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{{short description|Type of roof in East Asian architecture}}
{{short description|Type of roof in East Asian architecture}}
[[File:Longxing Temple 2.jpg|thumb|313x313px|The [[Longxing Temple (Zhengding)|Longxing Temple]] — built in 1052 and located at present-day [[Zhengding County|Zhengding]], [[Hebei|Hebei Province]], [[China]] — has a hip-and-gable ''xieshan''-style roof with double eaves.<ref name="chunga23-42">{{cite book|last=Chung|first=Anita|title=Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China|publisher=Univ. of Hawai'i Press|year=2004|isbn=9780824826635|location=Honolulu|pages=23–24}}</ref>]]
[[File:Longxing Temple 2.jpg|thumb|313x313px|The [[Longxing Temple (Zhengding)|Longxing Temple]] — built in 1052 and located at present-day [[Zhengding County|Zhengding]], [[Hebei|Hebei Province]], [[China]] — has a hip-and-gable ''xieshan''-style roof with double eaves.<ref name="chunga23-42">{{cite book|last=Chung|first=Anita|title=Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China|publisher=Univ. of Hawai'i Press|year=2004|isbn=9780824826635|location=Honolulu|pages=23–24}}</ref>]]
The [[East Asian]] '''hip-and-gable roof''' (''Xiēshān'' (歇山) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], ''Irimoya'' (入母屋) in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], ''Paljakjibung'' (팔작지붕) in [[Korean language|Korean]]) also known as 'resting hill roof', consists of a [[hip roof]] that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a [[gable]] on two opposing sides.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guo|first=Qinghua|title=The mingqi pottery buildings of Han Dynasty China, 206 BC-AD 220 : architectural representations and represented architecture|year=2010|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|isbn=9781845193218|page=138}}</ref><ref name="JAANUS"/> It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively, while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section.<ref name=sh11-12>{{cite book|last=Deqi|first=Shan|title=Chinese vernacular dwellings|date=25 August 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521186674|pages=11–12}}</ref>
The [[East Asian]] '''hip-and-gable roof''' (''Xiēshān'' (歇山) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], ''Paljakjibung'' (팔작지붕) in [[Korean language|Korean]] and ''Irimoya'' (入母屋) in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) also known as 'resting hill roof', consists of a [[hip roof]] that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a [[gable]] on two opposing sides.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guo|first=Qinghua|title=The mingqi pottery buildings of Han Dynasty China, 206 BC-AD 220 : architectural representations and represented architecture|year=2010|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|isbn=9781845193218|page=138}}</ref><ref name="JAANUS"/> It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively, while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section.<ref name=sh11-12>{{cite book|last=Deqi|first=Shan|title=Chinese vernacular dwellings|date=25 August 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521186674|pages=11–12}}</ref>


The style is [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] in origin, and has spread across much of Asia. The original style and similar styles are found in the traditional architectures of India, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Sri Lanka and [[Kalmykia]]. It also influenced the style of the [[bahay na bato]] of the Philippines.
The style is [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] in origin,{{dubious|Talk:East Asian hip-and-gable roof#chinese origin?|date=September 2024}} and has spread across much of East and Continental Asia. The original Chinese style and similar styles are not only found in the traditional architectures of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam but also other countries such as Mongolia, [[Buryatia]], [[Kalmykia]], [[Tuva]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Tibet]], and even South Asian countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. A similar, generally taller and originally thatched hip and gable style is also traditionally used in Southeast Asia such as in the Philippines and in Indonesia.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
It is known as {{transl|zh|xiēshān}} ({{zh|t=歇山|labels=no}}) in Chinese,<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese houses : a pictorial tour of China's traditional dwellings|year=2008|publisher=Reader's Digest Association|location=Pleasantville|isbn=9781606520017|page=[https://archive.org/details/chineseclassical0000hude/page/331 331]|last1=Chen|first1=Congzhou|last2=Pan|first2=Hongxuan|last3=Lu|first3=Bingjie|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseclassical0000hude/page/331}}</ref><ref name=chunga23-4>{{cite book|last=Chung|first=Anita|title=Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China|year=2004|publisher=Univ. of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824826635|pages=23–24}}</ref> {{nihongo||入母屋|irimoya}} in Japanese,<ref name="JAANUS" /> and {{transl|ko|paljakjibung}} ({{Korean|labels=no|팔작지붕|{{lang|ko-Hant|八作}}--}}) in Korean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?&searchOption=&isOnlyViewEE=N&query=%ED%8C%94%EC%9E%91%EC%A7%80%EB%B6%95 |title=Naver Dictionary | access-date=2013-03-10 }}</ref>
It is known as {{transl|zh|xiēshān}} ({{zh|t=歇山|labels=no}}) in Chinese,<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese houses : a pictorial tour of China's traditional dwellings|year=2008|publisher=Reader's Digest Association|location=Pleasantville|isbn=9781606520017|page=[https://archive.org/details/chineseclassical0000hude/page/331 331]|last1=Chen|first1=Congzhou|last2=Pan|first2=Hongxuan|last3=Lu|first3=Bingjie|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseclassical0000hude/page/331}}</ref><ref name=chunga23-4>{{cite book|last=Chung|first=Anita|title=Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China|year=2004|publisher=Univ. of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824826635|pages=23–24}}</ref> {{transl|ko|paljakjibung}} ({{Korean|hangul=팔작지붕|hanja=八作지붕|labels=no}}) in Korean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?&searchOption=&isOnlyViewEE=N&query=%ED%8C%94%EC%9E%91%EC%A7%80%EB%B6%95 |title=Naver Dictionary | access-date=2013-03-10 }}</ref> and {{nihongo||入母屋|irimoya}} in Japanese,<ref name="JAANUS" />


