; height: 50px"|azure

|style="background-color:#96C8FA; height: 50px"|bleu celeste

|style="background-color:#33CCFF; height: 50px"|water-<br>colour

|style="background-color:#00FFFF; height: 50px"|(green-)<br>aquamarine

|style="background-color:#64CDBE; height: 50px"|(light) horizon<br>blue

|style="background-color:#235F5F; height: 50px"|teal

|-

|style="background-color:#009600; height: 50px"|vert

|style="background-color:#FFDC0A; height: 50px"|or

|style="background-color:#FF9B32; height: 50px"|bhagwa

|style="background-color:#F59751; height: 30px;"|tenné

|style="background-color:#FA6405; height: 50px"|orange

|style="background-color:#FF0000; height: 50px"|gules

|style="background-color:#FF0000; height: 50px"|marten

|style="background-color:#E62D50; height: 50px"|amaranth

|style="background-color:#C80000; height: 50px"|Kenya-red

|style="background-color:#BE0000; height: 50px"|sanguine

|style="background-color:#B42D37; height: 50px"|crimson-<br>red

|-

|style="background-color:#822819; height: 50px"|earth-<br>colour

|style="background-color:#73320F; height: 50px"|red ochre

|style="background-color:#734132; height: 50px"|brown

|style="background-color:#9B460A; height: 50px"|ochre

|style="background-color:#E18741; height: 50px"|bronze

|style="background-color:#DA9C58; height: 50px"|(light) earth-<br>colour

|style="background-color:#C39B64; height: 50px"|copper

|style="background-color:#DCBE8C; height: 50px"|buff

|style="background-color:#FFD296; height: 50px"|carnation

|style="background-color:#D78C7D; height: 50px"|rose

|}
|}
<!-- A TÁBLÁZAT VÉGE -->


==See also==
== Other modern usages ==
* [[Screentone]], dot patterns as textures in monochrome printing.
The basic Sancta system was adopted in the modern world by [[industrial engineering|industrial engineers]] as a standard system of colors and hatch patterns for use in planning [[factory|factories]] and [[materials handling|material handling]] systems.<ref>''Systematic Layout Planning'', [[Richard Muther]], Cahners, 1973</ref>


== References ==
==Further reading==
*[[Johan Karl von Schroeder|Schroeder, Johann Karl von]]: ''Über Alter und Herkunft der Heraldischen Schraffierungen''. In: ''Der Herold'' ([[:de:Herold (Verein)#Publikationen|de]]), 7 N.F. Berlin 1969/71, 67–68. l.
<references/>


==References==
== Further reading ==
<references />


{{heraldry}}
[[tricking (heraldry)]], [[tincture (heraldry)]]
[[Category:Heraldry]]


[[Category:Techniques and principles related to heraldic tinctures]]
[[de:Schraffe]]
[[Category:Etching]]
[[hu:Vonalkázás]]
[[pl:Szrafowanie]]
[[Category:Engraving]]

Latest revision as of 16:57, 19 December 2024

The coat of arms of the German district of Minden-Lübbecke in coloured and hatched versions.
The coat of arms of the United States in a coloured and hatched version.

Hatching (sometimes called hachure, from the French word) is a conventional system for monochrome denotation of heraldic armory, whereby the tinctures (colours) are represented by dots and lines. This technique is employed in cases where colours, for either aesthetic, practical or economic reasons are not reproduced – e.g. on surfaces such as woodcuts or engravings, seals and coins.

Several systems of hatchings were developed during the Renaissance as an alternative to tricking, the earlier method of indicating heraldic tinctures by use of written abbreviations. The present day hatching system was developed during the 1630s by Silvester Petra Sancta and Marcus Vulson de la Colombière. Some earlier hatching methods were also developed, but did not come into wide use.

Tricking is an alternative method which has the same purpose as hatching.

