Conservation-dependent species: Difference between revisions

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A visualization of the categories in the no-longer used "IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)", with conservation dependent (LR/cd) highlighted. The category was folded into the "near threatened" category in the 2001 revision, but some species which have not been re-evaluated retain the assessment.

A conservation-dependent species is a species which has been categorized as "Conservation Dependent" ("LR/cd") by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as dependent on conservation efforts to prevent it from becoming endangered. A species that is reliant on the conservation attempts of humans is considered conservation dependent. Such species must be the focus of a continuing species-specific and/or habitat-specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the species qualifying for one of the threatened categories within a period of five years. The determination of status is constantly monitored and can change.

This category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (version 3.1) system these taxa are classed as near threatened, but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "Conservation Dependent" category.

Conservation-dependent species require maintenance additional to the use of the United States Endangered Species Act of 1973. This act is said to protect species from extinction by concerns and acts of conservation.^[1]

Challenges

Conservation-dependent species rely on population connectivity between humans and animals to maintain their life. Connectivity is based in regard to the federal regulatory provisions that protect the species and its habitat. Habitats and species are difficult to conserve when they are not susceptible to the regulations put in place.^[2] It is also seen that laws and acts have flaws that cause gaps in their motive. The Endangered Species Act fails to account for biological ecosystem conservation and threats to a species presence.^[3] Conservation in these conditions causes data gaps and leads to the depletion of species.

Funding of the federal provisions show to be a major concern when efforts are being made to conserve species. Legal members who don't agree on where funding should go cause more harm to the conservation-dependent species by making no effort for restoration. Despite legal efforts for defining a restoration program and setting regulatory provisions, conservation-dependent species are still in danger.^[4]

Flora vs Fauna conservation methods

While conservation dependent plants and animals fall under the same risk status in the environment different methods are used to protect them. Conservation dependent animals are typically protected by recovery plans and agreements for conservation by the government.^[5] Plants that are conservation dependent have less protection behind them as the major method for conservation is keeping a habitat healthy. In order to do so, keeping areas uncivilized and minimizing pollution emissions are predictable solutions.^[6] Keeping the flora(plants) and fauna(animals) in their region out of the conservation dependent category is the main goal of these methods.

Threatened categories

Species that are considered Conservation- Dependent are under the lower risk category of status in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The category of species may change and vary depending on its status in its environment. The lower risk status section has three categories that species may fluctuate through.

Near Threatened (NT)
Conservation Dependent (CD)
Least Concern (LC)

Conservation Attempts

In fisheries around the world, there is a list of rules that people must follow which are in place as a conservation effort. These rules protect the conservation dependent listing of Scalloped Hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) under the EPBC Act is one major step for conservation of endangered species.^[7]

Reporting catch by phone: fishers must report their catch of a shark to QDAF's automated interactive voice response.
Species specific catch and discard information in logbooks: all catches of sharks must be recorded in a log book.
Data validation: one hour after docking when there is a shark on board, fisheries officers are allowed to inspect boat and catches.

Conservation-dependent animals

Examples of conservation-dependent species include the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), the sinarapan, and the California ground cricket.

As of December 2015, there remains 209 conservation-dependent plant species and 29 conservation-dependent animal species.

As of September 2022, the IUCN still lists 20 conservation-dependent animal species, and one conservation-dependent subpopulations or stocks.

Reptiles

Black caiman

Mollusks

Arthropods

EPBC Act

In Australia, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 still uses a "Conservation Dependent" category for classifying fauna and flora species. Species recognized as "Conservation Dependent" do not receive special protection, as they are not considered "matters of national environmental significance under the EPBC Act". Any assemblage of species may be listed as a "threatened ecological community" under the EPBC Act. Fauna may be classified under this category if its flora is directly threatened.

The legislation uses categories similar to those of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria. It does not, however, have a near threatened category or any other "lower risk" categories.

As of December 2018, eight species of fishes have received the status under the act:^[8]

Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus)
Silver gemfish (Rexea solandri)
School shark (Galeorhinus galeus)
Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii)
Southern dogfish (Centrophorus zeehaani)
Dumb gulper shark (Centrophorus harrissoni)
Blue warehou (Seriolella brama)
Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)

No flora has been given the category under the EPBC Act.

