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<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
| service = 2015–present<ref name="janes28april20">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-completes-deliveries-of-km-sam-block-1-system-to-rokaf|title=South Korea completes deliveries of KM-SAM Block-1 system to RoKAF|last1=Kim|first1=Dae Young|date=28 April 2020|website=[[Jane's Information Group]]|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404201427/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-completes-deliveries-of-km-sam-block-1-system-to-rokaf|archive-date=4 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| service = 2015–present<ref name="janes28april20">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-completes-deliveries-of-km-sam-block-1-system-to-rokaf|title=South Korea completes deliveries of KM-SAM Block-1 system to RoKAF|last1=Kim|first1=Dae Young|date=28 April 2020|website=[[Jane's Information Group]]|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404201427/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-completes-deliveries-of-km-sam-block-1-system-to-rokaf|archive-date=4 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| used_by = See ''[[KM-SAM#Operators|Operators]]''
| used_by = {{air force|Republic of Korea}}<br>{{army|United Arab Emirates}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2022/01/30/the-uae-is-bolstering-its-formidable-air-defenses/ | title=The UAE is Bolstering Its Formidable Air Defenses | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>
| wars =
| wars =
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
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| clearance =
| clearance =
| vehicle_range = Block 1: {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} <br>Block 2: {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/m-sam.htm Cheolmae II / Cheongung (Iron Hawk)] globalsecurity.org, 12 April 2023</ref><ref name="DAPA Magazine VOL.118">{{cite web|url=https://dapa-magazine.kr/page/vol118/view.php?volNum=vol118&seq=1|title=K-방산 & One Team 방산수출 미래가 활짝 열리다|publisher=[[Defense Acquisition Program Administration]]|date=March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416132813/https://dapa-magazine.kr/page/vol118/view.php?volNum=vol118&seq=1|archivedate=16 April 2024|accessdate=16 April 2024|author1=}}</ref>
| vehicle_range = Block 1: {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} <br>Block 2: {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/m-sam.htm Cheolmae II / Cheongung (Iron Hawk)] globalsecurity.org, 12 April 2023</ref><ref name="DAPA Magazine VOL.118">{{cite web|url=https://dapa-magazine.kr/page/vol118/view.php?volNum=vol118&seq=1|title=K-방산 & One Team 방산수출 미래가 활짝 열리다|publisher=[[Defense Acquisition Program Administration]]|date=March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416132813/https://dapa-magazine.kr/page/vol118/view.php?volNum=vol118&seq=1|archivedate=16 April 2024|accessdate=16 April 2024|author1=}}</ref>
| ceiling = Block 1: {{convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="armyreco28april20">[https://www.armyrecognition.com/april_2020_news_defense_global_security_army_industry/south_korea_army_received_first_local-made_cheongung_km-sam_air_defense_missile_systems.html All local-made Cheongung KM-SAM air defense missile systems delivered to South Korean Army]. ''Army Recognition''. 28 April 2020.</ref><br>Block 2: {{convert|20|km|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="DAPA Magazine VOL.118" />
| ceiling = Block 1: {{convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="armyreco28april20">{{cite web |title=All local-made Cheongung KM-SAM air defense missile systems delivered to South Korean Army |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/april_2020_news_defense_global_security_army_industry/south_korea_army_received_first_local-made_cheongung_km-sam_air_defense_missile_systems.html |publisher=Army Recognition |access-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509225200/https://www.armyrecognition.com/april_2020_news_defense_global_security_army_industry/south_korea_army_received_first_local-made_cheongung_km-sam_air_defense_missile_systems.html |archive-date=2020-05-09 |date=28 April 2020}}</ref><br>Block 2: {{convert|20|km|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="DAPA Magazine VOL.118" />
| speed = {{convert|4.5|Mach|m/s km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armyrecognition.com/november_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/south_korea_first_live_fire_exercise_with_km-sam_cheongung_missile_system.html|title=South Korea first live fire exercise with KM-SAM Cheongung missile system|publisher=Army Recognition|date=2 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805054126/https://armyrecognition.com/november_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/south_korea_first_live_fire_exercise_with_km-sam_cheongung_missile_system.html|archivedate=5 August 2020|accessdate=5 August 2020|author1=}}</ref> – {{convert|5|Mach|m/s km/h|abbr=on}}
| speed = {{convert|4.5|Mach|m/s km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armyrecognition.com/november_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/south_korea_first_live_fire_exercise_with_km-sam_cheongung_missile_system.html|title=South Korea first live fire exercise with KM-SAM Cheongung missile system|publisher=Army Recognition|date=2 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805054126/https://armyrecognition.com/november_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/south_korea_first_live_fire_exercise_with_km-sam_cheongung_missile_system.html|archivedate=5 August 2020|accessdate=5 August 2020|author1=}}</ref> – {{convert|5|Mach|m/s km/h|abbr=on}}
| guidance = [[Inertial guidance]] with midcourse updates through [[datalink]], terminal [[active radar homing]]<ref name="defense-update.com">{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/20111217_cheongung_mrsam.html#.VjwLzyvw_Mp|title=Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System - Defense Update|author=|date=17 December 2011|website=defense-update.com|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>
| guidance = [[Inertial guidance]] with midcourse updates through [[datalink]], terminal [[active radar homing]]<ref name="defense-update.com">{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/20111217_cheongung_mrsam.html#.VjwLzyvw_Mp|title=Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System - Defense Update|author=|date=17 December 2011|website=defense-update.com|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>
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[[File:Cross sectional view of the KM-SAM Block-I missile.png|thumb|left|305px|KM-SAM Block-I missile cutaway]]
[[File:Cross sectional view of the KM-SAM Block-I missile.png|thumb|left|305px|KM-SAM Block-I missile cutaway]]


