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Three sisters from the Spencer family, c. 1902.

A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling.^[1] The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.^[2] A full sister is a first-degree relative.

Overview

The English word sister comes from Old Norse systir which itself derives from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, both of which have the same meaning, i.e. sister. Some studies have found that sisters display more traits indicating jealousy around their siblings than their male counterparts, brothers.^[3] In some cultures, sisters are afforded a role of being under the protection by male siblings, especially older brothers, from issues ranging from bullies or sexual advances by womanizers.^[4] In some quarters, the term sister has gradually broadened its colloquial meaning to include individuals stipulating kinship.^[5] In response, in order to avoid equivocation, some publishers prefer the usage of female sibling over sister.^[6] Males with a twin sister sometimes view her as their female alter ego, or what they would have been like if they had two X chromosomes.^[7] A study in Perth, Australia found that girls having only youngers brothers resulted in a chastity effect: losing their virginity on average more than a year later than average. This has been hypothesized as being attributed to the pheromones in their brothers' sweat and household-related errands.^[8]

Sororal relationships

Various studies have shown that older sisters are likely to give a varied gender role to their younger siblings, as well as being more likely to develop a close bond with their younger siblings.^[9] Older sisters are more likely to play with their younger siblings.^[10] Younger siblings display more needy behavior when near their older sister^[11] and are more likely to be tolerant of an older sister's bad behavior.^[12] Boys with only one older sister are more likely to display stereotypically male behavior, and such masculine boys increased their masculine behavior with the more sisters they have.^[13] The reverse is true for young boys with several sisters, as they tend to be feminine, however, they outgrow this by the time they approach pubescence.^[14] Boys with older sisters were less likely to be delinquent or have emotional and behavioral disorders.^[15] A younger sister is less likely to be scolded by older siblings than a younger brother.^[16] The most common recreational activity between older brother/younger sister pairs is art drawing.^[9] Some studies also found a correlation between having an older sister and constructive discussions about safe sexual practices.^[17] Some studies have shown that men without sisters are more likely to be ineffectual at courtship and romantic relationships.^[18]