Conventional system

[edit]
Historical and present conventional hatching systems
Class Metals Colours Stains
Tincture Argent (white) Or (gold) Gules (red) Sable (black) Azure (blue) Vert (green) Purpure (purple) Murrey (mulberry) Sanguine (blood-red) Tenné (tawny)
Present conventional system
Historical systems
Jan Baptist Zangrius 1600 — — — —
Jacob Franquart 1623 — — — —
Christophe Butkens 1626 — — — —
Silvester Petra Sancta 1634 — — — —
"Caramuel" 1636 — —
Silvester Petra Sancta 1638, Marcus Vulson de la Colombière 1639 — — —
Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz 1639–1642 — — — —
Thomas de Rouck 1645 — — — —
Aegidius Gelenius 1645 — — — —
Charles Segoing 1654 — — —

Genesis

[edit]
Hatching table of Aegidius Gelenius, published 1645
The original of the armorial chart of Jan Baptist Zangrius from the Helmond archive (1600)

Hatching developed as a method of screening used by Renaissance painters. For copperplate engravers and artists such as Zangrius and Franquart, it served as a natural method to designate heraldic tinctures. Copper plate engravers faced difficulties producing coloured illustrations. The first tests of colour copperplate engravings were done by François Perrier around the middle of the 17th century. According to some views, however, multi-coloured copperplate engravings were invented by Abraham Bosse, as described in his 1645 treatise.

Hatching table of Zangrius (1600)

Heralds did not like hatching,[citation needed] and the College of Arms gave preference to tricking even beyond the 17th century. Tricking was a simpler and quicker way than hatching to designate the tinctures. Otto Titan von Hefner maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries.[citation needed] Both tricking and hatching were applied by the Benedictine monk, philologist and historian Vincenzo Borghini (1515–1580). He drew a difference between metals and colours of arms on his woodcuts by leaving the places for metals blank; similarly, all colours were hatched the same way the colour vert is today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking: R for rosso (gules), A for azure, N for nigro (sable), G for gialbo (Or), and B for biancho (argent). Vert was not represented among his works.[citation needed]

Painting and graphics advanced greatly in the Low Countries during the 15th–18th centuries. For this reason, different hatching methods emerged in the system of heraldry in these territories (mainly in the Duchy of Brabant), such as the methods of Zangrius (1600), Franquart (1623), Butkens (1626), and de Rouck (1645). The four other authors to produce hatching systems in the 17th century – de la Colombière, Petra Sancta, Gelenius, and Lobkowitz – also had close connection with heraldists and artists in these territories.

The earliest hatching system was developed by Jan Baptist Zangrius, a copperplate engraver, publisher, typographer and bookseller from Leuven, in 1600. The hatching systems of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière differed from Zangrius's method only in their hatchings of the colour Sable.

Dispute of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière

[edit]
Example of hatching on the title page of a book printed in 1639 by Francesco Corbelletti

The primacy of developing a hatching method belongs undoubtedly to Zangrius. In comparison to his system, Petra Sancta and de la Colombière made only minor changes to Zangrius' system such as different hatching for the colour Sable. It seems that de la Colombière preceded Petra Sancta and the armorial chart of Zangrius published in French could possibly be known to him pretty well. The artists from the Spanish Low Countries (where by all probability the heraldic hatching systems were invented), that is to say from the neighbouring territories to France, visited Paris very often.

We have only some fragmental data about the life of Marcus Vulson de la Colombière. He visited Paris in 1618, but by all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament. He also published a book in the spirit of the Gallicanism in Geneva that year. Colombière's ideas suited the king's taste too, as a result he departed Grenoble and settled in Paris, where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. His next book was published in Paris in 1638. He had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time. For this reason, it could perhaps be concluded that de la Colombière was right in claiming the title of the inventor of the hatching system, and accusing Petra Sancta of copying his method and incorrectly publishing it in his 1638 work (Tesserae gentilitiae, Rome 1638), one year before the same hatching system was published by de la Colombière (Recueil de plusieurs pièces et figures d'armoiries..., Paris 1639). However, the earlier book of Petra Sancta from 1634 had a hatching table as well. On page 37 of his title La Science Heroїque (1644), Colombière maintains that Petra Sancta simply copied his system without any changes. De la Colombière also mentions the book publishers and copperplate engravers as the users of the hatching system.[1]