== ''Xieshan'' in China ==
==East Asia==
=== ''Xieshan'' in China ===
In China, the hip-and-gable roof style, also known as the ''xieshan roof'' style, originated in the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] as an adaptation of the [[hip roof]]. It was mainly applied in the construction of palaces, temples, gardens and other buildings with official functions. In contemporary times, it is still widely used in Buddhist and Taoist temples and shrines in China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xianda|last2=liu|first2=Yu|date=April 2017|title=The "shape" and "meaning" of the roof arts in Chinese classical architecture|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|volume=61|pages=012110|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/61/1/012110|issn=1755-1307|doi-access=free}}</ref>
In China, the hip-and-gable roof style, also known as the ''xieshan roof'' style, originated in the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] as an adaptation of the [[hip roof]]. It was mainly applied in the construction of palaces, temples, gardens and other buildings with official functions. In contemporary times, it is still widely used in Buddhist and Taoist temples and shrines in China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xianda|last2=liu|first2=Yu|date=April 2017|title=The "shape" and "meaning" of the roof arts in Chinese classical architecture|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|volume=61|issue=1 |pages=012110|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/61/1/012110|issn=1755-1307|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017E&ES...61a2110L }}</ref>


The style is generally characterized by the presence of nine ridges and a [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] encircled with a [[peristyle]]. The nine ridges typically consists of one horizontal ridge on the top, known as the main ridge, which is connected to four vertical ridges and four diagonal ridge. 
The style is generally characterized by the presence of nine ridges and a [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] encircled with a [[peristyle]]. The nine ridges typically consists of one horizontal ridge on the top, known as the main ridge, which is connected to four vertical ridges and four diagonal ridge. 
Line 15: Line 16:
There are typically two types of [[eaves]] associated with the x''ieshan'' style: single eaves (单檐) and double eaves (重檐). Single eaves refer to the edges of a basic x''ieshan rooftop'', while double eaves consist of an additional layer of eaves below the basic x''ieshan rooftop''. Examples of the double eave type can be found on the x''ieshan roofs'' of structures such as Cining Palace, the [[Gate of Supreme Harmony]] and the [[Hall of Preserving Harmony]] in the [[Forbidden City]], as well as the [[Grand Hotel (Taipei)|Grand Hotel]] in [[Taipei]]. Examples of the single eave type can be found on buildings such as [[Zhihua Temple]], the [[shanmen]] of [[Miaoying Temple]], and the North Gate of the [[Walls of Taipei]].
There are typically two types of [[eaves]] associated with the x''ieshan'' style: single eaves (单檐) and double eaves (重檐). Single eaves refer to the edges of a basic x''ieshan rooftop'', while double eaves consist of an additional layer of eaves below the basic x''ieshan rooftop''. Examples of the double eave type can be found on the x''ieshan roofs'' of structures such as Cining Palace, the [[Gate of Supreme Harmony]] and the [[Hall of Preserving Harmony]] in the [[Forbidden City]], as well as the [[Grand Hotel (Taipei)|Grand Hotel]] in [[Taipei]]. Examples of the single eave type can be found on buildings such as [[Zhihua Temple]], the [[shanmen]] of [[Miaoying Temple]], and the North Gate of the [[Walls of Taipei]].