References

^ US EPA, OP (2013-02-22). "Summary of the Endangered Species Act". epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ Carroll, Carlos; Rohlf, Daniel J.; Li, Ya-Wei; Hartl, Brett; Phillips, Michael K.; Noss, Reed F. (2014-04-21). "Connectivity Conservation and Endangered Species Recovery: A Study in the Challenges of Defining Conservation-Reliant Species". Conservation Letters. 8 (2): 132–138. doi:10.1111/conl.12102. ISSN 1755-263X.
^ Rohlf, Daniel J. (1991). "Six Biological Reasons Why the Endangered Species Act Doesn't Work-And What to Do About It". Conservation Biology. 5 (3): 273–282. Bibcode:1991ConBi...5..273R. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00139.x. ISSN 0888-8892. JSTOR 2385897.
^ Scott, J. Michael; Goble, Dale D.; Haines, Aaron M.; Wiens, John A.; Neel, Maile C. (13 January 2010). "Conservation-reliant species and the future of conservation". Conservation Letters. 3 (2): 91–97. Bibcode:2010ConL....3...91S. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00096.x. ISSN 1755-263X.
^ Fisheries, NOAA (2021-01-27). "Recovery of Endangered and Threatened Species | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "How Are Rare Plants Conserved?". fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "Australian Marine Conservation Society - AMCS". Australian Marine Conservation Society. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
^ "Dryococelus australis: ANZECC Endangered Fauna Network". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2002-01-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2002.rlts.t6852a12810627.en. Retrieved 2023-03-21.

[1] US EPA, OP (2013-02-22). "Summary of the Endangered Species Act". epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-21.

[2] Carroll, Carlos; Rohlf, Daniel J.; Li, Ya-Wei; Hartl, Brett; Phillips, Michael K.; Noss, Reed F. (2014-04-21). "Connectivity Conservation and Endangered Species Recovery: A Study in the Challenges of Defining Conservation-Reliant Species". Conservation Letters. 8 (2): 132–138. doi:10.1111/conl.12102. ISSN 1755-263X.

[3] Rohlf, Daniel J. (1991). "Six Biological Reasons Why the Endangered Species Act Doesn't Work-And What to Do About It". Conservation Biology. 5 (3): 273–282. Bibcode:1991ConBi...5..273R. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00139.x. ISSN 0888-8892. JSTOR 2385897.

[4] Scott, J. Michael; Goble, Dale D.; Haines, Aaron M.; Wiens, John A.; Neel, Maile C. (13 January 2010). "Conservation-reliant species and the future of conservation". Conservation Letters. 3 (2): 91–97. Bibcode:2010ConL....3...91S. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00096.x. ISSN 1755-263X.

[5] Fisheries, NOAA (2021-01-27). "Recovery of Endangered and Threatened Species | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2023-03-21.

[6] "How Are Rare Plants Conserved?". fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-21.

[7] "Australian Marine Conservation Society - AMCS". Australian Marine Conservation Society. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

[8] "Dryococelus australis: ANZECC Endangered Fauna Network". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2002-01-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2002.rlts.t6852a12810627.en. Retrieved 2023-03-21.