A complete battery consists of four to six 8-cell [[transporter erector launcher]]s (TELs), a [[passive electronically scanned array]] (PESA) [[X-band radar|X-band]] multi-function [[phased array]] [[3D radar]] (based on the one from the Russian S-400), and a fire command vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqFN_6lrkhc|title=psy K-MSAM|last=leojinpark2299|date=21 September 2012|publisher=|accessdate=4 November 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="armyreco28april20"/> The radar operates in the X-band and rotates at a rate of 40 rpm, covering up to 80 degrees in elevation.<ref name="defense-update.com"/> It can detect targets within {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} and track up to 40 simultaneously.<ref>[https://warisboring.com/south-korea-deploys-its-own-missile-shield/ South Korea Deploys Its Own Missile Shield]. ''War is Boring''. 12 October 2017.</ref>
A complete battery consists of four to six 8-cell [[transporter erector launcher]]s (TELs), a [[passive electronically scanned array]] (PESA) multi-function [[3D radar]] (based on the one from the Russian S-400), and a fire command vehicle.<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="armyreco28april20"/> The radar operates in the [[X-band]] and rotates at a rate of 40 [[rpm]], covering up to 80 degrees in elevation.<ref name="defense-update.com"/> It can detect targets within {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} and track up to 40 simultaneously.<ref>[https://warisboring.com/south-korea-deploys-its-own-missile-shield/ South Korea Deploys Its Own Missile Shield]. ''War is Boring''. 12 October 2017.</ref>