==''Irimoya'' in Japan==
=== '''''Paljakjibung'' in Korea''' ===
''Paljakjibung'' ''(팔작지붕)'' is the most commonly used roof type in authoritative architecture during the [[Joseon Dynasty]]. Considering that the hierarchy is the highest, regardless of size, most of the central buildings are Paljak. However, in temple architecture in the late Joseon Dynasty, where wood was scarce due to the high demand for wood used for roof furniture, the lower furniture was left intact and only the roof was often replaced by the eight-piece.

===''Irimoya'' in Japan===
''Irimoya'' arrived from China to Japan in the 6th century.<ref name="JAANUS" /> The style was originally used in the [[Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)|main]] and lecture halls of a Buddhist temple compound. It started to be used for the ''[[honden]]'' at shrines and also in palaces, castles, and folk dwellings later during the [[History of Japan#Feudal Japan (1185-1603)|Japanese Middle Ages]].<ref>Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波日本史辞典), CD-ROM Version. Iwanami Shoten, 1999-2001.</ref> Its gable is usually right above the ''[[moya (architecture)|moya]]'', or core, while the hip covers the ''[[Hisashi (architecture)|hisashi]]'', a [[veranda]]-like aisle surrounding the core on one or more sides.<ref name="JAANUS">{{cite web |url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/i/irimoyazukuri.htm |title=Irimoya-zukuri |work=JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System |access-date=2009-05-31 }}</ref>
''Irimoya'' arrived from China to Japan in the 6th century.<ref name="JAANUS" /> The style was originally used in the [[Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)|main]] and lecture halls of a Buddhist temple compound. It started to be used for the ''[[honden]]'' at shrines and also in palaces, castles, and folk dwellings later during the [[History of Japan#Feudal Japan (1185-1603)|Japanese Middle Ages]].<ref>Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波日本史辞典), CD-ROM Version. Iwanami Shoten, 1999-2001.</ref> Its gable is usually right above the ''[[moya (architecture)|moya]]'', or core, while the hip covers the ''[[Hisashi (architecture)|hisashi]]'', a [[veranda]]-like aisle surrounding the core on one or more sides.<ref name="JAANUS">{{cite web |url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/i/irimoyazukuri.htm |title=Irimoya-zukuri |work=JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System |access-date=2009-05-31 }}</ref>


It is still in wide use in the construction of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Japan. It is also often called {{nihongo|''moya-zukuri''|母屋造}}.<ref name="JAANUS" />
It is still in wide use in the construction of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Japan. It is also often called {{nihongo|''moya-zukuri''|母屋造}}.<ref name="JAANUS" /> Another variant of Japanese hip-and-gable roof is the Shikorobuki.


==''Kandyan roof'' of Sri Lanka==
==South Asia==
===''Kandyan roof'' of Sri Lanka===
In Sri Lanka, a style known as the ''kandyan roof'' bears many similarities to the original East Asian hip-and-gable roof. The ''kandyan roof'' is primarily used for religious, and historically, royal buildings. Its roots however lie in the traditions of the "Sri Lankan village".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Herrle|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs0Us4SSxUoC&q=kandyan+roof&pg=PA491|title=Architecture and Identity|last2=Wegerhoff|first2=Erik|date=2008|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-1088-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Paranavitana|first1=Senarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIceAAAAIAAJ&q=kandyan+double+pitch+roof&pg=PA43|title=Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume|last2=Prematilleka|first2=Leelananda|last3=Leeuw|first3=Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De|date=1978|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-05455-4|language=en}}</ref>
In Sri Lanka, a style known as the ''kandyan roof'' bears many similarities to the original East Asian hip-and-gable roof. The ''kandyan roof'' is primarily used for religious, and historically, royal buildings. Its roots however lie in the traditions of the "Sri Lankan village".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Herrle|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs0Us4SSxUoC&q=kandyan+roof&pg=PA491|title=Architecture and Identity|last2=Wegerhoff|first2=Erik|date=2008|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-1088-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Paranavitana|first1=Senarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIceAAAAIAAJ&q=kandyan+double+pitch+roof&pg=PA43|title=Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume|last2=Prematilleka|first2=Leelananda|last3=Leeuw|first3=Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De|date=1978|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-05455-4|language=en}}</ref>