Famous sisters

LaVerne, Maxene, and Patricia Andrews, singing group
Anna, Louisa, Elizabeth, and Abigail Alcott, daughters of Amos Bronson Alcott and Abby May
Saffron, Lily, and Ruby Aldridge, models
Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind, actresses and daughters of Barbara Alyn Woods
Maude Apatow and Iris Apatow, actresses and daughters of Judd Apatow and Leslie Mann
Rosanna, Patricia, and Alexis Arquette, actresses
Cassandra Austen, watercolourist and Jane Austen, novelist
Chloe Bailey and Halle Bailey, singers, actresses, and members of Chloe x Halle
Nikki Bella and Brie Bella, professional wrestlers and television personalities
Estelle Bennett and Ronnie Spector, members of The Ronettes, which included their cousin, Nedra Talley
Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Brontë, novelists and poets
Barbara and Jenna Bush, daughters of George W. Bush and Laura Bush
Liz Cheney and Mary Cheney, daughters of Dick Cheney and Lynne Cheney
Joan Collins and Jackie Collins, actresses and authors
Penélope Cruz and Mónica Cruz, actresses
Brandi Cyrus, Miley Cyrus, and Noah Cyrus, singers, actresses, and daughters of Billy Ray Cyrus
Kaley Cuoco and Briana Cuoco, actresses
Dixie D'Amelio and Charli D'Amelio, social media personalities
Poppy Delevingne and Cara Delevingne, models and actresses
Nicola and Gabriella DeMartino, YouTubers, internet personalities, and singers
Emily Deschanel and Zooey Deschanel, actresses
Emilie, Annette, Marie, Cecile and Yvonne Dionne, the first quintuplets to survive infancy
Haylie Duff and Hilary Duff, actresses and singers
Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, daughters of George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Abby Elliott and Bridey Elliott, actresses, comedians, daughters of Chris Elliott, and granddaughters of Bob Elliott
Dakota Fanning and Elle Fanning, actresses
Mamie, Grace, and Louisa Gummer, actresses and daughters of Meryl Streep
Gigi Hadid and Bella Hadid, models
Este, Danielle, and Alana Haim, musicians and members of Haim
Kamala Harris, politician and Maya Harris, lawyer
Paris Hilton and Nicky Hilton, socialites, models, daughters of Kathy Hilton, and nieces of Kim and Kyle Richards
Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet Jackson, singers and sisters of The Jackson 5
Lynda and Luci Baines Johnson, daughters of Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson
Kidada Jones, Rashida Jones, and Kenya Kinski-Jones, daughters of Quincy Jones
Kourtney Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian, Kendall Jenner, and Kylie Jenner, media personalities, socialites, and daughters of Kris Jenner
Nicole Kidman and Antonia Kidman
Beyoncé and Solange Knowles, singers and actresses
Lisa Ling and Laura Ling, journalists
Lori, Robyn, and Blake Lively, actresses
Mary I of England and Elizabeth I, daughters of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Lisa and Lena Mantler, social media personalities
Kate Mara and Rooney Mara, actresses
Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight, YouTubers and social media personalities
Veronica and Vanessa Merrell, YouTubers, actresses, producers, musicians, singers, and songwriters
Aly Michalka and AJ Michalka, singers, actresses, and members of Aly & AJ
Kate and Pippa Middleton, socialites
Savannah Miller, fashion designer and Sienna Miller, actress
Kylie Minogue and Dannii Minogue, singers and actresses
Tia Mowry and Tamera Mowry, actresses
Malia and Sasha Obama, daughters of Barack Obama and Michelle Obama
Mary-Kate, Ashley, and Elizabeth Olsen, actresses and known as "the Olsen twins"
Vanessa Paradis and Alysson Paradis, actresses
Anna Pierangeli and Maria Pierangeli, actresses
Rain Phoenix, Liberty Phoenix, and Summer Phoenix, actresses
Tegan and Sara Quin, music duo
Kim Richards, Kyle Richards, and Kathy Hilton, actresses, socialites, and television personalities
Nicole Richie and Sofia Richie, daughters of Lionel Richie
Jessica Simpson and Ashlee Simpson, singers and actresses
Britney Spears and Jamie Lynn Spears, singers and actresses
Liv Tyler and Mia Tyler, actresses and daughters of Steven Tyler
Lana and Lilly Wachowski, trans women filmmakers
Venus Williams and Serena Williams, professional tennis players
Maddie Ziegler and Mackenzie Ziegler, dancers and actresses

Fictional works about sisters

Films

What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
The Parent Trap (1998)
The Virgin Suicides (1999)
Hanging Up (2000)
Frozen (2013)
Little Women (2019)
Trolls Band Together (2023)

Literature

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott
Laura Lee Hope's Bobbsey Twins novels, which included two sets of fraternal twins: 12-year-old Nan and Bert, and six-year-old Flossie and Freddie
In Her Shoes (2002), by Jennifer Weiner
The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides
Teen Titans by Bob Haney and Bruno Premiani, DC Comics superhero team which includes alien princess superhero Starfire and one of the supervillains was her older sister Blackfire

Television

Breaking Bad (Skyler White and Marie Schrader)
Hope & Faith
Sisters
What I Like About You
Charmed
Sister, Sister
Little Women
The Powerpuff Girls
Teen Titans (Blackfire and Starfire)

Games

Mileena & Kitana, Mortal Kombat
Kat and Ana, WarioWare

References

^ "Definition of sister in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.
^ Volling, B. L.; McElwain, N.L.; Miller, A.L. (2002). "Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics". Child Development 73 (2): 581–600.
^ Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry — Page 67, Wen-Shing Tseng – 2001
^ van der Burghe, Pierre (1987). The Ethnic Phenomenon. p. 27.
^ Olshewsky, Thomas (1969). Problems in the philosophy of language. p. 286.
^ McCallum, Robyn. "Other Selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction. Example of the sister in a sentence "The sisters live in the convent at Lafayette Towers." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996): 17–36.
^ Pincott, Jena E (March 20, 2011). "Do Brothers Stall Their Sisters' Sex Lives?". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 18 Jan 2023.
^ ^a ^b Gender — Page 53, Leanne Franklin – 2012
^ Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings, Doris Bergen 2015
^ Sisters and Brothers — Page 78, Judy Dunn – 1985
^ The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 4, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002 p 1524
^ Gender Development — Page 300, Lynn S. Liben – 2009
^ Gender Development, Sheri A. Berenbaum, 2013
^ Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 26, p 161, 1996
^ He & she: how children develop their sex role identity, Wendy Schempp Matthews – 1979 p 162
^ Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development, Laurence Steinberg, PhD – 2009 p 61
^ Leventhal, Gerald S. "Influence of brothers and sisters on sex-role behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16.3 (1970): 452.