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+{{Short description|IUCN conservation category}}
+{{Primary sources|date=April 2020}}
 {{Conservation status}}
 [[File:Status_iucn2.3_CD.svg|thumb|A visualization of the categories in the no-longer used "IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)", with ''conservation dependent'' (LR/cd) highlighted. The category was folded into the "near threatened" category in the 2001 revision, but some species which have not been re-evaluated retain the assessment.]]
-A '''conservation-dependent species''' is a [[species]] which has been [[Conservation status|categorised]] as "'''Conservation Dependent'''" ("LR/cd") by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], i.e. as dependent on conservation efforts to prevent it<!--was: the taxon--> from becoming [[Threatened species|threatened]] with extinction. Such species<!--was: taxa--> must be the focus of a continuing species<!--was: taxon-->-specific and/or habitat-specific conservation programme<!--Already evident: targeted towards the taxon in question-->, the cessation of which would result in the species<!--was: taxon--> qualifying for one of the threatened categories within a period of five years.
+A '''conservation-dependent species''' is a [[species]] which has been [[Conservation status|categorized]] as "'''Conservation Dependent'''" ("'''LR/cd'''") by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), as dependent on conservation efforts to prevent it from becoming [[Species endangerment|endangered]]. A species that is reliant on the conservation attempts of humans is considered conservation dependent. Such species must be the focus of a continuing species-specific and/or habitat-specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the species qualifying for one of the threatened categories within a period of five years. The determination of status is constantly monitored and can change.
-The category is part of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the [[IUCN Red List]] for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (v3.1) system these taxa are classed as [[near threatened]], but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "Conservation Dependent" category.
+This category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the [[IUCN Red List]] for [[Taxon|taxa]] evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (version 3.1) system these taxa are classed as [[near threatened]], but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "Conservation Dependent" category.
-{{as of|2015|December}}, there remains 209 conservation-dependent plant species and 29 conservation-dependent animal species.
+Conservation-dependent species require maintenance additional to the use of the United States Endangered Species Act of 1973. This act is said to protect species from extinction by concerns and acts of conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OP |date=2013-02-22 |title=Summary of the Endangered Species Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-endangered-species-act |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=epa.gov}}</ref>
-Examples of conservation-dependent species include the [[black caiman]] (''Melanosuchus niger''), the [[Mistichthys luzonensis|sinarapan]], the [[Simpsonaias ambigua|salamander mussel]], the [[Neonemobius eurynotus|California ground cricket]], and the flowering plant ''[[Garcinia hermonii]]''.
+== Challenges ==
+Conservation-dependent species rely on population connectivity between humans and animals to maintain their life. Connectivity is based in regard to the federal regulatory provisions that protect the species and its habitat. Habitats and species are difficult to conserve when they are not susceptible to the regulations put in place.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carroll |first1=Carlos |last2=Rohlf |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Li |first3=Ya-Wei |last4=Hartl |first4=Brett |last5=Phillips |first5=Michael K. |last6=Noss |first6=Reed F. |date=2014-04-21 |title=Connectivity Conservation and Endangered Species Recovery: A Study in the Challenges of Defining Conservation-Reliant Species |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=132–138 |doi=10.1111/conl.12102 |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is also seen that laws and acts have flaws that cause gaps in their motive. The Endangered Species Act fails to account for biological ecosystem conservation and threats to a species presence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rohlf |first=Daniel J. |date=1991 |title=Six Biological Reasons Why the Endangered Species Act Doesn't Work-And What to Do About It |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385897 |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=273–282 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00139.x |jstor=2385897 |bibcode=1991ConBi...5..273R |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> Conservation in these conditions causes data gaps and leads to the depletion of species.
+Funding of the federal provisions show to be a major concern when efforts are being made to conserve species. Legal members who don't agree on where funding should go cause more harm to the conservation-dependent species by making no effort for restoration. Despite legal efforts for defining a restoration program and setting regulatory provisions, conservation-dependent species are still in danger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=J. Michael |last2=Goble |first2=Dale D. |last3=Haines |first3=Aaron M. |last4=Wiens |first4=John A. |last5=Neel |first5=Maile C. |date=13 January 2010 |title=Conservation-reliant species and the future of conservation |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=91–97 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00096.x |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010ConL....3...91S }}</ref>
+== Flora vs Fauna conservation methods ==
+While conservation dependent plants and animals fall under the same risk status in the environment different methods are used to protect them. Conservation dependent animals are typically protected by recovery plans and agreements for conservation by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date=2021-01-27 |title=Recovery of Endangered and Threatened Species {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/recovery-endangered-and-threatened-species |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=NOAA}}</ref> Plants that are conservation dependent have less protection behind them as the major method for conservation is keeping a habitat healthy. In order to do so, keeping areas uncivilized and minimizing pollution emissions are predictable solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Are Rare Plants Conserved? |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Rare_Plants/conservation/index.shtml |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=fs.usda.gov}}</ref> Keeping the [[flora]](plants) and [[fauna]](animals) in their region out of the conservation dependent category is the main goal of these methods.