Ottfried Neubecker maintains that the hatching system in heraldry was invented by de la Colombière and not Petra Sancta who only popularized the system through his second treatise titled Tesserae gentilitiae, published in 1638.[2][better source needed] On the other hand, it is also true that Silvester Petra Sancta provided though preliminary, comprehensive studies on his heraldic work in Germany and the Netherlands and that it is very likely that he was acquainted with the idea of hatching and the earlier existing hatching methods from the Dutch engravers before he developed his own hatching system. He was the confessor of the Cardinal Pier Luigi Carafa (1581–1655). Between 1624 and 1634, Petra Sancta stayed with his lord in Cologne where he fought against the rising Protestantism through his sermons and religious discussions, including through two of his emblematic books published in 1634 and 1638, respectively. Later he settled down in Rome and published his famous treatise on heraldry there, but during the late 1620s and the early 1630s he stayed in the Spanish Low Countries and the neighbouring territories. In 1634 he published his first book touching the topic of heraldry, containing a hatching table, and his main heraldic work with a coherent hatching system was published in 1638 in Rome.

Contribution of engravers to development

[edit]

According to the data from the Plantin-Moretus archive, the emblems in Petra Sancta's 1634 book were initially prepared by artist-engravers in the service of the Jesuit monks, and then redone by André Pauwels (Andries Pauli, 1600–1639) between December 1631 and June 1634 for Balthasar Moretus (1574–1641). The allegorical title page of this book was prepared by Rubens. Petra Sancta's 1638 book was published by Francesco Corbelletti in Rome.

The woodcuts from one of Corbelletti's publications (Giovanni Antonio Brandi, Cronologia de' sommi pontefici ...., Rome: Francesco Corbelletti, 1627) are good examples of stripping applied for screening. One of the woodcuts (no. 152) in the book even shows a kind of a screening with hatching. Moreover, the arms on the title page of one of Corbelletti's 1639 La perfettione del cavallo (Francesco Liberati,... Rome: Per gli Heredi di Francesco Corbelletti) already use a complete example of heraldic hatching. That means Corbelletti adopted the heraldic hatching system in the very next year after Petra Sancta's 1638 system. If we consider the time needed to prepare the engravings and the approval by the censure, Corbelletti must have known Petra Sancta's system even before 1638.

Thus it is obvious that Petra Sancta got the model for his system from the illustrators and publishers of his books in the Low Countries. It is possible that these engravers also knew at least two earlier hatching systems: Zangrius' in 1600 and Francquart's in 1623. The techniques might have even been carried forward by the guilds of engravers one after another. Certainly, Petra Sancta must have at least held consultations with the engravers who were preparing illustrations for his books to explain his concept or to develop a coherent method to designate tinctures by mutual agreement.

Designation of tinctures by hatching requires copperplate engravings, as the tiny areas in the escutcheons need lines more closely spaced than woodcuts can produce. And copperplate engraving was the most developed form of hatching in the Low Countries, especially in Antwerp, while until the 1630s it was almost unknown in some other countries, including Paris. So heraldic hatching was developed as a result of the cooperation between heraldists and copperplate engravers and artists.

Other systems

[edit]
Comparison of hatching systems, published by Oszkár Bárczay in Budapest, 1897 (n.b.:'Pegoing' is a typographical error for 'Segoing'. Colors in Hungarian: gold, silver, red, blue, green, black, purple, iron.)
Hatching table of Thomas de Rouck (1645)

The French heraldist Imbert de la Phalecque and his Italian counterpart Goffredo di Crollanza claimed that the work of Philippe de l'Espinoy was the first one that adopted the hatching system applied in the blazon. His two-volume book was published in Douai in 1631 and in 1632 respectively. (A facsimile of l’Espinoy's book titled Recherche des antiquités et noblesse de Flandre was published in 1972.) This city, now in France, was then part of Flanders. The illustrations in this book include 1,121 escutcheons, standards and seals of armorial bearings, on wood, besides 58 copperplate illustrations that at first sight appear to have hatchings. If one however compares these "hatchings" with the descriptions, then one finds out that there isn't any system in it at all. For instance Gules is alternately indicated by horizontal or vertical or diagonal lines or is left blank. It seems l'Espinoy considered lines and dots merely as a sort of artistic additions which he put in at random. There is no hatching table at all.

