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{{Short description|Airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War in 1967}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{operational plan
{{operational plan
| name = Operation Focus
| name = Operation Focus
Line 8: Line 11:
| planned_by = [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
| planned_by = [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
| objective = Destroy Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian aircraft
| objective = Destroy Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian aircraft
| executed = June 5, 1967
| executed = 5 June 1967
| executed_by = [[Israeli Air Force]]
| executed_by = [[Israeli Air Force]]
| outcome = Decisive Israeli victory
| outcome = Israeli victory
* Israeli [[air supremacy]] over [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and [[Jordan]]
* Israeli [[air supremacy]] over [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and [[Jordan]]
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Six-Day War}}
{{Campaignbox Six-Day War}}
'''Operation Focus''' ({{lang-he|מבצע מוקד}}, ''Mivtza Moked'') was the opening airstrike by [[Israel]] at the start of the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as the "Sinai Air Strike". At 07:45 on June 5, 1967, the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) under Maj. Gen. [[Mordechai Hod]] launched a massive airstrike that destroyed the majority of the [[Egypt]]ian Air Force on the ground. Following Syrian, Jordanian, and Iraqi attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries. By noon, the [[Egyptian Air Force|Egyptian]], [[Jordanian Air Force|Jordanian]] and [[Syrian Air Force]]s, with about 450 aircraft, were destroyed. It was also very successful in disabling 18 airfields in Egypt, hindering Egyptian Air Force operations for the duration of the war, and remains one of the most successful air attack campaigns in military history.
'''Operation Focus''' ({{langx|he|מבצע מוקד}}, ''Mivtza Moked'') was the opening airstrike by [[Israel]] at the start of the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as the "Sinai Air Strike". At 07:45 on 5 June 1967, the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) under Maj. Gen. [[Mordechai Hod]] launched a massive airstrike that destroyed the majority of the [[Egyptian Air Force]] on the ground. Following Syrian and Jordanian attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries. By noon, the Egyptian, [[Jordanian Air Force|Jordanian]] and [[Syrian Air Force]]s, totaling about 450 aircraft, were destroyed. It was also very successful in disabling 18 airfields in Egypt, hindering Egyptian air operations for the duration of the war, and remains one of the most successful air attack campaigns in military history.


==Summary==
==Summary==
Launching all but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets<ref>Oren, 2002, p.172</ref> in three main waves of aerial attacks, and several smaller waves in the days following the operation, a total of 452 aircraft were destroyed, most of them on the ground. That left the IAF in almost complete control of the skies, and it was able to assist the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] (IDF) ground units effectively.
The [[Israeli Air Force]] launched all but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets,<ref>Oren, 2002, p.172</ref> and consisting mainly of [[Dassault Mirage III]], [[Dassault Mystère IV]], [[Dassault Super Mystère]], [[Dassault Ouragan]], [[Sud Aviation Vautour]] and [[Fouga CM.170 Magister|Fouga Magister]]. Aerial attacks were carried in three main waves, and several smaller waves in the days following the operation. A total of 452 enemy aircraft were destroyed, most of them on the ground. That left the IAF in almost complete control of the skies, and it was able to assist the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] (IDF) ground units effectively.


The operational success was achieved by concentrating on the initial destruction of the runways with a new kind of weapon, a rocket assisted [[Anti-runway penetration bomb|anti-runway warhead]]. The prototype French/Israeli anti-runway weapon program uses rocket braking over the target to point the warhead directly toward the runway being attacked; at a set altitude, a second accelerator rocket ignites and drives the warhead through the pavement of the runway before it detonates. The explosion creates a small [[explosion crater|crater]] over a large new [[sinkhole]], meaning the damaged runway section must be completely removed before the sinkhole can be repaired rather than a normal bomb crater which is simply filled in and patched. Once the runways were disabled, entire air bases' complements of aircraft were effectively grounded and fell victim to subsequent attack waves, resulting in near-total Israeli [[air supremacy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143921/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |archivedate=2013-10-19 }}</ref><ref>"Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log", Salvador Mafe Huertas, page-41, {{ISBN|978-0764301681}}</ref>
The operational success was achieved by concentrating on the initial destruction of the runways with a new kind of weapon, a rocket-assisted [[Anti-runway penetration bomb|anti-runway warhead]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |title=Ordnance & Munitions Forecast Durandal/BLU-107/B |date= November 2005 |access-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143921/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=Forecast International }}</ref> The prototype French/Israeli anti-runway weapon program uses rocket braking over the target to point the warhead directly toward the runway being attacked; at a set altitude, a second accelerator rocket ignites and drives the warhead through the pavement of the runway before it detonates. The explosion creates a small [[explosion crater|crater]] over a large new [[sinkhole]], meaning the damaged runway section must be completely removed before the sinkhole can be repaired rather than a normal bomb crater which is simply filled in and patched. Once the runways were disabled, entire air bases' complements of aircraft were effectively grounded and fell victim to subsequent attack waves, resulting in near-total Israeli [[air supremacy]].<ref>"Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log", Salvador Mafe Huertas, page-41, {{ISBN|978-0-7643-0168-1}}</ref>


