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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Peruvian–American|Peru|USA|filetype=svg|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of Peru to the United States|Peruvian Ambassador to the United States]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Peru|American Ambassador to Peru]]|envoy2=[[Lisa D. Kenna|Lisa S. Dougherty Kenna]]|envoy1=Hugo de Zela|mission1=[[Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.]]|mission2=Embassy of the United States, Lima}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Peruvian–American|Peru|USA|filetype=svg|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of Peru to the United States|Peruvian Ambassador to the United States]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Peru|American Ambassador to Peru]]|envoy2=[[Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath]]|envoy1=Gustavo Meza-Cuadra Velásquez|mission1=[[Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.]]|mission2=Embassy of the United States, Lima}}{{Recentism|date=November 2024}}
[[Peru]] and the [[United States]] established relations on May 2, 1826, following [[Peruvian War of Independence|Peru's independence]] from [[Spain]].
The [[Republic of Peru]] and [[United States|United States of America]] (USA) established relations following Peru's [[Peruvian War of Independence|independence]] from [[Spain]] in 1826. In the twenty-first century the two countries have become close partners, collaborating in trade with a free trade [[Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement|agreement]] and in limiting the [[Illegal drug trade in the United States|trafficking]] of narcotics into the United States.


Both countries are part of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, as well as the [[Organization of American States]].
According to various global opinion polls, [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] public perception of the United States is very positive, with 70% of Peruvians viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015 (compared to 67% in 2002 and 62% in 2005)<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/indicator/1/country/PE Pew Global Indicators Databse: Peru.]</ref> and 55% of Peruvians viewing American influence positively in 2013.<ref>[http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf 2013 World Service Poll] ''[[BBC]]''</ref> According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 34% of Peruvians approve of U.S. leadership, with 27% disapproving and 39% uncertain.<ref>[http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/161309/US_Global_Leadership_Report_03-13_mh2.pdf U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012] ''[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]''</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With Peruvian President Vizcarra (46687009985).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] (left) meets with Peruvian President [[Martin Vizcarra]] (right) in Lima, April 2019]]
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With Peruvian President Vizcarra (46687009985).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] (left) meets with Peruvian President [[Martin Vizcarra]] (right) in Lima, April 2019]]
Relations reached their lowest point during the [[United States invasion of Panama]] of 1989 when Peru recalled its ambassador in protest of American military actions. However, relations were restored and have recovered and vastly expanded in the decades since.


=== Nineteenth century ===
Peru enjoys strong and cooperative relations with the United States. Relations were strained following the tainted [[2000 Peruvian general election|reelection]] of former [[President of Peru|President]] [[Alberto Fujimori]] in June 2000, but improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of the government of [[Alejandro Toledo]] in July 2001. Under [[Alan García]]'s administration were positive, and that continued to be the case with the administration of the former president, Pablo Kuczynski. The United States continues to promote the strengthening of democratic institutions and [[human rights]] safeguards in Peru and the integration of Peru into the world economy.
{{Empty section|date=November 2024}}


=== Twentieth century ===
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The United States and Peru cooperate on efforts to interdict the flow of narcotics, particularly cocaine, to the United States. Bilateral programs are now in effect to reduce the flow of drugs through Peru's port systems and to perform ground interdiction in tandem with successful law enforcement operations. These U.S. Government-supported law enforcement efforts are complemented by an aggressive effort to establish an alternative development program for coca farmers in key coca growing areas to voluntarily reduce and eliminate coca cultivation. This effort is funded by the [[US State Department|Department of State's]] [[Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs]] (INL) and the [[U.S. Agency for International Development]] (USAID).
Through the [[Cold War]], the United States focused its foreign policy of promoting [[Anti-communist|anti-communism]] in Peru instead of assisting with democratic efforts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Riding |first=Alan |date=1984-12-30 |title=Debt Is Undermining Democracy in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/30/weekinreview/debt-is-undermining-democracy-in-peru.html |access-date=2020-07-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


During the administration of [[Ronald Reagan]], Peru felt ignored by the U.S. government.<ref name=":1" /> When President [[Fernando Belaunde Terry]] visited President Reagan in Washington in 1983, Reagan met with the Peruvian president for only thirty minutes, with one of Reagan's aides saying "[President Belaunde] wasn't even offered a cup of tea".<ref name=":1" />
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U.S. investment and tourism in Peru have grown substantially in recent years. The U.S. is Peru's number one trade partner, and economic and commercial ties will deepen if the U.S.–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) is passed by the U.S. Congress.


Relations reached their lowest point during the [[United States invasion of Panama]] of 1989 when Peru recalled its ambassador in protest of American military actions.<ref>{{Cite book |title=La democracia negociada: las relaciones Perú-Estados Unidos (1980-2000) |last1=McClintock |first1=Cynthia |publisher=Instituto de Estudios peruanos |year=2005 |isbn=9972511251 |pages=117 |last2=Vallas |first2=Fabián}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Perú retira a su embajador en Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xswkAQAAIAAJ |date=1989-12-21 |work=Boletín de Prensa Latinoamericana}}</ref> However, relations were restored{{When|date=November 2024}} and have recovered and vastly expanded in the decades since.
About 200,000 U.S. citizens visit Peru annually for business, tourism, and study. About 16,000 Americans reside in Peru, and more than 400 U.S. companies are represented in the country. The U.S. maintains an embassy in [[Lima]]. There is a U.S. Consular Agency in [[Cuzco]], and the [[USAID]] building is located in Lima. The current U.S. ambassador is [[Krishna Urs]].