External links

The dictionary definition of sister at Wiktionary

[Oxford-1] "Definition of sister in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-24.

[2] Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.

[3] Volling, B. L.; McElwain, N.L.; Miller, A.L. (2002). "Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics". Child Development 73 (2): 581–600.

[4] Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry — Page 67, Wen-Shing Tseng – 2001

[5] van der Burghe, Pierre (1987). The Ethnic Phenomenon. p. 27.

[6] Olshewsky, Thomas (1969). Problems in the philosophy of language. p. 286.

[7] McCallum, Robyn. "Other Selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction. Example of the sister in a sentence "The sisters live in the convent at Lafayette Towers." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996): 17–36.

[8] Pincott, Jena E (March 20, 2011). "Do Brothers Stall Their Sisters' Sex Lives?". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 18 Jan 2023.

[smith8888-9] Gender — Page 53, Leanne Franklin – 2012

[10] Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings, Doris Bergen 2015

[11] Sisters and Brothers — Page 78, Judy Dunn – 1985

[12] The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 4, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002 p 1524

[13] Gender Development — Page 300, Lynn S. Liben – 2009

[14] Gender Development, Sheri A. Berenbaum, 2013

[15] Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 26, p 161, 1996

[16] He & she: how children develop their sex role identity, Wendy Schempp Matthews – 1979 p 162

[17] Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development, Laurence Steinberg, PhD – 2009 p 61