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File:Suzhou Xuanmiao Guan 2015.04.23 17-53-51.jpg|''Xieshan roof'' with single eaves on the Hall of the [[Three Pure Ones]] in [[Xuanmiao Temple]] in [[Suzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], [[China]]
File:Suzhou Xuanmiao Guan 2015.04.23 17-53-51.jpg|''Xieshan roof'' with single eaves on the Hall of the [[Three Pure Ones]] in [[Xuanmiao Temple]] in [[Suzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], [[China]]
File:Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple.JPG|''Xieshan roof'' with double eaves on the Guanyin Pavilion in [[Dule Temple]] in [[Tianjin]], [[China]]
File:Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple.JPG|''Xieshan roof'' with double eaves on the Guanyin Pavilion in [[Dule Temple]] in [[Tianjin]], [[China]]
File:Nanchan Temple 1.JPG|One of the oldest existing structure exhibiting a ''Xieshan'' roof — The Great Buddha Hall in [[Nanchan Temple]] on [[Mount Wutai]], [[Wutai County]], [[Shanxi]], [[China]], dating back to the [[Tang dynasty]] (618-907).
File:Nanchan Temple 1.JPG|The Great Buddha Hall in [[Nanchan Temple]] on [[Mount Wutai]], [[Wutai County]], [[Shanxi]], [[China]], dating back to the [[Tang dynasty]] (618-907) and exhibiting a ''Xieshan'' roof; this is China's [[list of oldest extant buildings|oldest existing timber building]].
File:Forbidden City Gate of Heaven 2.jpg|A hip-and-gable is seen in the [[Tiananmen]], [[Beijing]].<ref name="sh11-12" />
File:Forbidden City Gate of Heaven 2.jpg|A hip-and-gable is seen in the [[Tiananmen]], [[Beijing]].<ref name="sh11-12" />
File:National Concert Hall (Taiwan).jpg|[[National Concert Hall (Taiwan)|National Concert Hall]] in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
File:National Concert Hall (Taiwan).jpg|[[National Concert Hall (Taiwan)|National Concert Hall]] in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
File:Copy of 1.7-Nan Tien Temple.jpg|[[Nan Tien Temple]] in [[Wollongong]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
File:Copy of 1.7-Nan Tien Temple.jpg|[[Nan Tien Temple]] in [[Wollongong]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
File:Chua Mot Cot.jpg|[[One Pillar Pagoda]] in Hanoi
File:Chua Mot Cot.jpg|[[One Pillar Pagoda]] in Hanoi
File:Seoul Geunjeongjeon 02.jpg|[[Gyeongbokgung#Geunjeongjeon|Gyeongbokgung]] (근정전) Hall of [[Gyeongbokgung]] Palace, [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
File:연못안에 위치하고 있는 경복궁의 경희루.jpg|[[Gyeongbokgung#Gyeonghoeru|Gyeonghoeru]] (경희루) Pavilion of [[Gyeongbokgung]] Palace, [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
File:Korea-Danyang-Guinsa Hall Glazed Roof 2974-07.JPG|[[Guinsa]] Hall with Maroon Glazed Roof Tiles ([[Chungcheongbuk-do]], [[South Korea]]).
File:부석사 무량수전.jpg|Anyangnu (안양루) and Muryangsujeon Hall of [[Buseoksa]] Temple (부석사 무량수전), [[Yeongju]], [[North Gyeongsang Province]], [[South Korea]]
File:Hongryeonam 02.jpg|Hongryeonam (홍련암) at [[Naksansa]], [[Yangyang County|Yangyang]], [[Gangwon Province, South Korea]], 676
File:Yakushiji daikodo.jpg|[[Yakushi-ji]]'s (Dai)''kō-dō''
File:Yakushiji daikodo.jpg|[[Yakushi-ji]]'s (Dai)''kō-dō''
File:Kamomioya-jinja hashidono.jpg|A hip-and-gable roof at [[Shimogamo Shrine]]
File:Kamomioya-jinja hashidono.jpg|A hip-and-gable roof at [[Shimogamo Shrine]]
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File:Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa.JPG|[[:Commons:Category:Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa (Lumbini)|The Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa]] in [[Lumbini]], Nepal
File:Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa.JPG|[[:Commons:Category:Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa (Lumbini)|The Great Drigung Kagyud Lotus Stupa]] in [[Lumbini]], Nepal
File:Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery Polgahawela.jpg|The [[Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery]] in [[Polgahawela]], Sri Lanka
File:Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery Polgahawela.jpg|The [[Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery]] in [[Polgahawela]], Sri Lanka
File:Bahay Na Bato Cebu.jpg|A [[Bahay na bato]] in [[Cebu]], Philippines
File:PaulDahlkeHaus.jpg|[[Das Buddhistische Haus]] in [[Berlin]]
File:PaulDahlkeHaus.jpg|[[Das Buddhistische Haus]] in [[Berlin]]
File:Iringol Kavu Temple Perumbavur Kerala India DSC 5418.jpg|Iringol Kavu Temple, Kerala, India
File:Iringol Kavu Temple Perumbavur Kerala India DSC 5418.jpg|Iringol Kavu Temple, Kerala, India
Line 50: Line 59:
File:Padmanabhapuram Palace, roof works.jpg|Padmanabhapuram Palace, Kerala, India
File:Padmanabhapuram Palace, roof works.jpg|Padmanabhapuram Palace, Kerala, India
File:Sree Madiyan koolom Temple kasaragod kerala.jpg|Sree Madiyan Koolom Kshethrapalaka Temple, Kerala, India
File:Sree Madiyan koolom Temple kasaragod kerala.jpg|Sree Madiyan Koolom Kshethrapalaka Temple, Kerala, India
File:Maranao Torogan (c. 1908 - 1924), Philippines.jpg|A [[Maranao people|Maranao]] [[torogan]] from the [[Philippines]]
File:Lucio Quezons house at Baler, Aurora.jpg|A [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] [[bahay kubo]] from the Philippines
File:Felipe Agoncillo Mansion (Taal, Batangas)(2018-07-30).jpg|A [[bahay na bato]] from the Philippines
File:Rumah Melayu Bangkinang.JPG|A [[Melayu people|Malay]] [[Malay house|rumah]] from [[Malaysia]]
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Traditionele Batakhuizen aan een pleintje in kampong Lingga Karolanden Sumatra`s Oostkust TMnr 60012275.jpg|A [[Karo people (Indonesia)|Karo Batak]] [[Batak architecture|rumah siwaluh jabu]] from [[Indonesia]] ({{circa|1920s}})
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Minangkabau huis en rijstschuur in kampong Kapau omgeving Fort de Kock TMnr 10017468.jpg|A [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] [[rumah gadang]] from Indonesia ({{circa|1892-1900}})
File:Rumah Tradisional Simalungun di Museum Simalungun.jpg|A [[Simalungun people|Simalungun]] rumah from Indonesia
File:Sebuah rumah gadnag di Tilkam 20220626 074701.jpg|A Minangkabau [[rumah gadang]] from Indonesia
File:Plate III No 14 to 16 Relief in the Prambanan temple and its modern contemporary.jpg|[[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] [[Sundanese traditional house|house]]s from the 1920s and the 9th century [[Prambanan]] temple bas-reliefs of Indonesia
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[Category:Roofs]]
[[Category:Roofs]]
⚫
[[Category:Architecture in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Chinese architectural styles]]
[[Category:Chinese architectural styles]]
[[Category:Japanese architectural features]]
[[Category:Japanese architectural features]]
[[Category:East Asian architecture]]
[[Category:East Asian architecture]]
[[Category:Korean architecture]]
[[Category:Architecture in Korea]]
⚫
[[Category:Architecture of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Shinto architecture]]
[[Category:Shinto architecture]]
[[Category:Irimoya-zukuri]]