The United States strongly supported the presidency of [[Alberto Fujimori]] under [[Plan Verde]], of which Fujimori mainly served as a figurehead for [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], a Peruvian intelligence official with deep links to the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The United States also supported Fujimori through his [[1992 Peruvian self-coup|seizure of power]] and [[Internal conflict in Peru|an internal insurgency]].<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2002 |title=Spymaster |url=https://www.journeyman.tv/film_documents/1368/transcript/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=en |quote=Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... [[Michael Shifter|Shifter]]: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McMillan |first1=John |last2=Zoido |first2=Pablo |date=Autumn 2004 |title=How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru |journal=[[The Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=69-92 |doi=10.1257/0895330042632690 |s2cid=219372153 |quote=|doi-access=free |hdl=10419/76612 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>[https://publicintegrity.org/national-security/cia-gave-at-least-10-million-to-perus-ex-spymaster-montesinos/ "CIA Gave $10 Million to Peru's Ex-Spymaster Montesinos], ''Center for Public Integrity'', 18 July 2001. Accessed online 15 October 2019</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Kevin G. |date=3 August 2001 |title=CIA Paid Millions to Montesinos |page=1 |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |location=[[Miami]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}</ref>
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The Cuzco Consulate assisted a group of American [[Backpacking (travel)|backpackers]] who were attacked by Peruvian villagers who suspected the group were "cattle rustlers".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bound, beaten and robbed: Backpackers attacked by whip-brandishing Peruvian villagers in 'savage' two day ordeal |author=John Hall |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bound-beaten-and-robbed-backpackers-attacked-by-whipbrandishing-peruvian-villagers-in-savage-two-day-ordeal-8480069.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>


=== Twenty-first century ===
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Peru remains part of [[System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces|SICOFAA]] (whose creation was proposed by the [[Peruvian Air Force]] in 1964) and the [[Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance|Rio Pact]], requiring it and the U.S. to assist each other in case of attack, and continues to be a regular participant in [[RIMPAC]], an international maritime [[military exercise]] led by the U.S. to promote stability throughout the Pacific in the event of potential conflicts ranging from [[China]] invading [[Taiwan]] or [[North Korea]]n aggression against its neighbors.
{{Citations needed section|date=November 2024}}
Though the American government had originally expressed strong support for his government, relations were strained following the tainted [[2000 Peruvian general election|reelection]] of former [[President of Peru|President]] [[Alberto Fujimori]] in June 2000.

After the abrupt ending to Fujimori's third term and the installation of an [[Valentín Paniagua|interim government]] in November 2000, relations improved. Relations remained positive during the administration of [[Alejandro Toledo]] who took office in July 2001, and during that of [[Alan García]].


In 2002, nine people died when a car bomb [[2002 Lima bombing|detonated]] by suspected rebels in the Peruvian capital just days before a visit from American President [[George W. Bush]].
In 2002, nine people died when a car bomb [[2002 Lima bombing|detonated]] by suspected rebels in the Peruvian capital just days before a visit from American President [[George W. Bush]].


During its time as a non-permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]] from 2006 to 2007,<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/sc/members/elected.shtml Countries Elected Members of the Security Council]</ref> Peru (despite having refrained from openly participating in the [[Global War on Terror]] itself), alongside the U.S. and the West, repeatedly voted in favor of extending the authorization mandate of the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in [[Afghanistan]],<ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1707]]</ref><ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1776]]</ref> and increasing sanctions against [[Iran]] over its controversial [[nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]].<ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737]]</ref><ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747]]</ref>
During its time as a non-permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]] from 2006 to 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://main.un.org:443/securitycouncil/en|title=Homepage &#124; Security Council|website=main.un.org}}</ref> Peru—despite having refrained from openly participating in George Bush's "[[War on terror]]" itself—alongside the U.S. and the West, repeatedly voted in favor of extending the authorization mandate of the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in [[Afghanistan]],<ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1707]]</ref><ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1776]]</ref> and increasing sanctions against [[Iran]] over its controversial [[nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]].<ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737]]</ref><ref>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747]]</ref>


The U.S. and Peruvian governments criticized North Korea's [[2006 North Korean nuclear test|2006 nuclear test]]. Peru urged North Korea to unconditionally return to the [[six-party talks]] and to suspend all activity related to its nuclear program.
[[File:Aircraft of US Navy Carrier Air Wing 2 and the Air Force of Peru in Flight in October 2015.JPG|thumb|Peruvian [[MiG-29]] and [[Mirage 2000]] flying beside aircraft of the [[United States Navy]]]]