[18] Leventhal, Gerald S. "Influence of brothers and sisters on sex-role behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16.3 (1970): 452.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:Spencer-sisters.jpg|thumb|right|Three sisters from the Spencer family, {{Circa|1902}}.]]
 [[File:SS. AA. II. As SERmas. Princezas D. Isabel e D. Leopoldina - Litografia (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]] and her sister [[Princess Leopoldina of Brazil|Princess Leopoldina]] riding horses, {{Circa|1868}}.]]
-A '''sister''' is a [[woman]] or a [[girl]] who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female [[sibling]].<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |title=Definition of sister in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524223741/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The male counterpart is a [[brother]]. Although the term typically refers to a [[family|familial]] relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.<ref>Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.</ref> A full sister is a [[first degree relative|first-degree relative]].
+A '''sister'''  is a [[woman]] or a [[girl]] who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female [[sibling]].<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |title=Definition of sister in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524223741/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The male counterpart is a [[brother]]. Although the term typically refers to a [[family|familial]] relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.<ref>Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.</ref> A full sister is a [[first degree relative|first-degree relative]].
 ==Overview==
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 Various studies have shown that older sisters are likely to give a varied [[gender role]] to their younger siblings, as well as being more likely to develop a close bond with their younger siblings.<ref name="smith8888">Gender&nbsp;— Page 53, Leanne Franklin&nbsp;– 2012</ref> Older sisters are more likely to play with their younger siblings.<ref>Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings, Doris Bergen 2015</ref> Younger siblings display more needy behavior when near their older sister<ref>Sisters and Brothers&nbsp;— Page 78, Judy Dunn&nbsp;– 1985</ref> and are more likely to be tolerant of an older sister's bad behavior.<ref>The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 4,  Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002 p 1524</ref> Boys with only one older sister are more likely to display stereotypically male behavior, and such [[masculine]] boys increased their masculine behavior with the more sisters they have.<ref>Gender Development&nbsp;— Page 300, Lynn S. Liben&nbsp;– 2009</ref> The reverse is true for young boys with several sisters, as they tend to be [[feminine]], however, they outgrow this by the time they approach [[pubescence]].<ref>Gender Development, Sheri A. Berenbaum, 2013</ref> Boys with older sisters were less likely to be delinquent or have [[emotional and behavioral disorders]].<ref>Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 26, p 161, 1996</ref> A younger sister is less likely to be scolded by older siblings than a younger brother.<ref>He & she: how children develop their sex role identity, Wendy Schempp Matthews&nbsp;– 1979 p 162</ref> The most common recreational activity between older brother/younger sister pairs is art drawing.<ref name="smith8888"/> Some studies also found a correlation between having an older sister and constructive discussions about safe sexual practices.<ref>Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development, Laurence Steinberg, PhD&nbsp;– 2009 p 61</ref> Some studies have shown that men without sisters are more likely to be ineffectual at courtship and romantic relationships.<ref>Leventhal, Gerald S. "Influence of brothers and sisters on sex-role behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16.3 (1970): 452.</ref>
 [[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Two Sisters (1901).jpg|thumb|right|''Two Sisters'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]]]
+[[File:Two sisters together in the evening.jpg|thumb|right|Two sisters together near a pond in the evening at Adapur [[Bihar]] [[India]]]]
 ==Famous sisters==
 *[[The Andrews Sisters|LaVerne, Maxene, and Patricia Andrews]], singing group
-*[[Anna Alcott Pratt]], [[Louisa May Alcott]], [[Elizabeth Sewall Alcott]], and [[Abigail May Alcott Nieriker]], daughters of [[Amos Bronson Alcott]] and [[Abby May]]
+*[[Anna Alcott Pratt|Anna]], [[Louisa May Alcott|Louisa]], [[Elizabeth Sewall Alcott|Elizabeth]], and [[Abigail May Alcott Nieriker|Abigail Alcott]], daughters of [[Amos Bronson Alcott]] and [[Abby May]]
 *[[Saffron Aldridge|Saffron]], [[Lily Aldridge|Lily]], and [[Ruby Aldridge]], models
 *[[Natalie Alyn Lind|Natalie]], [[Emily Alyn Lind|Emily]], and [[Alyvia Alyn Lind]], actresses and daughters of [[Barbara Alyn Woods]]
 *[[Maude Apatow]] and [[Iris Apatow]], actresses and daughters of [[Judd Apatow]] and [[Leslie Mann]]
