Al-Hawa Mosque: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Mosque in Tunis, Tunisia}} |
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'''Al Haoua Mosque''', also known as the Mosque of '''El Hawa''' or '''Ettaoufi''', is a [[mosque]] in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]], located in the [[Medina of Tunis|Medina]] area of the city. It is an official Historical Monument. |
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{{Infobox religious building |
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| name = al-Hawa Mosque |
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| native_name = جامع الهواء |
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| native_name_lang = ar |
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| image = MINH.JPG |
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| image_upright = |
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| alt = |
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| caption = [[Minaret]] of the mosque |
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| map_type = Tunisia |
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| map_size = 220px |
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| map_alt = |
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| map_relief = yes |
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| map_caption = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|36|47|34|N|10|09|55|E|type:landmark_region:TN|display=inline,title}} |
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| coordinates_footnotes = |
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| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] |
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| locale = |
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| location = [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]] |
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| deity = |
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| rite = |
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| sect = |
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| tradition = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] |
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| festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> |
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| religious_features_label = |
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| architect = |
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| architecture_type = [[Mosque]] |
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| architecture_style = [[Hafsid architecture|Hafsid]] |
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}} |
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The '''al-Hawa Mosque''' ({{langx|ar|جامع الهواء}}; also [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterated]] as '''al-Haoua Mosque''' in French<ref name="MUN" />), also known as the '''Tawfiq Mosque''',<ref name=":242" /> is a historic [[mosque]] in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]. It was first built in the 13th century under the [[Hafsids]] and later renovated in the 18th century under the [[Husainid dynasty|Husainids]]. It is an official Historical Monument.<ref name="MUN" /> |
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This mosque was built in 1252 by Princess Lady Sovereign Hafsid Atf Abu Zakaria I, mother of [[Mohamed al Moustancir Billah]].<ref name="MUN">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm |title=Lieux de culte Municipalité de Tunis|publisher=Government of Tunis|language=French|accessdate=July 23, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811155804/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm |archivedate=August 11, 2009}}</ref> As it fell into ruin, it became subsequently known as "outdoor mosque" because it was built on a hill overlooking the gardens and orchards in a place called "Rawdha Essououd".<ref name="MUN"/> When the Andalusians came to Tunis they used it as an educational institution.<ref name="MUN"/> During the reign of [[King Hussein]] (1705 - 1735) the mosque was renovated.<ref name="MUN"/> |
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== History == |
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This mosque was built circa 1252<ref name="MUN">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm |title=Lieux de culte Municipalité de Tunis|publisher=Government of Tunis|language=French|accessdate=July 23, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811155804/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm |archivedate=August 11, 2009}}</ref> by Princess Atf, the widow of the first [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] sultan, [[Abu Zakariya Yahya]] (d. 1249), and mother to his successor, [[Muhammad I al-Mustansir]].<ref name=":242">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA2-PA354 |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |volume=3 |pages=354 |language=en |chapter=Tunis |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Marçais |first=Georges |title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident |publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques |year=1954 |isbn= |location=Paris |pages=295 |language=fr}}</ref> Around the same time, Atf also commissioned the construction of an accompanying [[madrasa]], the [[Madrasa El Tawfikia|Madrasa al-Hawa]] or Madrasa al-Tawfiqiya, which was the second madrasa built in Tunis (the first being the [[Shamma'iya Madrasa]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodford |first=Jerome S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWdxAAAAMAAJ&q=hawa+mosque+tunis+-wikipedia |title=The City of Tunis: Evolution of an Urban System |publisher=Middle East & North African Studies Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-906559-31-4 |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-300-21870-1 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> The complex was built in what was then a suburb on the outskirts of the [[Medina of Tunis|old city of Tunis]].<ref name=":242" /> |