==Timeline==
==Timeline==
===June 5, 1967===
===5 June 1967===
[[File:Six Day War. Egyptian air force base attacked. Egyptian planes destroyed on the ground. June 1967. D326-011.jpg|thumb|Egyptian aircraft destroyed on the ground]]
[[File:Six Day War. Egyptian air force base attacked. Egyptian planes destroyed on the ground. June 1967. D326-011.jpg|thumb|Egyptian aircraft destroyed on the ground]]


Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor, and no airfields were yet equipped with [[Hardened Aircraft Shelter|hardened aircraft shelters]] capable of protecting Egypt's warplanes in the event of an attack. The Israeli warplanes headed out over the [[Mediterranean]] before turning toward Egypt. Meanwhile, the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense]] system: they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying [[Abdel Hakim Amer|Field Marshal Amer]] and Lt-Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud, who were en route from [[al Maza]] to [[Bir Tamada]] in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there. In this event it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which Egypt's [[SA-2]] surface-to-air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft.<ref>Bowen, 2003, pp. 114–115 (author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defence system after the war).</ref>
Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor, and no airfields were yet equipped with [[Hardened Aircraft Shelter|hardened aircraft shelters]] capable of protecting Egypt's warplanes in the event of an attack. The Israeli warplanes headed out over the [[Mediterranean Sea]] before turning toward Egypt. Meanwhile, the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense]] system: they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying [[Abdel Hakim Amer|Field Marshal Amer]] and Lt-Gen. [[Mohamed Sedky Mahmoud|Sedky Mahmoud]], who were en route from [[Almaza Air Base]] to [[Bir Tamada]] in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there. In this event it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which Egypt's [[SA-2]] surface-to-air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft.<ref>Bowen, 2003, pp. 114–115 (author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defence system after the war).</ref>


The first Israeli wave attacked 11 bases, catching much of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground and destroying them before they got airborne. The Israeli jets then returned to Israel, were "quick-turned" (refueled and re-armed) in 7 minutes 30 seconds, and left in a second wave that attacked 14 Egyptian bases and returned with only minor losses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eshel|first=Stanley M. Ulanoff, David|title=The fighting Israeli Air Force|date=1985|publisher=Arco Pub.|location=New York|isbn=0-668-05578-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/fightingisraelia00ulan/page/43 43]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fightingisraelia00ulan/page/43}}</ref> They "quick-turned" again and departed in a third wave.
The first Israeli wave attacked 11 bases, catching much of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground and destroying them before they got airborne. The Israeli jets then returned to Israel, were "quick-turned" (refueled and re-armed) in 7 minutes 30 seconds, and left in a second wave that attacked 14 Egyptian bases and returned with only minor losses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eshel|first=Stanley M. Ulanoff, David|title=The fighting Israeli Air Force|date=1985|publisher=Arco Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-668-05578-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/fightingisraelia00ulan/page/43 43]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fightingisraelia00ulan/page/43}}</ref> They "quick-turned" again and departed in a third wave.