⚫
In 2007, Peruvian Foreign Minister [[José Antonio García Belaúnde]] said that his country opposed America's [[American occupation of Iraq|occupation of Iraq]], and called for the immediate withdrawal of US military forces from the country, noting that the Iraqi situation was very complex and that the invasion had been a mistake.
The U.S. and Peruvian governments criticized North Korea's [[2006 North Korean nuclear test|2006 nuclear test]]; according to an official notice issued by the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "This is a serious event, that violates the effective moratorium for nuclear tests, constitutes a threat to international peace and security and aggravates the tensions in the Korean Peninsula and in the Northeastern Pacific." The note also remarked that, "as a state member of the Security Council, the Government of Peru considers that, in accordance with the Chart of the United Nations, this situation must be examined through the existing multilateral mechanisms". Peru urged North Korea to unconditionally return to the Six-Party Talks and to suspend all activity related to its nuclear program and also reiterated its "firm commitment with non-proliferation efforts, and the suitable mechanisms for the promotion of the strategic stability, international peace and security".


In 2008, Peru joined the U.S. and its allies in [[international recognition of Kosovo|recognizing Kosovo]],<ref>[http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=1sAKaqHrT6M= Peru formally recognizes Kosovo as independent state] ''Andina''</ref> and ultimately refused to [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognize South Ossetia and Abkhazia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg/2000px-Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg.png|title=International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia}}</ref> yet opposed the U.S. and [[Peru-Israel relations|Israel]] by [[international recognition of the State of Palestine#Other positions|recognizing Palestine]] in 2011, claiming "no pressure from any side".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/peru-recognises-palestinian-state|title=Peru recognises Palestinian state|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=January 25, 2011|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
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In 2007, Peruvian Foreign Minister [[José Antonio García Belaúnde]] said that his country opposes America's [[American occupation of Iraq|occupation of Iraq]], and called for the immediate withdrawal of US military forces from that country: "We are against the invasion of Iraq, and hope the military forces will leave that country soon to bring sovereignty back," noting the Iraqi situation is very complex and the invasion was a mistake of Washington.


In reaction to the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], Peru became the first country to cut ties with Libya "until the violence against the people ceases" as a result of the aerial bombing of Tripoli.
In 2008, Peru joined the U.S. and its allies in [[international recognition of Kosovo|recognizing Kosovo]],<ref>[http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=1sAKaqHrT6M= Peru formally recognizes Kosovo as independent state] ''Andina''</ref> and ultimately refused to [[international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognize South Ossetia and Abkhazia]],<ref>[https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg/2000px-Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg.png International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia]</ref> yet opposed the U.S. and [[Peru-Israel relations|Israel]] by [[international recognition of Palestine#Other positions|recognizing Palestine]] in 2011, claiming "no pressure from any side".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/peru-recognises-palestinian-state Peru recognizes Palestinian state] [[guardian.co.uk]]</ref> In reaction to the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], Peru became the first country to cut ties with Libya "until the violence against the people ceases" as a result of the aerial bombing of Tripoli. Peru's President [[Alan García]] stated, "Peru strongly protests against the repression unleashed by the dictatorship of Muammar al-Gaddafi against the people who are demanding democratic reforms to change the government which has been led for 40 years by the same person." Garcia said that Peru would ask the UN Security Council to establish a no-fly zone over Libya to prevent the use of the country's warplanes against the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/23/peru-suspends-diplomatic-relations-with-libya/11005/ |title=Peru suspends diplomatic relations with Libya |publisher=www.peruviantimes.com |access-date=2011-02-23}}</ref>[[File:USS John P. Murtha (LPD 26) and the Peruvian navy landing platform dock ship BAP Pisco (AMP-156) conduct tactical maneuvers in the eastern Pacific Ocean during UNITAS LXII. (51535611938).jpg|thumb|The {{USS|John P. Murtha|LPD-26}} (foreground) and [[BAP Pisco (AMP-156)|BAP ''Pisco'' (AMP-156)]] (background) conduct a joint training exercise in the eastern Pacific in 2021]]Upon the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in 2011, Garcia credited the death of bin Laden to late and recently beatified [[Pope]] [[John Paul II]], saying, "His first miracle was to remove from the world the incarnation of evil, the demonic incarnation of crime and hatred..." He also said that bin Laden's death "vindicates [former U.S. President] [[George W. Bush]]'s decision to punish Bin Laden and patiently continue this work that has borne fruit".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/02/general-lt-bin-laden-peru-john-paul-ii_8445463.html |title=Peru leader credits late pope for bin Laden death |work=Forbes.com |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504230241/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/02/general-lt-bin-laden-peru-john-paul-ii_8445463.html |archive-date=May 4, 2011 }}</ref>