Most other known hatching systems also originated in the Low Countries. The tiny hatching table of the above-mentioned Jacob Franquart, to be found in his Pompa funebris Alberti Pii Austriaci (1623), was the earliest hatching method after Zangrius. The Cistercian abbot from Antwerp and historian and genealogist Christophe Butkens also developed his own system, but it was used by him in an inconsequent way which led to the misunderstandings and the resultant sudden disappearance of this system. The hatching table of Thomas de Rouck was radically different from that of Zangrius. Aegidius Gelenius was one of the most respected Cologne historians of his time. He developed a late hatching system but it did not gain popularity. Gelenius was deeply influenced by Petra Sancta and both the men met personally several times in Cologne. Gelenius also studied the coats of arms and antiquities of the Rhenish nobility in the territory neighboring the Low Countries. However, Gelenius’ hatching system is identical only at two points with Petra Sancta, indicating that he consciously tried to develop an independent system but failed to make a serious cut, or it can also indicate that Petra Sancta's system was not yet fully developed when they met in Cologne. If this is true, it makes certain the primacy of de la Colombière as the inventor of the hatching system.

Hatching table of Charles Segoing (1660 edition)
Hatching table of Filippo Bonanni, 1711[3]

The last hatching method was developed by Charles Segoing, a French heraldist and royal historian in 1654 (Armorial universel, contenant les armes des principales maisons de l'Europe. Paris, 1654). His system is similar to the method of Petra Sancta. On the table X of his work, Otto Titan von Hefner published still another system of hatching from 1639, attributed to Lobkowitz. (On page 49, footnote 4 Hefner names his source as Rietstap's Handboek der Wapenkunde, p. 96.) His book titled Philippus Prudens contains as many as 27 engraved portraits of the Portuguese kings, among them several with hatched coat of arms, but there is no hatching table at all. However, in his earlier book from 1636 we can really find a hatching table. (One of the book censors was Christophe Butkens.)

In 1632 Lobkowitz was sent to the Low Countries where he became a renowned preacher and missionary. His first book Steganographia ars orthographia was published in 1636 in Brussels when he was a professor at the Leuven University – the same city where Jan Baptist Zangrius was also active. Here Lobkowitz published a major work titled Theologia Moralis ad prima, eaque clarissima principia reducta printed by Perus Zangrius (Lovanii, typis ac sumptibus Petrus Zangrius, 1645). His book titled Philippus Prudens containing some hatched arms was published in 1639 by Balthasar Moretus in Antwerp. The coats of arms were engraved by Cornelis Galle the Younger, after the drawings of Erasmus Quellinus the Younger (Antwerp, 1607 – Antwerp, 1678), a Flemish Baroque painter, and the engraving of the frontispiece was made by Jacob Neefs (Antwerp, June 3, 1610 – 1660), also after a design by Erasmus Quellinus the Younger.

Christoffel Plantin (1520–1589), grandfather of Balthasar Moretus, set up his printing shop called 'De Gulden Passer' (Golden Compasses) in Antwerp in 1555, publishing both Catholic and Protestant literature. This Frenchman, who fled his native country to Antwerp to escape the persecution during the 1540s, was the best-known printer of his time. Moretus was also a close friend to Rubens who made several illustrations for the company's publications. This company also published a work by Justus Lipsius in 1604 using the same portrait of Lipsius that was engraved by Zangrius in 1601. Zangrius had also some Parisian connections. The Parisian Book Society knew several representatives of a number of leading engravers originating from the Netherlands, for instance, the famous Jodocus Badius (1462–1535) from Asse, and the not-so-famous Johannes Lodoicus Tiletanus (1566–1581) from Tielt. He started off as a corrector at Badius, married the sister-in-law of Badius' daughter Madeleine and became an uncle to Petrus Zangrius.

