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{{Short description|Idiom of Japanese folklore: a mass parade of supernatural creatures}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
[[File:Hyakki Yako.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|"Hyakki Yagyō" by [[Kawanabe Kyōsai]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Timothy|title=Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=978-0714114620|page=64}}</ref> ]]
[[File:Hyakki Yako.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|"Hyakki Yagyō" by [[Kawanabe Kyōsai]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Timothy|title=Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=978-0714114620|page=64}}</ref> ]]


'''''Hyakki Yagyō''''' ({{lang|ja|百鬼夜行}}, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"<ref name=Transfiguration />), also transliterated '''''Hyakki Yakō''''', is an idiom in [[Culture of Japan|Japanese]] [[folklore]]. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to a parade of thousands of supernatural creatures known as ''[[oni]]'' and ''[[yōkai]]'' march through the streets of Japan at night.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yoda|first=Hiroko|title=Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien|year=2016|publisher=Dover Publishing|page=x|isbn=9780486800356}}</ref> As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural world into our own, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of [[wikt:pandemonium|pandemonium]] in English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&q=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}</ref>
'''''Hyakki Yagyō''''' ({{lang|ja|百鬼夜行}}, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"<ref name=Transfiguration />), also transliterated '''''Hyakki Yakō''''', is an idiom in [[Culture of Japan|Japanese]] [[folklore]]. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to a parade of thousands of supernatural creatures known as ''[[oni]]'' and ''[[yōkai]]'' that march through the streets of Japan at night.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yoda|first=Hiroko|title=Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien|year=2016|publisher=Dover Publishing|page=x|isbn=9780486800356}}</ref> As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural into the real world, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of [[wikt:pandemonium|pandemonium]] in English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&q=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}</ref>


==Various legends==
==Various legends==
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One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century [[Emakimono|handscroll]] ''Hyakki Yagyō Zu'' (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to [[Tosa Mitsunobu]], located in the Shinju-an of [[Daitoku-ji]], [[Kyoto]].<ref name=Transfiguration /> For other picture scrolls, the ''Hyakki Yagyō Emaki'' (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the [[Muromachi]] period.<ref name="youkaijiten"/>
One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century [[Emakimono|handscroll]] ''Hyakki Yagyō Zu'' (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to [[Tosa Mitsunobu]], located in the Shinju-an of [[Daitoku-ji]], [[Kyoto]].<ref name=Transfiguration /> For other picture scrolls, the ''Hyakki Yagyō Emaki'' (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the [[Muromachi]] period.<ref name="youkaijiten"/>


Other notable works in this motif include those by [[Toriyama Sekien]] (''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]'')<ref name=Pandemonium>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&q=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}</ref> and [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]]. However, Toriyama's work presents ''yōkai'' in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,<ref name=Pandemonium /> while Utagawa's ''[[Kokkei Wanisshi-ki]]'' ("Comical Record of Japanese History") employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China.<ref name=Boone>{{cite web|last=Lillehoj |first=Elizabeth |title=Commentary |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704013042/http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2013 |website=The Boone Collection |accessdate=8 April 2013 }}</ref>
Other notable works in this motif include those by [[Toriyama Sekien]] (''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]'')<ref name=Pandemonium>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&q=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}</ref> and [[Utagawa Yoshiiku]]. However, Toriyama's work presents ''yōkai'' in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,<ref name=Pandemonium /> while Utagawa's ''[[Kokkei Wanisshi-ki]]'' ("Comical Record of Japanese History") employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China.<ref name=Boone>{{cite web|last=Lillehoj |first=Elizabeth |title=Commentary |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704013042/http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2013 |website=The Boone Collection |accessdate=8 April 2013 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* ''[[Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro]]''
* ''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]''
* ''[[Gazu Hyakki Yagyō]]''
* ''[[Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki]]''
* ''[[Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki]]''
* ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''
* ''[[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]''
⚫
* ''[[Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro]]''
* [[Nightmarchers]]
* [[Nightmarchers]]
* ''[[Nurarihyon no Mago]]''
* ''[[Nurarihyon no Mago]]''
* ''[[Pom Poko]]''
* [[Unseelie Court]]
* [[Unseelie Court]]
* [[Wild Hunt]]
* [[Wild Hunt]]

Latest revision as of 00:01, 20 December 2024

"Hyakki Yagyō" by Kawanabe Kyōsai[1]

Hyakki Yagyō (百鬼夜行, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"[2]), also transliterated Hyakki Yakō, is an idiom in Japanese folklore. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to a parade of thousands of supernatural creatures known as oni and yōkai that march through the streets of Japan at night.[3] As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural into the real world, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of pandemonium in English.[4]

Various legends

[edit]

Over more than one thousand years of history, and its role as a popular theme in traditional storytelling and art, a great deal of folklore has developed around the concept, making it difficult if not impossible to isolate any canonical meanings.

One legend of recent vintage states that "every year the yōkai Nurarihyon, will lead all of the yōkai through the streets of Japan during summer nights." Anyone who comes across the procession would perish or be spirited away by the yōkai, unless protected by exorcism scrolls handwritten by Onmyōji spell-casters. It is said that only an onmyōji clan head is strong enough to pass Nurarihyon's Hyakki Yagyō unharmed.[5]

According to another account in the Shūgaishō (拾芥抄), a medieval Japanese encyclopedia, the only way to be kept safe from the night parade if it were to come by your house is to stay inside on the specific nights associated with the Chinese zodiac or to chant the magic spell: "KA-TA-SHI-HA-YA, E-KA-SE-NI-KU-RI-NI, TA-ME-RU-SA-KE, TE-E-HI, A-SHI-E-HI, WA-RE-SHI-KO-NI-KE-RI" (カタシハヤ, エカセニクリニ, タメルサケ, テエヒ, アシエヒ, ワレシコニケリ).[6]

In literature

[edit]

The Hyakki Yagyō has appeared in several tales collected by Japanese folklorists.[5]

In art

[edit]

The night parade was a popular theme in Japanese visual art.[2]

One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century handscroll Hyakki Yagyō Zu (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to Tosa Mitsunobu, located in the Shinju-an of Daitoku-ji, Kyoto.[2] For other picture scrolls, the Hyakki Yagyō Emaki (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the Muromachi period.[5]

Other notable works in this motif include those by Toriyama Sekien (Gazu Hyakki Yagyō)[7] and Utagawa Yoshiiku. However, Toriyama's work presents yōkai in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,[7] while Utagawa's Kokkei Wanisshi-ki ("Comical Record of Japanese History") employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Clark, Timothy (1993). Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai. British Museum Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0714114620.
  2. ^ a b c Lillehoj, Elizabeth (1995). "Transfiguration: Man-Made Objects as Demons in Japanese Scrolls". Asian Folklore Studies. 54 (1): 7–34. doi:10.2307/1178217. JSTOR 1178217.
  3. ^ Yoda, Hiroko (2016). Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien. Dover Publishing. p. x. ISBN 9780486800356.
  4. ^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780520942677.
  5. ^ a b c 村上健司編著 『妖怪事典』毎日新聞社、2000年、288-289頁。ISBN 4-620-31428-5。
  6. ^ "Hyakki Yagyō". Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  7. ^ a b Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780520942677.
  8. ^ Lillehoj, Elizabeth. "Commentary". The Boone Collection. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
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