Upon the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in 2011, Garcia credited the death of bin Laden to late and recently beatified [[Pope]] [[John Paul II]], saying, "His first miracle was to remove from the world the incarnation of evil, the demonic incarnation of crime and hatred..." He also said that bin Laden's death "vindicates George W. Bush's decision to punish Bin Laden and patiently continue this work that has borne fruit".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/02/general-lt-bin-laden-peru-john-paul-ii_8445463.html |title=Peru leader credits late pope for bin Laden death |work=Forbes.com |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504230241/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/02/general-lt-bin-laden-peru-john-paul-ii_8445463.html |archive-date=May 4, 2011 }}</ref>
⚫
While Peru's Deputy Foreign Minister José Beraún Araníbar condemned "the excesses committed by the government of Syria" in a 2012 interview,<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/peru-minister-condemns-excesses-syrian-regime-0 Peru minister condemns excesses of Syrian regime] ''[[Arab News]]''</ref> Peru later joined [[Ecuador]] and [[Russia]] in taking a common stance on the [[Syrian civil war]], with Araníbar stating, "The principle of non-interference has been adopted and advocated by the [[United Nations]] and Peru means to keep to it in the Syrian case," also stressing that Peru saw a political dialogue as the only viable means of peace enforcement and supported a joint UN/[[Arab League]] initiative to this effect, indicating Peru would not likely support a U.S. intervention.<ref>[http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_25/Russia-Peru-and-Ecuador-join-voices-on-Syria/ Russian, Peru and Ecuador join voices on Syria] ''[[Voice of Russia]]''</ref>


⚫
In 2012, the Cuzco Consulate assisted a group of American [[Backpacking (travel)|backpackers]] who were attacked by Peruvian villagers who suspected the group were "cattle rustlers".<ref>{{cite news |author=John Hall |date=4 February 2013 |title=Bound, beaten and robbed: Backpackers attacked by whip-brandishing Peruvian villagers in 'savage' two day ordeal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bound-beaten-and-robbed-backpackers-attacked-by-whipbrandishing-peruvian-villagers-in-savage-two-day-ordeal-8480069.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bound-beaten-and-robbed-backpackers-attacked-by-whipbrandishing-peruvian-villagers-in-savage-two-day-ordeal-8480069.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=6 February 2013 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>
⚫
In June 2013, Peruvian President [[Ollanta Humala]] and U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] promised to strengthen ties between both nations, including in the fight against narcotics trafficking and in tightening economic ties.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323495604578539820380845516 ''U.S., Peru Presidents Pledge to Fight Trafficking''] June 11, 2013 [[WSJ]]</ref>

⚫
Peru's Deputy Foreign Minister José Beraún Araníbar condemned "the excesses committed by the government of Syria" in a 2012 interview, stressing that Peru saw a political dialogue as the only viable means of peace enforcement and supported a joint UN/[[Arab League]] initiative to this effect, indicating Peru would not likely support a U.S. intervention.<ref>[http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_25/Russia-Peru-and-Ecuador-join-voices-on-Syria/ Russian, Peru and Ecuador join voices on Syria] ''[[Voice of Russia]]''</ref>

⚫
In June 2013, Peruvian President [[Ollanta Humala]] visited the White House and together with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] promised to strengthen ties between both nations, including in the fight against narcotics trafficking and in tightening economic ties.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323495604578539820380845516 ''U.S., Peru Presidents Pledge to Fight Trafficking''] June 11, 2013 [[WSJ]]</ref>

The US government condemned [[Pedro Castillo]]'s [[2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt|attempted self-coup]] in December 2022 and welcomed the appointment of [[Dina Boluarte]] as president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=U.S. says welcomes appointment of Boluarte as Peru's President |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-says-welcomes-appointment-boluarte-perus-president-2022-12-08/ |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Castillo moves to dissolve Peruvian Congress, it impeaches him |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/7/peru-president-pedro-castillo-calls-to-dissolve-congress |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> Castillo eventually alleged that the United States aided his removal.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=They denounce US interference in the dismissal of Pedro Castillo |url=https://en.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/mundo/denuncian-injerencia-de-eeuu-en-destitucion-de-pedro-castillo/ |website=[[Ultimas Noticias]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=La Jornada: Se reúnen embajadora de EU y ministro de Defensa antes del golpe |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2022/12/16/mundo/026n2mun |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[La Jornada]] |language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Pedro Castillo denuncia en una carta "plan maquiavélico" en su contra |url=https://ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/mundo/pedro-castillo-denuncia-en-una-carta-plan-maquiavelico-en-su-contra/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=[[Últimas Noticias]] |language=es}}</ref> The US also initially supported Boluarte amidst [[Peruvian protests (2022–2023)|civil unrest]] against her government and allegations of [[authoritarianism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Protests resume against US-backed Boluarte regime in Peru |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/07/22/ywda-j22.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=World Socialist Web Site |language=en}}</ref> Relations have deteriorated under the government of her after the U.S condemned Peru for [[human rights]] violations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 March 2023 |title=EE. UU. señala un "problema" de impunidad ante abusos policiales en Perú |url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2023/03/20/ee-uu-senala-un-problema-de-impunidad-ante-los-abusos-policiales-en-peru-1051020 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=La República |language=es}}</ref> 15 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] members of Congress also condemned the Peruvian government, expressing concern over the 'authoritarian' practices [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Renzo Gómez |date=2023-07-29 |title=US Democrats pressure President Dina Boluarte over Peru's human rights violations |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-07-29/us-democrats-pressure-president-dina-boluarte-over-perus-human-rights-violations.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[El País]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Relations were further complicated after President [[Joe Biden]] was widely criticized for describing Boluarte's government as democratic, while [[democratic backsliding]] has reportedly hit an all time high in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasquez |first=Laura |date=2023-08-01 |title=Boluarte recibe respaldo de Biden pese a que congresistas denunciaron vulneración de derechos en protestas |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/08/01/dina-boluarte-recibe-respaldo-de-joe-biden-pese-a-que-congresistas-denunciaron-vulneracion-de-derechos-en-protestas-marchas-cidh-estados-unidos-eeu-noticia-65561 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=[[La República]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=2 August 2023 |title=Joe Biden ratifica respaldo a Dina Boluarte: "Espero con interés continuar nuestra colaboración" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/08/02/joe-biden-ratifica-respaldo-a-dina-boluarte-espero-con-interes-continuar-nuestra-colaboracion/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=[[infobae]] |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Dems urge Biden to halt aid to Peru over protest crackdown |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-district-of-columbia-caribbean-dina-boluarte-518fac934a1ad6209d90434030889e55 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, President Joe Biden traveled to Peru to attend the [[APEC Peru 2024|APEC Summit]] held in Lima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-apec-biden-xi-china-trump-trade-c9883061b53ab82f5630a3bd6fcf87fa|title=Asia-Pacific summit closes in Peru with China’s Xi front and center as Trump whiplash looms|date=November 16, 2024|website=AP News}}</ref>