The opening stages of Operation Focus were a complete success: Egypt's air force of nearly 500 combat aircraft was destroyed in the space of three hours, with only minor losses to the [[Israeli Air Force]]. When [[Syria]], Jordan, and [[Iraq]] attacked Israeli targets in retaliation for the airstrike on Egypt, their attacks were mainly directed at civilian targets{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} and were largely ineffectual. In response many of the IAF planes headed for a third strike on Egypt were diverted en route to Syrian and Jordanian targets, and other IAF aircraft were sent against Arab ground forces in support of Israeli ground forces. By the end of the first day of the Six-day War, Israel had complete [[air superiority]] over Egypt, the [[Golan Heights]], the [[West Bank]], and the entire [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] desert.<ref>"Six Days of War" by Michael Oren (chapter 3)</ref>
The opening stages of Operation Focus were a complete success: Egypt's air force of nearly 500 combat aircraft was destroyed in the space of three hours, with only minor losses to the [[Israeli Air Force]]. When [[Syria]], Jordan, and [[Iraq]] attacked Israeli targets in retaliation for the airstrike on Egypt, their attacks were largely ineffectual. In response many of the IAF planes headed for a third strike on Egypt were diverted en route to Syrian and Jordanian targets, and other IAF aircraft were sent against Arab ground forces in support of Israeli ground forces. By the end of the first day of the Six-day War, Israel had complete [[air superiority]] over Egypt, the [[Golan Heights]], the [[West Bank]], and the entire [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] desert.<ref>"Six Days of War" by Michael Oren (chapter 3)</ref>


===June 6–10, 1967===
=== 6–10 June 1967===
On the second day of the war (June 6) the IAF was used against Egyptian, Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi ground forces.
On the second day of the war (6 June) the IAF was used against Egyptian, Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi ground forces.


On the third day (June 7) the IAF destroyed hundreds of Egyptian vehicles trying to flee across the Sinai in convoys and trapped thousands more in narrow Sinai passes. By the end of the third day Jordan's air force of 34 combat aircraft had essentially ceased to exist and the Jordanian military was no longer in the fight.
On the third day (7 June) the IAF destroyed hundreds of Egyptian vehicles trying to flee across the Sinai in convoys and trapped thousands more in narrow Sinai passes. By the end of the third day Jordan's air force of 34 combat aircraft had essentially ceased to exist.


By the sixth and final day (June 10) [[Syria]] had lost approximately 100 combat aircraft and the fighting was over.
By the sixth and final day (10 June) [[Syria]] had lost approximately 100 combat aircraft and the fighting was over.


===Aftermath===
==Aftermath==
During the [[Six-Day War]], the [[Israeli Air Force]], with 250 combat aircraft<ref>Oren 2002, p. 171</ref> at its disposal, employing 352 sorties, had prevailed over a coalition with approximately 600 combat aircraft. The IAF destroyed 452 enemy aircraft, including 79 in air combat, while losing 46 of its own. 24 Israeli pilots and hundreds of Arab pilots were killed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
During the [[Six-Day War]], the [[Israeli Air Force]], with 250 combat aircraft<ref>Oren 2002, p. 171</ref> at its disposal, employing 352 sorties, had prevailed over a coalition with approximately 600 combat aircraft. The IAF destroyed 452 enemy aircraft, including 79 in air combat, while losing 46 of its own. Twenty-four Israeli pilots and hundreds of Arab pilots were killed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}


===Number of aircraft destroyed by aircraft type===
===Number of aircraft destroyed by aircraft type===
Line 55: Line 58:
**32 [[Ilyushin Il-14|Ilyushin Il-14 'Crates']] (30 from Egypt; two from Syria)
**32 [[Ilyushin Il-14|Ilyushin Il-14 'Crates']] (30 from Egypt; two from Syria)
**8 [[Antonov An-12|Antonov An-12 'Cubs']] (all from Egypt)
**8 [[Antonov An-12|Antonov An-12 'Cubs']] (all from Egypt)
**4 others (two Syrian C-27 medium transports; and two C-27's from Egypt)
**4 [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47 Skytrains]] (two from Egypt; two from Syria)
*Transport helicopters
*Transport helicopters
**10 [[Mil Mi-6|Mil Mi-6 'Hooks']] (eight from Egypt; two from Syria)
**10 [[Mil Mi-6|Mil Mi-6 'Hooks']] (eight from Egypt; two from Syria)
Line 76: Line 79:


==Other effects==
==Other effects==
The effectiveness of the operation showed how vulnerable fixed air base installations were to aerial attacks at the time. This caused many nations' [[Air force|air forces]] to develop improved defensive measures against them, such as constructing [[hardened aircraft shelter]]s to protect aircraft on the ground and establishing [[highway strip]]s as alternative air bases.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford History of Modern War|last=Townshend|first=Charles|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780192806451|location=|pages=167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/5-information-och-fakta/historia/vagbaserna/fortv_rapport_2006.1.pdf|title=Svenska reservvägbaser|last=Andersson|first=Lennart|date=2006-11-23|language=Swedish}}</ref>
The effectiveness of the operation showed how vulnerable fixed air base installations were to aerial attacks at the time. This caused many nations' [[air force]]s to develop improved defensive measures against them, such as constructing [[hardened aircraft shelter]]s to protect aircraft on the ground and establishing [[highway strip]]s as alternative air bases.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford History of Modern War|last=Townshend|first=Charles|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-280645-1|pages=167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/5-information-och-fakta/historia/vagbaserna/fortv_rapport_2006.1.pdf|title=Svenska reservvägbaser|last=Andersson|first=Lennart|date=23 November 2006|language=sv}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 89: Line 92:
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Wars/Wars.IN.aspx?lang=EN&lobbyID=40&folderID=42&subfolderID=42&docfolderID=42&docID=3748 IAF official website – Six Day War]
*[http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Wars/Wars.IN.aspx?lang=EN&lobbyID=40&folderID=42&subfolderID=42&docfolderID=42&docID=3748 IAF official website – Six Day War]
* [https://archive.li/20071006075601/http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=2356&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 Operation Focus: The Winning Air Strike]
* [https://archive.today/20071006075601/http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=2356&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008 Operation Focus: The Winning Air Strike]
*{{YouTube|7A0KGOEcTV0|(Al-Jazeera documentary in English, Part 1)}}
*{{YouTube|7A0KGOEcTV0|(Al-Jazeera documentary in English, Part 1)}}
*{{YouTube|gU1F1gdcJD4|(Al-Jazeera documentary in English, Part 2)}}
*{{YouTube|gU1F1gdcJD4|(Al-Jazeera documentary in English, Part 2)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Syria}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Focus, Operation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Focus, Operation}}
[[Category:Six-Day War]]
[[Category:Six-Day War]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving Israel]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by Israel]]
[[Category:Attacks on airports in Africa]]
[[Category:Attacks on airports in Syria]]
[[Category:Attacks on air bases]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1967]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Egypt]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Syria]]
[[Category:Airstrikes in Egypt]]
[[Category:Airstrikes in Syria]]
[[Category:Military operations involving airports]]

Latest revision as of 12:52, 20 December 2024

Operation Focus
Part of the Six-Day War
Israeli Air Force officers next to a destroyed Egyptian MiG-21 at Bir Gifgafa.
Operational scopeAir strike
Planned byIDF
ObjectiveDestroy Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian aircraft
Date5 June 1967
Executed byIsraeli Air Force
OutcomeIsraeli victory

Operation Focus (Hebrew: מבצע מוקד, Mivtza Moked) was the opening airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as the "Sinai Air Strike". At 07:45 on 5 June 1967, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) under Maj. Gen. Mordechai Hod launched a massive airstrike that destroyed the majority of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground. Following Syrian and Jordanian attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries. By noon, the Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian Air Forces, totaling about 450 aircraft, were destroyed. It was also very successful in disabling 18 airfields in Egypt, hindering Egyptian air operations for the duration of the war, and remains one of the most successful air attack campaigns in military history.

Summary

[edit]

The Israeli Air Force launched all but 12 of its nearly 200 operational jets,[1] and consisting mainly of Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Mystère IV, Dassault Super Mystère, Dassault Ouragan, Sud Aviation Vautour and Fouga Magister. Aerial attacks were carried in three main waves, and several smaller waves in the days following the operation. A total of 452 enemy aircraft were destroyed, most of them on the ground. That left the IAF in almost complete control of the skies, and it was able to assist the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) ground units effectively.

The operational success was achieved by concentrating on the initial destruction of the runways with a new kind of weapon, a rocket-assisted anti-runway warhead.[2] The prototype French/Israeli anti-runway weapon program uses rocket braking over the target to point the warhead directly toward the runway being attacked; at a set altitude, a second accelerator rocket ignites and drives the warhead through the pavement of the runway before it detonates. The explosion creates a small crater over a large new sinkhole, meaning the damaged runway section must be completely removed before the sinkhole can be repaired rather than a normal bomb crater which is simply filled in and patched. Once the runways were disabled, entire air bases' complements of aircraft were effectively grounded and fell victim to subsequent attack waves, resulting in near-total Israeli air supremacy.[3]

Timeline

[edit]

5 June 1967

[edit]
Egyptian aircraft destroyed on the ground

Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor, and no airfields were yet equipped with hardened aircraft shelters capable of protecting Egypt's warplanes in the event of an attack. The Israeli warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean Sea before turning toward Egypt. Meanwhile, the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire air defense system: they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Amer and Lt-Gen. Sedky Mahmoud, who were en route from Almaza Air Base to Bir Tamada in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there. In this event it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which Egypt's SA-2 surface-to-air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft.[4]

The first Israeli wave attacked 11 bases, catching much of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground and destroying them before they got airborne. The Israeli jets then returned to Israel, were "quick-turned" (refueled and re-armed) in 7 minutes 30 seconds, and left in a second wave that attacked 14 Egyptian bases and returned with only minor losses.[5] They "quick-turned" again and departed in a third wave.