The KM-SAM is the middle-tier of South Korea's three-tier aerial and missile defense system. Though it was developed in Russia by the Almaz Design Bureau in association with [[Samsung|Samsung Thales]], [[LIG Nex1]], and [[Doosan Group|Doosan DST]], localization and industrialization were done in South Korea enough to consider it an indigenous system. South Korea has independent export rights under international intellectual property law and does not use Russian-made parts. Therefore, export is possible regardless of international sanctions against Russia. The KM-SAM can intercept targets up to an altitude of {{convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}} at a range of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It is to replace upgraded [[MIM-23 Hawk]] batteries in South Korea and be made available for export. Almaz-Antey continued with the program after prototypes were transferred and have created a distinctly Russian version called the [[Vityaz missile system]].<ref name="defenseupdate17dec11">[http://defense-update.com/20111217_cheongung_mrsam.html#.U3yph8JOUdU Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System] - Defense-Update.com, 17 December 2011</ref><ref>[https://m.blog.naver.com/rgm84d/221940622322 천궁 기본형 양산 완료 & 새로운 성능개량 사업] - blog.naver.com, 2 May 2020</ref>
The KM-SAM is the middle-tier of South Korea's three-tier aerial and missile defense system. Though it was developed in Russia by the Almaz Design Bureau in association with [[Samsung#Divested|Samsung Thales]], [[LIG Nex1]], and [[Doosan Group|Doosan DST]], localization and industrialization were done in South Korea enough to consider it an indigenous system. South Korea has independent export rights under international intellectual property law and does not use Russian-made parts. Therefore, export is possible regardless of international sanctions against Russia. The KM-SAM can intercept targets up to an altitude of {{convert|15|km|ft|abbr=on}} at a range of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It is to replace upgraded [[MIM-23 Hawk]] batteries in South Korea and be made available for export. Almaz-Antey continued with the program after prototypes were transferred and have created a distinctly Russian version called the [[Vityaz missile system]].<ref name="defenseupdate17dec11">[http://defense-update.com/20111217_cheongung_mrsam.html#.U3yph8JOUdU Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System] - Defense-Update.com, 17 December 2011</ref>


The [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] revealed in mid-2015 that the KM-SAM would soon enter mass production and begin delivery to the Air Force that September, replacing the Hawk missile that had been in Korean service since 1964, which the [[United States military]] retired in 2002. The system can intercept up to six targets simultaneously, and the missiles have anti-[[electronic warfare]] capabilities to keep functioning despite jamming.<ref name="kjd31july15"/><ref name="armyreco3aug15">[http://armyrecognition.com/august_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/south_korea_about_to_start_deployement_of_new_cheongung_m-sam_air_defense_missile_system_20308152.html South Korea about to start deployment of new Cheongung M-SAM air defense missile system] - Armyrecognition.com, 3 August 2015</ref> The system passed the military's operational requirement verification test in July 2015, and began deployment in early 2016 near the maritime border with North Korea in the [[Yellow Sea]].<ref>[http://armyrecognition.com/march_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/south_korea_deploys_surface-to-air_guided_missile_system_along_maritime_border_51003161.html South Korea deploys surface-to-air guided missile system along maritime border] - Armyrecognition.com, 10 March 2016</ref>
The [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] (ROKAF) revealed in mid-2015 that the KM-SAM would soon enter mass production and begin delivery to the Air Force that September, replacing the Hawk missile that had been in Korean service since 1964, which the [[United States military]] retired in 2002. The system can intercept up to six targets simultaneously, and the missiles have anti-[[electronic warfare]] capabilities to keep functioning despite jamming.<ref name="kjd31july15"/><ref name="armyreco3aug15">[http://armyrecognition.com/august_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/south_korea_about_to_start_deployement_of_new_cheongung_m-sam_air_defense_missile_system_20308152.html South Korea about to start deployment of new Cheongung M-SAM air defense missile system] - Armyrecognition.com, 3 August 2015</ref> The system passed the military's operational requirement verification test in July 2015, and began deployment in early 2016 near the maritime border with North Korea in the [[Yellow Sea]].<ref>[http://armyrecognition.com/march_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/south_korea_deploys_surface-to-air_guided_missile_system_along_maritime_border_51003161.html South Korea deploys surface-to-air guided missile system along maritime border] - Armyrecognition.com, 10 March 2016</ref>


On 28 April 2020, the [[Defense Acquisition Program Administration]] (DAPA) announced that deliveries of the Cheongung KM-SAM Block-1 system to the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] (ROKAF) had been completed.<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="armyreco28april20"/> In July 2021, South Korea retired its last MIM-23 Hawk system, phasing it out for the Cheongung Block-1.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 July 2021|title=South Korean air force retires last MIM-23 HAWK SAM systems|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korean-air-force-retires-last-mim-23-hawk-sam-systems|access-date=|website=[[Jane's Information Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716164658/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korean-air-force-retires-last-mim-23-hawk-sam-systems|archive-date=16 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 28 April 2020, the [[Defense Acquisition Program Administration]] (DAPA) announced that deliveries of the Cheongung KM-SAM Block-1 system to the ROKAF had been completed.<ref name="janes28april20"/><ref name="armyreco28april20"/> In July 2021, South Korea retired its last MIM-23 Hawk system, phasing it out for the Cheongung Block-1.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 July 2021|title=South Korean air force retires last MIM-23 HAWK SAM systems|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korean-air-force-retires-last-mim-23-hawk-sam-systems|access-date=|website=[[Jane's Information Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716164658/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korean-air-force-retires-last-mim-23-hawk-sam-systems|archive-date=16 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>