== Resident diplomatic missions ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Diplomatic missions of Peru in the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gob.pe/embajada-del-peru-en-estados-unidos|title=Embajada del Perú en Estados Unidos - E-EstadosUnidos|date=June 4, 2024|website=www.gob.pe}}</ref>
* [[Washington, D.C.]] ([[Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.|Embassy]])
* [[Atlanta]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Boston]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Chicago]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Dallas]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Denver]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Houston]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Los Angeles]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Miami]] (Consulate-General)
* [[New York City]] (Consulate-General)
* [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] (Consulate-General)
* [[San Francisco]] (Consulate-General)

{{col-2}}
;Diplomatic missions of the United States in Peru<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pe.usembassy.gov|title=Homepage|website=U.S. Embassy in Peru}}</ref>
* [[Lima]] ([[Embassy of the United States, Lima|Embassy]])
* [[Cusco]] (Consular Agency)
{{col-end}}<gallery class="center">
File:Embassy of Peru in Washington, D.C.jpg|[[Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.|Peruvian embassy in Washington, D.C.]]
File:Consulate of Peru 241 E 49 St jeh.jpg|Peruvian consulate-general in New York City
File:Consulate-General of Peru in Washington, D.C.jpg|Peruvian consulate-general in Washington, D.C.
File:U.S. Embassy in Lima on 4th of July.png|[[Embassy of the United States, Lima|U.S. Embassy in Lima]]
</gallery>

== Trade and economy ==
⚫
U.S. investment and tourism in Peru have grown substantially in recent years. The U.S. is Peru's number one trade partner, and economic and commercial ties will deepen if the U.S.–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) is passed by the U.S. Congress. About 200,000 U.S. citizens visit Peru annually for business, tourism, and study. About 16,000 Americans reside in Peru, and more than 400 U.S. companies are represented in the country.

== Strategic partnerships ==
[[File:Aircraft of US Navy Carrier Air Wing 2 and the Air Force of Peru in Flight in October 2015.JPG|thumb|Peruvian [[MiG-29]] and [[Mirage 2000]] flying beside aircraft of the [[United States Navy]]]][[File:USS John P. Murtha (LPD 26) and the Peruvian navy landing platform dock ship BAP Pisco (AMP-156) conduct tactical maneuvers in the eastern Pacific Ocean during UNITAS LXII. (51535611938).jpg|thumb|The {{USS|John P. Murtha|LPD-26}} (foreground) and [[BAP Pisco (AMP-156)|BAP ''Pisco'' (AMP-156)]] (background) conduct a joint training exercise in the eastern Pacific in 2021]]

=== Illicit substances ===
⚫
The United States and Peru cooperate on efforts to interdict the flow of narcotics, particularly cocaine, to the United States. Bilateral programs are now in effect to reduce the flow of drugs through Peru's port systems and to perform ground interdiction in tandem with successful law enforcement operations. These U.S. Government-supported law enforcement efforts are complemented by an aggressive effort to establish an alternative development program for coca farmers in key coca growing areas to voluntarily reduce and eliminate coca cultivation. This effort is funded by the [[US State Department|Department of State's]] [[Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs]] (INL) and the [[U.S. Agency for International Development]] (USAID).