Latest revision as of 18:23, 19 December 2024

The Longxing Temple — built in 1052 and located at present-day Zhengding, Hebei Province, China — has a hip-and-gable xieshan-style roof with double eaves.[1]

The East Asian hip-and-gable roof (Xiēshān (歇山) in Chinese, Paljakjibung (팔작지붕) in Korean and Irimoya (入母屋) in Japanese) also known as 'resting hill roof', consists of a hip roof that slopes down on all four sides and integrates a gable on two opposing sides.[2][3] It is usually constructed with two large sloping roof sections in the front and back respectively, while each of the two sides is usually constructed with a smaller roof section.[4]

The style is Chinese in origin,[dubious – discuss] and has spread across much of East and Continental Asia. The original Chinese style and similar styles are not only found in the traditional architectures of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam but also other countries such as Mongolia, Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva, Bhutan, and Tibet, and even South Asian countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. A similar, generally taller and originally thatched hip and gable style is also traditionally used in Southeast Asia such as in the Philippines and in Indonesia.

Etymology

[edit]

It is known as xiēshān (歇山) in Chinese,[5][6] paljakjibung (팔작지붕; 八作지붕) in Korean.[7] and irimoya (入母屋) in Japanese,[3]

East Asia

[edit]

Xieshan in China

[edit]

In China, the hip-and-gable roof style, also known as the xieshan roof style, originated in the Eastern Han dynasty as an adaptation of the hip roof. It was mainly applied in the construction of palaces, temples, gardens and other buildings with official functions. In contemporary times, it is still widely used in Buddhist and Taoist temples and shrines in China.[8]

The style is generally characterized by the presence of nine ridges and a hipped roof encircled with a peristyle. The nine ridges typically consists of one horizontal ridge on the top, known as the main ridge, which is connected to four vertical ridges and four diagonal ridge. 

There are typically two types of eaves associated with the xieshan style: single eaves (单檐) and double eaves (重檐). Single eaves refer to the edges of a basic xieshan rooftop, while double eaves consist of an additional layer of eaves below the basic xieshan rooftop. Examples of the double eave type can be found on the xieshan roofs of structures such as Cining Palace, the Gate of Supreme Harmony and the Hall of Preserving Harmony in the Forbidden City, as well as the Grand Hotel in Taipei. Examples of the single eave type can be found on buildings such as Zhihua Temple, the shanmen of Miaoying Temple, and the North Gate of the Walls of Taipei.

Paljakjibung in Korea

[edit]

Paljakjibung (팔작지붕) is the most commonly used roof type in authoritative architecture during the Joseon Dynasty. Considering that the hierarchy is the highest, regardless of size, most of the central buildings are Paljak. However, in temple architecture in the late Joseon Dynasty, where wood was scarce due to the high demand for wood used for roof furniture, the lower furniture was left intact and only the roof was often replaced by the eight-piece.

Irimoya in Japan

[edit]

Irimoya arrived from China to Japan in the 6th century.[3] The style was originally used in the main and lecture halls of a Buddhist temple compound. It started to be used for the honden at shrines and also in palaces, castles, and folk dwellings later during the Japanese Middle Ages.[9] Its gable is usually right above the moya, or core, while the hip covers the hisashi, a veranda-like aisle surrounding the core on one or more sides.[3]

It is still in wide use in the construction of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Japan. It is also often called moya-zukuri (母屋造).[3] Another variant of Japanese hip-and-gable roof is the Shikorobuki.

South Asia

[edit]

Kandyan roof of Sri Lanka

[edit]

In Sri Lanka, a style known as the kandyan roof bears many similarities to the original East Asian hip-and-gable roof. The kandyan roof is primarily used for religious, and historically, royal buildings. Its roots however lie in the traditions of the "Sri Lankan village".[10][11]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chung, Anita (2004). Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780824826635.
  2. ^ Guo, Qinghua (2010). The mingqi pottery buildings of Han Dynasty China, 206 BC-AD 220 : architectural representations and represented architecture. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781845193218.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Irimoya-zukuri". JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  4. ^ a b Deqi, Shan (25 August 2011). Chinese vernacular dwellings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780521186674.
  5. ^ Chen, Congzhou; Pan, Hongxuan; Lu, Bingjie (2008). Chinese houses : a pictorial tour of China's traditional dwellings. Pleasantville: Reader's Digest Association. p. 331. ISBN 9781606520017.
  6. ^ Chung, Anita (2004). Drawing boundaries : architectural images in Qing China. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780824826635.
  7. ^ "Naver Dictionary". Retrieved 2013-03-10.
  8. ^ Li, Xianda; liu, Yu (April 2017). "The "shape" and "meaning" of the roof arts in Chinese classical architecture". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 61 (1): 012110. Bibcode:2017E&ES...61a2110L. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/61/1/012110. ISSN 1755-1307.
  9. ^ Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波日本史辞典), CD-ROM Version. Iwanami Shoten, 1999-2001.
  10. ^ Herrle, Peter; Wegerhoff, Erik (2008). Architecture and Identity. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-1088-7.
  11. ^ Paranavitana, Senarat; Prematilleka, Leelananda; Leeuw, Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De (1978). Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-05455-4.
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