===KM-SAM battery configuration===
===KM-SAM battery configuration===
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===Block-III===
===Block-III===
The Defense Acquisition Program Administration decided to develop KM-SAM III by investing 2.8 trillion won from 2024 to 2034.<ref>[https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-to-develop-advanced-missile-interceptors South Korea to develop advanced missile interceptors] janes.com, 27 April 2023</ref>
The DAPA decided to develop KM-SAM Block III by investing 2.8 trillion won from 2024 to 2034.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Korea to develop advanced missile interceptors |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/south-korea-to-develop-advanced-missile-interceptors |publisher=[[Janes Information Services]] |date=2023-04-27}}</ref> According to ''[[Defense News]]'', it will be equipped with an [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar.<ref name=":1" />


===Further development===
===Further development===
The KM-SAM block-2 was to be an upper-tier interceptor designed to take down [[ballistic missile]]s, offering capabilities similar to that of the American [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] missile with a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} and ceiling of {{convert|200,000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. Performance levels were to be twice as superior to the [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] and Cheolmae II missiles, and was expected to be based on the Russian S-400 technology.<ref name="defenseupdate17dec11"/> This role was filled by the development of the [[L-SAM|Long-range Surface-to-Air Missile]] (L-SAM).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.add.re.kr/board?menuId=MENU02829|title=L-SAM|publisher=[[Agency for Defense Development]]|date=|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240220144017/https://www.add.re.kr/board?menuId=MENU02829|archivedate=20 February 2024|accessdate=20 February 2024|author=}}</ref>
The KM-SAM block-2 was to be an upper-tier interceptor designed to take down [[ballistic missile]]s, offering capabilities similar to that of the American [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] missile with a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} and ceiling of {{convert|200,000|ft|km|abbr=on}}.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Performance levels were to be twice as superior to the [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] and Cheolmae II missiles, and was expected to be based on the Russian S-400 technology.<ref name="defenseupdate17dec11"/> This role was filled by the development of the [[L-SAM|Long-range Surface-to-Air Missile]] (L-SAM).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.add.re.kr/board?menuId=MENU02829|title=L-SAM|publisher=[[Agency for Defense Development]]|date=|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240220144017/https://www.add.re.kr/board?menuId=MENU02829|archivedate=20 February 2024|accessdate=20 February 2024|author=}}</ref>


==Exports==
==Exports==
[[LIG Nex1]] participated in [[International Defence Exhibition]] held in the [[UAE]] in 2021 and showed off the Korean weapon system including KM-SAM and [[AT-1K Raybolt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210221000166|title=LIG Nex1 heads to IDEX 2021, knocks on Middle East market|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=21 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130191817/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210221000166|archivedate=30 January 2022|accessdate=30 January 2022|author1=Kim Byung-wook}}</ref>
[[LIG Nex1]] participated in [[International Defence Exhibition]] held in the [[UAE]] in 2021 and showed off the Korean weapon system including KM-SAM and [[AT-1K Raybolt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210221000166|title=LIG Nex1 heads to IDEX 2021, knocks on Middle East market|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=21 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130191817/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210221000166|archivedate=30 January 2022|accessdate=30 January 2022|author1=Kim Byung-wook}}</ref>