=== Military ===
⚫
Peru remains part of [[System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces|SICOFAA]] (whose creation was proposed by the [[Peruvian Air Force]] in 1964) and the [[Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance|Rio Pact]], requiring it and the U.S. to assist each other in case of attack, and continues to be a regular participant in [[RIMPAC]], an international maritime [[military exercise]] led by the U.S. to promote stability throughout the Pacific in the event of potential conflicts ranging from [[China]] invading [[Taiwan]] or [[North Korea]]n aggression against its neighbors.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 42: Line 96:
* [[Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Peru to the United States|Ambassadors of Peru to the United States]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Peru to the United States|Ambassadors of Peru to the United States]]
* [[Embassy of the United States, Lima]]
* [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Peru|Ambassadors of the United States to Peru]]
* [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Peru|Ambassadors of the United States to Peru]]
* [[Peruvian Americans]]
⚫
* [[CIA activities in Peru]]
* [[Latin America–United States relations]]
* [[Latin America–United States relations]]
⚫
* [[CIA activities in Peru]]
* [[Peruvian North American Cultural Institute]]


==References==
==References==
Line 53: Line 108:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
{{Library resources box}}
* Brands, Hal. "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 21.3 (2010): 471-490. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592296.2010.508418 online]
* Brands, Hal. "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 21.3 (2010): 471–490. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592296.2010.508418 online]
* Carey,James. ''Peru and the United States, 1900-1962'' (U of Notre Dame Press, 1964).
* Carey,James. ''Peru and the United States, 1900-1962'' (U of Notre Dame Press, 1964).
* Clayton, Lawrence. ''Peru and the United States: The Condor and the Eagle" ( U of Georgia Press, 1999).
* Clayton, Lawrence. ''Peru and the United States: The Condor and the Eagle" ( U of Georgia Press, 1999).
Line 69: Line 124:
* Stephenson, Hollie E. "The Pinnacle of United States-Peru Relations: A Survey of the Motivations for and the Ratification Process of the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." (PhD Diss. Johns Hopkins University, 2008) [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/32758/Final.pdf?sequence=1 online], with long bibliography
* Stephenson, Hollie E. "The Pinnacle of United States-Peru Relations: A Survey of the Motivations for and the Ratification Process of the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." (PhD Diss. Johns Hopkins University, 2008) [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/32758/Final.pdf?sequence=1 online], with long bibliography
* Taft–Morales, Maureen. '' Peru: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations'' (US Congressional Research Service, July 21, 2009) [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40716.pdf online]
* Taft–Morales, Maureen. '' Peru: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations'' (US Congressional Research Service, July 21, 2009) [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40716.pdf online]
* Walter, Richard. ''Peru and the United States, 1960-1975: How their Ambassadors Managed Foreign Relations in a Turbulent Era'' (Pennsylvania State UP, 2010)
* Walter, Richard. ''Peru and the United States, 1960-1975: How their Ambassadors Managed Foreign Relations in a Turbulent Era'' (Pennsylvania State UP, 2010)
* Wordliczek, Rafał. "USAID, Foreign Military Financing, and Total Assistance USAID." ''Americana'' 11#2 (2015) [http://americanaejournal.hu/vol11no2/wordliczek online]
* Wordliczek, Rafał. "USAID, Foreign Military Financing, and Total Assistance USAID." ''Americana'' 11#2 (2015) [http://americanaejournal.hu/vol11no2/wordliczek online]


Latest revision as of 23:42, 19 December 2024

Peruvian–American relations
Map indicating locations of Peru and USA

Peru
United States
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Peru, Washington, D.C.Embassy of the United States, Lima
Envoy
Peruvian Ambassador to the United States Gustavo Meza-Cuadra VelásquezAmerican Ambassador to Peru Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath

The Republic of Peru and United States of America (USA) established relations following Peru's independence from Spain in 1826. In the twenty-first century the two countries have become close partners, collaborating in trade with a free trade agreement and in limiting the trafficking of narcotics into the United States.

Both countries are part of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, as well as the Organization of American States.

History

[edit]
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo (left) meets with Peruvian President Martin Vizcarra (right) in Lima, April 2019

Nineteenth century

[edit]

Twentieth century

[edit]

Through the Cold War, the United States focused its foreign policy of promoting anti-communism in Peru instead of assisting with democratic efforts.[1]

During the administration of Ronald Reagan, Peru felt ignored by the U.S. government.[1] When President Fernando Belaunde Terry visited President Reagan in Washington in 1983, Reagan met with the Peruvian president for only thirty minutes, with one of Reagan's aides saying "[President Belaunde] wasn't even offered a cup of tea".[1]

Relations reached their lowest point during the United States invasion of Panama of 1989 when Peru recalled its ambassador in protest of American military actions.[2][3] However, relations were restored[when?] and have recovered and vastly expanded in the decades since.

The United States strongly supported the presidency of Alberto Fujimori under Plan Verde, of which Fujimori mainly served as a figurehead for Vladimiro Montesinos, a Peruvian intelligence official with deep links to the Central Intelligence Agency. The United States also supported Fujimori through his seizure of power and an internal insurgency.[4][5][6][7][8]

Twenty-first century

[edit]

Though the American government had originally expressed strong support for his government, relations were strained following the tainted reelection of former President Alberto Fujimori in June 2000.

After the abrupt ending to Fujimori's third term and the installation of an interim government in November 2000, relations improved. Relations remained positive during the administration of Alejandro Toledo who took office in July 2001, and during that of Alan García.

In 2002, nine people died when a car bomb detonated by suspected rebels in the Peruvian capital just days before a visit from American President George W. Bush.

During its time as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2006 to 2007,[9] Peru—despite having refrained from openly participating in George Bush's "War on terror" itself—alongside the U.S. and the West, repeatedly voted in favor of extending the authorization mandate of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan,[10][11] and increasing sanctions against Iran over its controversial nuclear program.[12][13]

The U.S. and Peruvian governments criticized North Korea's 2006 nuclear test. Peru urged North Korea to unconditionally return to the six-party talks and to suspend all activity related to its nuclear program.