The opening stages of Operation Focus were a complete success: Egypt's air force of nearly 500 combat aircraft was destroyed in the space of three hours, with only minor losses to the Israeli Air Force. When Syria, Jordan, and Iraq attacked Israeli targets in retaliation for the airstrike on Egypt, their attacks were largely ineffectual. In response many of the IAF planes headed for a third strike on Egypt were diverted en route to Syrian and Jordanian targets, and other IAF aircraft were sent against Arab ground forces in support of Israeli ground forces. By the end of the first day of the Six-day War, Israel had complete air superiority over Egypt, the Golan Heights, the West Bank, and the entire Sinai desert.[6]

6–10 June 1967

[edit]

On the second day of the war (6 June) the IAF was used against Egyptian, Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi ground forces.

On the third day (7 June) the IAF destroyed hundreds of Egyptian vehicles trying to flee across the Sinai in convoys and trapped thousands more in narrow Sinai passes. By the end of the third day Jordan's air force of 34 combat aircraft had essentially ceased to exist.

By the sixth and final day (10 June) Syria had lost approximately 100 combat aircraft and the fighting was over.

Aftermath

[edit]

During the Six-Day War, the Israeli Air Force, with 250 combat aircraft[7] at its disposal, employing 352 sorties, had prevailed over a coalition with approximately 600 combat aircraft. The IAF destroyed 452 enemy aircraft, including 79 in air combat, while losing 46 of its own. Twenty-four Israeli pilots and hundreds of Arab pilots were killed.[citation needed]

Number of aircraft destroyed by aircraft type

[edit]

Number of aircraft destroyed by country

[edit]
Tail of a downed Egyptian Mikoyan MiG-19

Totals by waves

[edit]
  1. First wave (7:45 am): 101 sorties; 11 airfields were attacked by 183 IAF aircraft; 197 Egyptian aircraft and 8 radar stations were destroyed. Five IAF pilots were killed and five more fell captive.
  2. Second wave (9:30 am): 164 sorties; airfields were attacked; 107 Egyptian aircraft destroyed; Two Syrian planes destroyed in dogfights
  3. Third Wave (12:15 pm): 85 sorties against Egypt, 48 against Jordan, 67 against Syria and one against H-3 air base in Iraq.
  4. Other waves (afternoon & evening): two more sorties against H-3; several additional attacks on Egyptian airfields.

Other effects

[edit]

The effectiveness of the operation showed how vulnerable fixed air base installations were to aerial attacks at the time. This caused many nations' air forces to develop improved defensive measures against them, such as constructing hardened aircraft shelters to protect aircraft on the ground and establishing highway strips as alternative air bases.[8][9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Oren, 2002, p.172
  2. ^ "Ordnance & Munitions Forecast Durandal/BLU-107/B". Forecast International. November 2005. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  3. ^ "Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log", Salvador Mafe Huertas, page-41, ISBN 978-0-7643-0168-1
  4. ^ Bowen, 2003, pp. 114–115 (author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defence system after the war).
  5. ^ Eshel, Stanley M. Ulanoff, David (1985). The fighting Israeli Air Force. New York: Arco Pub. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-668-05578-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Six Days of War" by Michael Oren (chapter 3)
  7. ^ Oren 2002, p. 171
  8. ^ Townshend, Charles (2005). The Oxford History of Modern War. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-280645-1.
  9. ^ Andersson, Lennart (23 November 2006). "Svenska reservvägbaser" (PDF) (in Swedish).

Sources

[edit]
  • Eric Hammel (October 2002). "Sinai air strike: June 5, 1967". Military Heritage. 4 (2): 68–73.
  • Danni Shalom, Like A Bolt Out of the Blue: How the Arab Airforces were destroyed in the Six-Day War, BAVIR – Aviation Publications, 2002, 650 pages, hardcover.
  • Oren, Michael B. Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Samuel M. Katz Israel's Air Force; The Power Series. Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers, Osceola, WI. 1991.
[edit]

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