On 16 November 2021, the UAE's Ministry of Defense [[Twitter|tweeted]] that it plans to acquire the M-SAM as a "qualitative addition" to its existing air defense capabilities and that the deal could reach US$3.5 billion.<ref name="janes16nov21"/> An official at South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) said that the announcement was "positive" but "we still need to see how negotiations on the details will proceed."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/11/120_318933.html|title=UAE to purchase South Korean M-SAM missiles in $3.5 billion deal|publisher=[[The Korea Times]]|date=17 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120202149/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/11/120_318933.html|archivedate=20 November 2021|accessdate=20 November 2021|author1=}}</ref> On 16 January 2022, the [[Defense Acquisition Program Administration]] of the [[Government of South Korea|South Korean Government]] announced that the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] would purchase the system in a deal worth $3.5 billion. At the time, it was the largest arms export deal ever made by South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/01/17/national/defense/defense-dapa-lig-nex1/20220117183715633.html|title=UAE to buy Korean air defense system for $3.5 billion|publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102927/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/01/17/national/defense/defense-dapa-lig-nex1/20220117183715633.html|archivedate=4 February 2022|accessdate=4 February 2022|author1=Michael Lee}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/01/18/south-korea-inks-largest-arms-export-deal-with-uae-for-missile-interceptor/|title=South Korea inks largest arms export deal with UAE for missile interceptor|publisher=[[Defense News]]|date=19 January 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240313154325/https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/01/18/south-korea-inks-largest-arms-export-deal-with-uae-for-missile-interceptor/|archivedate=13 March 2024|accessdate=13 March 2024|author1=Brian Kim}}</ref>
On 16 November 2021, the UAE's Ministry of Defense [[Twitter|tweeted]] that it plans to acquire the M-SAM as a "qualitative addition" to its existing air defense capabilities and that the deal could reach US$3.5 billion.<ref name="janes16nov21"/> An official at South Korea's DAPA said that the announcement was "positive" but "we still need to see how negotiations on the details will proceed."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/11/120_318933.html|title=UAE to purchase South Korean M-SAM missiles in $3.5 billion deal|work=[[The Korea Times]]|date=17 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120202149/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/11/120_318933.html|archivedate=20 November 2021|accessdate=20 November 2021|author1=}}</ref> On 16 January 2022, the DAPA of the [[Government of South Korea|South Korean Government]] announced that the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] would purchase the system in a deal worth $3.5 billion. At the time, it was the largest arms export deal ever made by South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/01/17/national/defense/defense-dapa-lig-nex1/20220117183715633.html|title=UAE to buy Korean air defense system for $3.5 billion|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102927/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/01/17/national/defense/defense-dapa-lig-nex1/20220117183715633.html|archivedate=4 February 2022|accessdate=4 February 2022|first1=Michael|last1=Lee}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/01/18/south-korea-inks-largest-arms-export-deal-with-uae-for-missile-interceptor/|title=South Korea inks largest arms export deal with UAE for missile interceptor|work=[[Defense News]]|date=19 January 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240313154325/https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/01/18/south-korea-inks-largest-arms-export-deal-with-uae-for-missile-interceptor/|archivedate=13 March 2024|accessdate=13 March 2024|first=Brian|last=Kim}}</ref>


The US requested South Korea to send this missile system to Ukraine for the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|War in Ukraine]]. However South Korea declined on the basis of its security situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-zelenskiy-says-tens-thousands-killed-mariupol-seeks-military-aid-skorea-2022-04-11/|title=Ukraine's Zelenskiy seeks military aid from South Korea|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=11 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117214314/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-zelenskiy-says-tens-thousands-killed-mariupol-seeks-military-aid-skorea-2022-04-11/|archivedate=17 November 2022|accessdate=17 November 2022|author1=Josh Smith|author2=Soo-Hyang Choi}}</ref>
In 2022, the US requested South Korea to send this missile system to Ukraine during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion]]. However South Korea declined on the basis of its security situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-zelenskiy-says-tens-thousands-killed-mariupol-seeks-military-aid-skorea-2022-04-11/|title=Ukraine's Zelenskiy seeks military aid from South Korea|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=11 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117214314/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-zelenskiy-says-tens-thousands-killed-mariupol-seeks-military-aid-skorea-2022-04-11/|archivedate=17 November 2022|accessdate=17 November 2022|first1=Josh|last1=Smith|first2=Soo-Hyang|last2=Choi}}</ref>

In February 2024, the South Korean [[Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)|Ministry of National Defense]] announced that Saudi Arabia would purchase 10 KM-SAM Block II batteries, in a deal worth $3.2 billion.<ref name=":1" />