 *[[Rosanna Arquette|Rosanna]], [[Patricia Arquette|Patricia]], and [[Alexis Arquette]], actresses
-*[[Cassandra Austen]] and [[Jane Austen]]
+*[[Cassandra Austen]], watercolourist and [[Jane Austen]], novelist
 *[[Chloe Bailey]] and [[Halle Bailey]], singers, actresses, and members of [[Chloe x Halle]]
 *[[Nikki Bella]] and [[Brie Bella]], professional wrestlers and television personalities
 *[[Estelle Bennett]] and [[Ronnie Spector]], members of [[The Ronettes]], which included their cousin, [[Nedra Talley]]
-*[[Barbara Bush (born 1981)|Barbara]] and [[Jenna Bush Hager|Jenna Bush]], daughters of [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]
 *[[Charlotte Brontë|Charlotte]], [[Emily Brontë|Emily]], and [[Anne Brontë]], novelists and poets
+*[[Barbara Bush (born 1981)|Barbara]] and [[Jenna Bush Hager|Jenna Bush]], daughters of [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]
 *[[Liz Cheney]] and [[Mary Cheney]], daughters of [[Dick Cheney]] and [[Lynne Cheney]]
 *[[Joan Collins]] and [[Jackie Collins]], actresses and authors
@@ Line 33: / Line 35: @@
 *[[Dixie D'Amelio]] and [[Charli D'Amelio]], social media personalities
 *[[Poppy Delevingne]] and [[Cara Delevingne]], models and actresses
+*[[Niki and Gabi|Nicola and Gabriella DeMartino]], YouTubers, internet personalities, and singers
 *[[Emily Deschanel]] and [[Zooey Deschanel]], actresses
 *[[Dionne quintuplets|Emilie, Annette, Marie, Cecile and Yvonne Dionne]], the first quintuplets to survive infancy
@@ Line 40: / Line 43: @@
 *[[Dakota Fanning]] and [[Elle Fanning]], actresses
 *[[Mamie Gummer|Mamie]], [[Grace Gummer|Grace]], and [[Louisa Jacobson|Louisa Gummer]], actresses and daughters of [[Meryl Streep]]
-*[[Bella Hadid]] and [[Gigi Hadid]], models
+*[[Gigi Hadid]] and [[Bella Hadid]], models
 *[[Este Haim|Este]], [[Danielle Haim|Danielle]], and [[Alana Haim]], musicians and members of [[Haim (band)|Haim]]
-*[[Kamala Harris]] and [[Maya Harris]], politicians
+*[[Kamala Harris]], politician and [[Maya Harris]], lawyer
-*[[Paris Hilton]] and [[Nicky Hilton]], socialites, models, daughters of Kathy Hilton, and nieces of Kim Richards and Kyle Richards
+*[[Paris Hilton]] and [[Nicky Hilton]], socialites, models, daughters of Kathy Hilton, and nieces of Kim and Kyle Richards
 *[[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], and [[Janet Jackson]], singers and sisters of [[The Jackson 5]]
 *[[Lynda Bird Johnson Robb|Lynda]] and [[Luci Baines Johnson]], daughters of [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and [[Lady Bird Johnson]]
@@ Line 53: / Line 56: @@
 *[[Lori Lively|Lori]], [[Robyn Lively|Robyn]], and [[Blake Lively]], actresses
 *[[Mary I of England]] and [[Elizabeth I]], daughters of [[Henry VIII]] and [[Anne Boleyn]]
+*[[Lisa and Lena|Lisa and Lena Mantler]], social media personalities
 *[[Kate Mara]] and [[Rooney Mara]], actresses
+*[[Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight]], YouTubers and social media personalities
+*[[Merrell Twins|Veronica and Vanessa Merrell]], YouTubers, actresses, producers, musicians, singers, and songwriters
 *[[Aly Michalka]] and [[AJ Michalka]], singers, actresses, and members of [[Aly & AJ]]
 *[[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Kate]] and [[Pippa Middleton]], socialites
-*[[Savannah Miller]] and [[Sienna Miller]]
+*[[Savannah Miller]], fashion designer and [[Sienna Miller]], actress
 *[[Kylie Minogue]] and [[Dannii Minogue]], singers and actresses
 *[[Tia Mowry]] and [[Tamera Mowry]], actresses
 *[[Malia and Sasha Obama]], daughters of [[Barack Obama]] and [[Michelle Obama]]
 *[[Mary-Kate Olsen|Mary-Kate]], [[Ashley Olsen|Ashley]], and [[Elizabeth Olsen]], actresses and known as "[[Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen|the Olsen twins]]"
-*[[Pier Angeli|Anna Pierangeli]] and [[Marisa Pavan|Maria Pierangeli]], actresses
 *[[Vanessa Paradis]] and [[Alysson Paradis]], actresses
+*[[Pier Angeli|Anna Pierangeli]] and [[Marisa Pavan|Maria Pierangeli]], actresses
+*[[Rain Phoenix]], [[Liberty Phoenix]], and [[Summer Phoenix]], actresses
 *[[Tegan and Sara|Tegan and Sara Quin]], music duo
 *[[Kim Richards]], [[Kyle Richards]], and [[Kathy Hilton]], actresses, socialites, and television personalities
@@ Line 89: / Line 96: @@
 *[[Laura Lee Hope]]'s [[Bobbsey Twins]] novels, which included two sets of [[fraternal twins]]: 12-year-old Nan and Bert, and six-year-old Flossie and Freddie
 *''[[In Her Shoes (novel)|In Her Shoes]]'' (2002), by Jennifer Weiner
+*''[[The Virgin Suicides]]'' by Jeffrey Eugenides
+*''[[Teen Titans]]'' by Bob Haney and Bruno Premiani, DC Comics superhero team which includes alien princess superhero Starfire and one of the supervillains was her older sister Blackfire
 ===Television===
@@ Line 95: / Line 104: @@
 *''[[Sisters (U.S. TV series)|''Sisters'']]''
 *''[[What I Like About You (TV series)|What I Like About You]]''
+*''[[Charmed]]''
 *''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]''
 *''[[Little Women (2017 TV series)|Little Women]]''
 *''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]''
+*''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]'' ([[Blackfire (DC Comics)|Blackfire]] and [[Starfire (Teen Titans)|Starfire]])
 ===Games===