+== Threatened categories ==
+Species that are considered Conservation- Dependent are under the [[lower risk]] category of status in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. The category of species may change and vary depending on its status in its environment. The lower risk status section has three categories that species may fluctuate through.
+* [[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]] (NT)
+* Conservation Dependent (CD)
+* [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] (LC)
+== Conservation Attempts ==
+In fisheries around the world, there is a list of rules that people must follow which are in place as a conservation effort. These rules protect the conservation dependent listing of Scalloped Hammerhead shark ([[Scalloped hammerhead|Sphyrna lewini]]) under the [[EPBC Act]] is one major step for conservation of endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Marine Conservation Society - AMCS |url=https://www.marineconservation.org.au/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Australian Marine Conservation Society}}</ref>
+* '''Reporting catch by phone''': fishers must report their catch of a shark to QDAF's automated interactive voice response.
+* '''Species specific catch and discard information in logbooks:''' all catches of sharks must be recorded in a log book.
+* '''Data validation''': one hour after docking when there is a shark on board, fisheries officers are allowed to inspect boat and catches.
 == Conservation-dependent animals ==
+[[File:Caiman negro P Maldonado.jpg|thumb|[[Black caiman]] from [[Puerto Maldonado]]]]
+Examples of conservation-dependent species include the [[black caiman]] (''Melanosuchus niger''), the [[Mistichthys luzonensis|sinarapan]], and the [[Neonemobius eurynotus|California ground cricket]].
+As of December 2015, there remains 209 conservation-dependent plant species and 29 conservation-dependent animal species.
-{{as of|2015|December}}, the IUCN still lists 29 conservation-dependent animal species, and two conservation-dependent subpopulations or stocks.<ref name=IUCNDATA>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List version 2015.4|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/|website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)|accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref>
+As of September 2022, the IUCN still lists 20 conservation-dependent animal species, and one conservation-dependent subpopulations or stocks.
-===[[Mollusca|Mollusks]]===
-{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*''[[Craspedoma hespericum]]''
-*[[Bear paw clam]]
-*[[China clam]]
-*[[Salamander mussel]]
-*[[Maxima clam]]
-*[[Fluted giant clam]]}}
-===[[Arthropoda|Arthropods]]===
+===[[Reptiles]]===
+* [[Black caiman]]
-{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*[[Artemia monica|Mono Lake brine shrimp]]
-*''[[Attheyella yemanjae]]''
-*''[[Canthocamptus campaneri]]''
-*''[[Metacyclops campestris]]''
-*''[[Murunducaris juneae]]''
-*''[[Muscocyclops bidenatus]]''
-*''[[Muscocyclops therasiae]]''
-*[[Neonemobius eurynotus|California ground cricket]]
-*''[[Ponticyclops boscoi]]''
-*''[[Spaniacris deserticola]]''
-*''[[Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus]]''
-*''[[Thermocyclops parvus]]''}}
-===[[Fish]]===
+=== [[Mollusca|Mollusks]] ===
-{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*[[Acanthocobitis urophthalmus|Banded mountain zipper loach]]
-*[[Belontia signata|Ceylonese combtail]]
-*[[Malpulutta kretseri|Ornate paradisefish]]
-*[[Mistichthys luzonensis|Sinarapan]]
-*[[Pethia cumingii|Two spot barb]]
-*[[Pethia nigrofasciata|Black ruby barb]]
-*[[Puntius titteya|Cherry barb]]
-*[[Rasboroides vaterifloris|Pearly rasbora]]
-*[[Systomus pleurotaenia|Side-striped barb]]}}
+* [[Bear paw clam]]
-===[[Reptile]]s===
+* [[China clam]]
-{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*[[Black caiman]]
-*[[Arrau turtle]]
+* [[Maxima clam]]
+* [[Fluted giant clam]]
-}}
-===[[Mammal]]s===
+=== [[Arthropoda|Arthropods]] ===
-'''Subpopulations and stocks'''
+* [[Artemia monica|Mono Lake brine shrimp]]
-*[[Balaena mysticetus|Bowhead whale]] (1&nbsp;subpopulation/stock)
+* ''[[Attheyella yemanjae]]''
-*[[Balaenoptera musculus musculus|Northern blue whale]] (1&nbsp;subpopulation/stock)
+* ''[[Canthocamptus campaneri]]''
+* ''[[Metacyclops campestris]]''
+* ''[[Murunducaris juneae]]''
+* ''[[Muscocyclops bidentatus]]''
+* ''[[Muscocyclops therasiae]]''
+* [[Neonemobius eurynotus|California ground cricket]]
+* ''[[Ponticyclops boscoi]]''
+* ''[[Spaniacris deserticola]]''
+* ''[[Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus]]''
+* ''[[Thermocyclops parvus]]''
 == EPBC Act ==
-In Australia, the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] still uses a "Conservation Dependent" category for classifying fauna and flora species. Species recognised as "Conservation Dependent" do not receive special protection, as they are not considered [http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/index.html "matters of national environmental significance under the EPBC Act"].
+In Australia, the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] still uses a "Conservation Dependent" category for classifying fauna and flora species. Species recognized as "Conservation Dependent" do not receive special protection, as they are not considered "matters of national environmental significance under the EPBC Act". Any assemblage of species may be listed as a "threatened ecological community" under the EPBC Act. Fauna may be classified under this category if its flora is directly threatened.
 The legislation uses categories similar to those of the ''IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria''. It does not, however, have a [[near threatened]] category or any other "lower risk" categories.
+As of December 2018, eight species of fishes have received the status under the act:<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-01-01 |title=Dryococelus australis: ANZECC Endangered Fauna Network |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2002.rlts.t6852a12810627.en |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2002.rlts.t6852a12810627.en }}</ref>
-{{as of|2006|December}}, only two species have received the status under the act:
-*[[Orange roughy]] (''Hoplostethus atlanticus'')
+* [[Orange roughy]] (''Hoplostethus atlanticus'')
-*[[Southern bent-wing bat]] (''Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii'')
+* [[Silver gemfish]] (Rexea solandri)
+* [[School shark]] (Galeorhinus galeus)
+* [[Southern bluefin tuna]] (Thunnus maccoyii)
+* [[Southern dogfish]] (Centrophorus zeehaani)
+* [[Dumb gulper shark]] (Centrophorus harrissoni)
+* [[Blue warehou]] (Seriolella brama)
+* [[Scalloped hammerhead]] (Sphyrna lewini)
 No flora has been given the category under the EPBC Act.