In 2007, Peruvian Foreign Minister José Antonio García Belaúnde said that his country opposed America's occupation of Iraq, and called for the immediate withdrawal of US military forces from the country, noting that the Iraqi situation was very complex and that the invasion had been a mistake.

In 2008, Peru joined the U.S. and its allies in recognizing Kosovo,[14] and ultimately refused to recognize South Ossetia and Abkhazia,[15] yet opposed the U.S. and Israel by recognizing Palestine in 2011, claiming "no pressure from any side".[16]

In reaction to the Libyan Civil War, Peru became the first country to cut ties with Libya "until the violence against the people ceases" as a result of the aerial bombing of Tripoli.

Upon the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011, Garcia credited the death of bin Laden to late and recently beatified Pope John Paul II, saying, "His first miracle was to remove from the world the incarnation of evil, the demonic incarnation of crime and hatred..." He also said that bin Laden's death "vindicates George W. Bush's decision to punish Bin Laden and patiently continue this work that has borne fruit".[17]

In 2012, the Cuzco Consulate assisted a group of American backpackers who were attacked by Peruvian villagers who suspected the group were "cattle rustlers".[18]

Peru's Deputy Foreign Minister José Beraún Araníbar condemned "the excesses committed by the government of Syria" in a 2012 interview, stressing that Peru saw a political dialogue as the only viable means of peace enforcement and supported a joint UN/Arab League initiative to this effect, indicating Peru would not likely support a U.S. intervention.[19]

In June 2013, Peruvian President Ollanta Humala visited the White House and together with U.S. President Barack Obama promised to strengthen ties between both nations, including in the fight against narcotics trafficking and in tightening economic ties.[20]

The US government condemned Pedro Castillo's attempted self-coup in December 2022 and welcomed the appointment of Dina Boluarte as president.[21][22] Castillo eventually alleged that the United States aided his removal.[23][24][25] The US also initially supported Boluarte amidst civil unrest against her government and allegations of authoritarianism.[26] Relations have deteriorated under the government of her after the U.S condemned Peru for human rights violations.[27] 15 Democratic members of Congress also condemned the Peruvian government, expressing concern over the 'authoritarian' practices Congress of the Republic.[28] Relations were further complicated after President Joe Biden was widely criticized for describing Boluarte's government as democratic, while democratic backsliding has reportedly hit an all time high in Peru.[29][30][31]

In November 2024, President Joe Biden traveled to Peru to attend the APEC Summit held in Lima.[32]

Resident diplomatic missions

[edit]

Trade and economy

[edit]

U.S. investment and tourism in Peru have grown substantially in recent years. The U.S. is Peru's number one trade partner, and economic and commercial ties will deepen if the U.S.–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) is passed by the U.S. Congress. About 200,000 U.S. citizens visit Peru annually for business, tourism, and study. About 16,000 Americans reside in Peru, and more than 400 U.S. companies are represented in the country.

Strategic partnerships

[edit]
Peruvian MiG-29 and Mirage 2000 flying beside aircraft of the United States Navy
The USS John P. Murtha (LPD-26) (foreground) and BAP Pisco (AMP-156) (background) conduct a joint training exercise in the eastern Pacific in 2021

Illicit substances

[edit]

The United States and Peru cooperate on efforts to interdict the flow of narcotics, particularly cocaine, to the United States. Bilateral programs are now in effect to reduce the flow of drugs through Peru's port systems and to perform ground interdiction in tandem with successful law enforcement operations. These U.S. Government-supported law enforcement efforts are complemented by an aggressive effort to establish an alternative development program for coca farmers in key coca growing areas to voluntarily reduce and eliminate coca cultivation. This effort is funded by the Department of State's Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Military

[edit]

Peru remains part of SICOFAA (whose creation was proposed by the Peruvian Air Force in 1964) and the Rio Pact, requiring it and the U.S. to assist each other in case of attack, and continues to be a regular participant in RIMPAC, an international maritime military exercise led by the U.S. to promote stability throughout the Pacific in the event of potential conflicts ranging from China invading Taiwan or North Korean aggression against its neighbors.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