In 1711, Filippo Bonanni published another hatching system, which has distinct hatching for the tincture Argent and the color white. His marking of the tincture Or is a slightly different as well.

Additional tinctures

[edit]

Out of these systems, Otto Titan von Hefner published some further hatching methods at table X of his above cited book, presenting hatching methods for some additional tinctures as well. Some additional tinctures had already appeared in the theory of heraldry in the early 15th century, which were then soon applied in practice. The German jurist and heraldist Eucharius Gottlieb Rink (1670–1746) introduced hatching for the gray (Eisen = iron) and proper (Naturfarbe). These hatchings (natürlichen Farbe, Eisenfarbe) were presented by Gatterer as well. He maintained that the first one is needless, but the second one has its own importance, because he had noticed himself that old armorials produced by heralds, at least in Germany, also made a difference between iron-colour (Eisenfarbe) and the white colour (weisse Farbe), when they omit the term Argent. He also recommended to study the work by Johann David Köhler titled Programma de auctoribus incisurarum, to learn about the origin of hatchings.[4] The German heraldist Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd (1775–1854) introduced hatching for some other tinctures such as Umbra (sienne, earth-color), Rotgelb (yellow-red, orange), Stahlblau (steel blue) and Blutfarbe (sanguine).[citation needed]

Besides the traditional metals, or (gold) and argent (silver), some other metals like copper, lead, bronze, etc. also emerged over the years. Hatching for iron (ferro) and steel (acciaio) were introduced by two Italian heraldists Guelfi Camaini and Goffredo di Crollanza, but these were rarely used.[citation needed]

The heraldic furs (ermine, vair) do not need a special hatching method, as they have a special pattern that is easily recognizable even on the uncoloured illustrations. Nevertheless, there existed two heraldic furs that had their own hatchings. Also, there are in use (mainly in the Czech heraldic literature) furs like zibeline and marten. The colour and hatching for zibeline is the same as the sable (black) tincture, and the colour and hatching of marten is identical with the gules (red) tincture. So, in some countries these tinctures are also held as furs (mainly in the Czech heraldic traditions, but not in real use, and sometimes also in the German heraldry, which is also not in real use today).[citation needed]

Zibeline (in German Zobelfell, in Czech sobol, and in Hungarian coboly) was already used in the ancient times of heraldry.[citation needed] Some minnesängers applied the word Zobelfell for the black tincture, and the arms of the count von Zollern also contained zibeline (Zobelfell). The colour and hatching of marten (in German Marderfell, in Czech kunina, and in Hungarian nyest) is identical with the red (gules) tincture[citation needed]. The origin of the word gules is from the Medieval Latin word gula, which means the mouth of a carnivorous animal, and in some cases the goules are made of the marten fur (one text says goules de martre). Maybe its reddish tint came to the heraldry from the fur of pine marten.[citation needed] In the poem of Konrad von Würzburg we can read kelen rôt (line 985) transformed into modern German as pelzrot. (Furthermore, we can read there phrases like vîz hermelin (405), which is hermelinweiß, and zobel (400) as well.) Though the Webster's Dictionary defines the meaning of pine as a white, yellowish timber and the Cambridge International Dictionary defines it as a timber usually pale in colour, no source, including heraldry textbooks, mentions it in connection with heraldry.

Fig. 36 from Fox-Davies, Complete Guide to Heraldry (1909): Extended hatching scheme used in continental heraldry. a, brown; b, blood-red; c, earth-colour; d, iron-grey; e, water-colour;
f, flesh-colour; g, ashen-grey; h, orange; and i, colour of nature.