v t e Conservation of species
Index of conservation articles
Conservation biology	Biodiversity Captive breeding Compassionate conservation Conservation behavior Conservation-dependent species Conservation genetics Conservation-induced extinction Conservation status Endemism Ex-situ conservation Extinction threshold In-situ conservation Latent extinction risk Marine conservation Mutualisms and conservation Nature conservation Conservation biology of parasites Species translocation Conservation welfare Threatened species Vulnerability and susceptibility
Approaches	Conservation agriculture Conservation development Conservation finance Conservation grazing Conservation management system Conservation movement Conservation photography Conservation psychology Conspicuous conservation Community-based conservation Ecoregion conservation status Environmental protection Evidence-based conservation Flagship species Forest management Forest protection Tropical rainforest conservation Integrated Conservation and Development Project Other effective area-based conservation measures Riparian buffer Roadless area conservation Roadside conservation Site-based conservation Wetland conservation
Protected areas	Conservation designation Conservation district Conservation easement Conservation reserve Gap analysis Habitat conservation High conservation value area Landscape-scale conservation Marine protected area Marxan Open space reserve Wildlife corridor 30 by 30 target
Key issues	Conservation refugee Fortress conservation Habitat fragmentation Human–wildlife conflict
Restoration	Assisted natural regeneration Ecosystem restoration Island restoration Reforestation afforestation Rewilding marine Species reintroduction
By taxon	Arthropod Bird Hawaiian honeycreeper Raptor Golden eagle Fungi Land mammal American bison Arabian oryx Bear Polar bear Cheetah Elephant Indian elephant Slow loris Tiger Bengal Tiger Wolf Marine Dolphin Gray nurse shark Manatee Painted turtle Salmon Sea otter Plant Seed bank Cryopreservation
By country	Angola Australia Belize Brazil Canada Central African Republic Costa Rica Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Malaysia Mauritius Namibia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Sudan Sweden Uganda United Kingdom Scotland United States forests
Related	Conservation officer De-extinction Planetary boundaries IUCN Red List NatureServe conservation status Special Area of Conservation Soil conservation
List of conservation issues List of organisations List of people Category