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The mosque was used as an educational institution by [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] immigrants to the city.<ref name="MUN"/> As it later fell into ruin, it became an "outdoor mosque", on a hill overlooking the gardens and orchards in a place called "Rawdha Essououd".<ref name="MUN" /> Under the rule of [[Al-Husayn I ibn Ali|Bey Husayn]] (1705''–''1735), the mosque was renovated.<ref name="MUN"/> |
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== Architecture == |
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[[File:Salle de prière mosquée el haoua 1.jpg|left|thumb|Interior of the mosque's prayer hall]] |
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The mosque consists of a [[hypostyle]] prayer hall without a [[Sahn|traditional courtyard]]. The prayer hall is divided by rows of columns into 42 square bays, each bay covered by a brick-built [[groin vault]] of reinforced by arch bands.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last= |first= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA160 |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |location= |pages=160 |language=en |chapter=Architecture |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> The columns and [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] are [[spolia]] from older Christian buildings, as these materials were still available in the country at the time.<ref name=":02" /> |
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The bay in front of the [[mihrab]] is covered by a dome with a cylindrical [[Tholobate|drum]]. On the inside, the transition between the square bay and the round dome is achieved by four [[Squinch|squinches]] carved with [[scallop]]-like grooves. This is a feature with local precedents dating back to [[Aghlabid architecture]] in the 9th century.<ref name=":24" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{commons category}} |
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{{coord|36|47|34|N|10|09|55|E|region:TN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} |
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{{Medina of Tunis Mosques}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Haoua Mosque}} |
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[[Category:Mosques in Tunis]] |
[[Category:Mosques in Tunis]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1252]] |
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[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1250s]] |
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[[Category:Hafsid architecture]] |
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{{Tunisia-mosque-stub}} |
{{Tunisia-mosque-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 23:24, 19 December 2024
| al-Hawa Mosque | |
|---|---|
جامع الهواء | |
 Minaret of the mosque | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| Branch/tradition | Sunni |
| Location | |
| Location | Tunis, Tunisia |
  Shown within Tunisia | |
| Geographic coordinates | 36°47′34″N 10°09′55″E / 36.79278°N 10.16528°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Mosque |
| Style | Hafsid |
The al-Hawa Mosque (Arabic: جامع الهواء; also transliterated as al-Haoua Mosque in French[1]), also known as the Tawfiq Mosque,[2] is a historic mosque in Tunis, Tunisia. It was first built in the 13th century under the Hafsids and later renovated in the 18th century under the Husainids. It is an official Historical Monument.[1]
History
[edit]This mosque was built circa 1252[1] by Princess Atf, the widow of the first Hafsid sultan, Abu Zakariya Yahya (d. 1249), and mother to his successor, Muhammad I al-Mustansir.[2][3] Around the same time, Atf also commissioned the construction of an accompanying madrasa, the Madrasa al-Hawa or Madrasa al-Tawfiqiya, which was the second madrasa built in Tunis (the first being the Shamma'iya Madrasa).[4][5] The complex was built in what was then a suburb on the outskirts of the old city of Tunis.[2]
The mosque was used as an educational institution by Andalusi immigrants to the city.[1] As it later fell into ruin, it became an "outdoor mosque", on a hill overlooking the gardens and orchards in a place called "Rawdha Essououd".[1] Under the rule of Bey Husayn (1705–1735), the mosque was renovated.[1]
Architecture
[edit]
The mosque consists of a hypostyle prayer hall without a traditional courtyard. The prayer hall is divided by rows of columns into 42 square bays, each bay covered by a brick-built groin vault of reinforced by arch bands.[6][3] The columns and capitals are spolia from older Christian buildings, as these materials were still available in the country at the time.[3]
The bay in front of the mihrab is covered by a dome with a cylindrical drum. On the inside, the transition between the square bay and the round dome is achieved by four squinches carved with scallop-like grooves. This is a feature with local precedents dating back to Aghlabid architecture in the 9th century.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f "Lieux de culte Municipalité de Tunis" (in French). Government of Tunis. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Tunis". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN 9780195309911.
- ^ a b c Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident (in French). Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 295.
- ^ Woodford, Jerome S. (1990). The City of Tunis: Evolution of an Urban System. Middle East & North African Studies Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-906559-31-4.
- ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-300-21870-1.
- ^ a b Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780195309911.
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