Other modern usages

[edit]

The basic Petra Sancta system was adopted in the modern world by industrial engineers as a standard system of colors and hatch patterns for use in planning factories and material handling systems.[5]

The representative glyphs in the Unicode charts use hatching on characters whose color is essential to the character's identity, such as the twelve colored "heart" emoji.

Austrian €2 coin with hatched flag at lower left.

The Austrian flag appears engraved on the Austrian euro coins, with vertical hatching used to indicate the red stripes and no hatching for the white stripe.[6][7]

Modern color hatching systems
Tinctures Others
Color White (Argent) Yellow (Or) Red (Gules) Black (Sable) Blue (Azure) Green (Vert) Purple (Purpure) Brown (Tenné) Orange (Orange) Pink (Rose) Light blue (Bleu celeste) Gray (Cendrée)
Present extended conventional system — — — —
Unicode charts

See also

[edit]
  • Screentone, dot patterns as textures in monochrome printing.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Schroeder, Johann Karl von: Über Alter und Herkunft der Heraldischen Schraffierungen. In: Der Herold (de), 7 N.F. Berlin 1969/71, 67–68. l.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Et afin que le Lecteur se satisfasse entierement, ie luy presente les deux metaux, les cinq couleurs, & les deux pennes graués en la page suiuante, & luy fais voir l’inuention de laquelle ie me suis seruy au premier liure de blazon, que ie fis imprimer pour connoistre les metaux & les couleurs par la taille douce, laquelle a ésté imitée & practiquée par le docte Petra Sancta, au liure intitulé, Tessera gentilitia, qu’il a composé en Latin, & fait imprimer à Rome; Aupaurauant l’on se seruoit des lettres capitales des metaux, & des couleurs pour les denoter, mais cela enlaidissoit l’armoirie, & apportoit de la confusion, & tout au contraire ceste inuention remplit & ombrage les pieces bien mieux qu’elles n’estoient auant qu’on la practiquât; & contente la veuë auec plus d’agréement: Et il seroit necessaire que d’ores-en-auant tous les graueurs d’vn commún consentement se seruissent de ceste methodo, & la practiquassent inuiolablement lors qu’ils grauent des Armoiries en des lieux où l’on ne peut dechiffrer leurs blazons, ny exprimer leur émail."
  2. ^ Neubecker, Ottfried (1977). Heraldry: sources, symbols and meaning. London: Macdonald and Jane's. p. 187. ISBN 9780354041577.
  3. ^ Bonanni, Filippo (1711). Ordinum Equestrium et Militarium Catalogus: in imaginibus expositus & cum brevi narratione. Rome: Giorgio Placho. p. 142.
  4. ^ "Der sel. Rink zu Altdorf hat zu den Schrafirungen des Colombiere noch zwo, nämlich das Zeichen der natürlichen (Fig. 19.) und der Eisenfarbe (Fig. 20.) hinzusetzt: ich halte jedoch die erste für überflüssig, die andere aber um deswillen für unterweislich, weil ich aus alten Wappenbriefen gelernet habe, daß die Herolde, wenigstens in Deutschland, die Eisenfarbe und die weise farbe, das ist, Silber als gleichgültige Ausdrücke gebrauchen. Zur Erläuterung dieser Abhandlung vom Ursprunge der Schrafirungen dient das oben angeführte köhlerische Programma. Das Zeichen der Tinctur des Pelzwerkes, sowohl des gemeinen, als Hermelins, hat mit dem Urbilde selbst, als eine Gattung der natürlichen Farbe (§. 10.), eine Aehlnichkeit (Fig. 17.und 18.)." Johann Christoph Gatterer, Abriss der Heraldik. Nürnberg, 1774. p. 12.
  5. ^ Systematic Layout Planning, Richard Muther, Cahners, 1973
  6. ^ "National flag on Austrian EURO coins (Austria)". www.fotw.info.
  7. ^ "Two Euro, Austria, Coin Type from Austria - Online Coin Club".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hatching_(heraldry)&oldid=1263965226"