  1. ^ a b c Riding, Alan (1984-12-30). "Debt Is Undermining Democracy in Peru". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  2. ^ McClintock, Cynthia; Vallas, Fabián (2005). La democracia negociada: las relaciones Perú-Estados Unidos (1980-2000). Instituto de Estudios peruanos. p. 117. ISBN 9972511251.
  3. ^ "Perú retira a su embajador en Washington". Boletín de Prensa Latinoamericana. 1989-12-21.
  4. ^ "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
  5. ^ McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69-92. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153.
  6. ^ "CIA Gave $10 Million to Peru's Ex-Spymaster Montesinos, Center for Public Integrity, 18 July 2001. Accessed online 15 October 2019
  7. ^ Hall, Kevin G. (3 August 2001). "CIA Paid Millions to Montesinos". The Miami Herald. Miami. p. 1.
  8. ^ Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. ISBN 978-0-7391-1358-5. important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan
  9. ^ "Homepage | Security Council". main.un.org.
  10. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1707
  11. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1776
  12. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737
  13. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747
  14. ^ Peru formally recognizes Kosovo as independent state Andina
  15. ^ "International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia".
  16. ^ Carroll, Rory (January 25, 2011). "Peru recognises Palestinian state". The Guardian.
  17. ^ "Peru leader credits late pope for bin Laden death". Forbes.com. May 2, 2011. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  18. ^ John Hall (4 February 2013). "Bound, beaten and robbed: Backpackers attacked by whip-brandishing Peruvian villagers in 'savage' two day ordeal". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  19. ^ Russian, Peru and Ecuador join voices on Syria Voice of Russia
  20. ^ U.S., Peru Presidents Pledge to Fight Trafficking June 11, 2013 WSJ
  21. ^ "U.S. says welcomes appointment of Boluarte as Peru's President". Reuters. 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  22. ^ "Castillo moves to dissolve Peruvian Congress, it impeaches him". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  23. ^ "They denounce US interference in the dismissal of Pedro Castillo". Ultimas Noticias. 19 December 2022.
  24. ^ "La Jornada: Se reúnen embajadora de EU y ministro de Defensa antes del golpe". La Jornada (in Mexican Spanish). 16 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  25. ^ "Pedro Castillo denuncia en una carta "plan maquiavélico" en su contra". Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). 11 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  26. ^ "Protests resume against US-backed Boluarte regime in Peru". World Socialist Web Site. 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  27. ^ "EE. UU. señala un "problema" de impunidad ante abusos policiales en Perú". La República (in Spanish). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  28. ^ Vega, Renzo Gómez (2023-07-29). "US Democrats pressure President Dina Boluarte over Peru's human rights violations". El País. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  29. ^ Vasquez, Laura (2023-08-01). "Boluarte recibe respaldo de Biden pese a que congresistas denunciaron vulneración de derechos en protestas". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  30. ^ Paucar, Luis (2 August 2023). "Joe Biden ratifica respaldo a Dina Boluarte: "Espero con interés continuar nuestra colaboración"". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-02.
  31. ^ "Dems urge Biden to halt aid to Peru over protest crackdown". AP News. 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  32. ^ "Asia-Pacific summit closes in Peru with China's Xi front and center as Trump whiplash looms". AP News. November 16, 2024.
  33. ^ "Embajada del Perú en Estados Unidos - E-EstadosUnidos". www.gob.pe. June 4, 2024.
  34. ^ "Homepage". U.S. Embassy in Peru.

Further reading

[edit]
Library resources about
Peru–United States relations
  • Brands, Hal. "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.3 (2010): 471–490. online
  • Carey,James. Peru and the United States, 1900-1962 (U of Notre Dame Press, 1964).
  • Clayton, Lawrence. Peru and the United States: The Condor and the Eagle" ( U of Georgia Press, 1999).
  • De Ferrari, Gabriella. Gringa Latina: A Woman of Two Worlds (Houghton Mifflin, 1996).
  • Jasper, M. L. and C. R. Seelke. "Peru: Political Situation, Economic Conditions and U. S. Relations" (US Congressional Research Service, January 15, 2008) online
  • Kofas, Jon V. Foreign Debt and Underdevelopment: U.S.-Peruvian Economic Relations (University Press of America, 1996).
  • McClintock, Cynthia, and Fabián Valias. The United States and Peru: Cooperation at a Cost (Routledge, 2018).
  • McClintock, Cynthia, and Fabian Vallas. "The United States and Peru in the 2000s." in Contemporary US-Latin American Relations (Routledge, 2010) pp. 217-237.
  • Olson, Richard Stuart. “Economic Coercion in International Disputes: The United States and Peru in the IPC Expropriation Dispute of 1968-1971.” Journal of Developing Areas 9#3 (1975): 395–414.
  • Packel, John. "Peruvian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 467–476. online
  • Paerregaard, Karsten. “Inside the Hispanic Melting Pot: Negotiating National and Multicultural Identities among Peruvians in the United States.” Latino Studies 3 (2005): 76–96.
  • Pike, Frederick. The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador (Harvard UP, 1977).
  • Roberts, Lauren. "Comparing Theoretical Explanations Regarding United States Decision-Making on Regime Change in Peru and in Chile from 1968 to 1973." (2021).online
  • Sharp, Daniel. U.S. Foreign Policy and Peru (U of Texas Press, 1972).
  • Stephenson, Hollie E. "The Pinnacle of United States-Peru Relations: A Survey of the Motivations for and the Ratification Process of the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." (PhD Diss. Johns Hopkins University, 2008) online, with long bibliography
  • Taft–Morales, Maureen. Peru: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations (US Congressional Research Service, July 21, 2009) online
  • Walter, Richard. Peru and the United States, 1960-1975: How their Ambassadors Managed Foreign Relations in a Turbulent Era (Pennsylvania State UP, 2010)
  • Wordliczek, Rafał. "USAID, Foreign Military Financing, and Total Assistance USAID." Americana 11#2 (2015) online
[edit]
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