In September 2024, the Iraqi [[Ministry of Defence (Iraq)|Ministry of Defense]] signed a deal with LIG Nex1 worth $2.8 billion, in order to acquire an unspecified number of KM-SAM Block II batteries.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/iraq-acquiring-km-sam-ii-systems|title=Iraq Acquiring KM-SAM II Systems|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology|Aviation Week]]|date=September 20, 2024|first=Tony|last=Osborne}}</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

=== Current operator ===
=== Current operator ===
[[File:A demonstration of the missile launch of KM-SAM.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:15|A demonstration of the missile launch of KM-SAM]]
[[File:A demonstration of the missile launch of KM-SAM.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:15|A demonstration of the missile launch of KM-SAM]]
Line 124: Line 130:


=== Future operators ===
=== Future operators ===
; {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] (unspecified)
: Block II, unspecified number of batteries ordered in September 2024 for USD $2.8 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20240920001800320|title=LIG Nex1 wins 3.7 tln-won deal to export missile defense system Cheongung-II to Iraq|agency=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|last=Kim|first=Boram|date=September 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://breakingdefense.com/2024/09/iraq-boosts-air-defenses-with-reported-2-8b-deal-for-south-korean-cheongung-ii/|title=Iraq boosts air defenses with reported $2.8B deal for South Korean Cheongung-II|publisher=Breakingdefense}}</ref>


; {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces]] (10 batteries)
; {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces]] (10 batteries)
: Block II, 10 batteries ordered in February 2024 for USD $3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/02/07/saudi-arabia-signs-32b-deal-for-south-korean-air-defense-systems/ | title=Saudi Arabia signs $3.2B deal for South Korean air defense systems | date=7 February 2024 }}</ref>
: Block II, 10 batteries ordered in February 2024 for USD $3.2 billion.<ref name=":1">{{cite news | url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/02/07/saudi-arabia-signs-32b-deal-for-south-korean-air-defense-systems/ | title=Saudi Arabia signs $3.2B deal for South Korean air defense systems | date=7 February 2024 |first1=Gordon |last1=Arthur |work=Defense News}}</ref>


; {{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates Army]] (12 batteries)
; {{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates Army]] (12 batteries)
: Block II, 12 batteries ordered in January 2023, to be produced partially in the UAE, worth USD $3.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Military Watch Magazine |url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/south-korea-uae-kmsam-russian-tech}}</ref>
: Block II, 12 batteries ordered in January 2023, to be produced partially in the UAE, worth USD $3.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Brian |date=2022-01-18 |title=South Korea inks largest arms export deal with UAE for missile interceptor |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/01/18/south-korea-inks-largest-arms-export-deal-with-uae-for-missile-interceptor/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[KP-SAM Chiron|KP-SAM]]
* [[KP-SAM Chiron|KP-SAM]]
* [[Crotale (missile)#K-SAM Pegasus|K-SAM]] (based on Crotale)
* K-SAM (based on [[Crotale (missile)|Crotale]])
* [[K-SAAM]]
* [[K-SAAM]]
* [[L-SAM]]
* [[L-SAM]]

Latest revision as of 13:38, 20 December 2024

For the similarly-named ship-launched air-defense system of South Korea, see K-SAAM (Haegung).
Korean Medium-range Surface-to-Air Missile
천궁 중거리 지대공 미사일
KM-SAM Block-II
TypeMedium-range, mobile surface-to-air missile/anti-ballistic missile system
Place of originSouth Korea
Service history
In service2015–present[1]
Used bySee Operators
Production history
DesignerAgency for Defense Development
Almaz-Antey (Block 1)
DesignedBlock 1: 2001–2011[2]
Block 2: 2012–2017
Block 3: 2024–In development
ManufacturerHanwha Aerospace (launcher, radar)
LIG Nex1 (missile, system)
ProducedBlock 1: 2015–2020
Block 2: 2021–present
Specifications
MassMissile: 400 kg (880 lb)
Length4.61 m (15.1 ft)
Diameter275 mm (10.8 in)
EngineSolid-fuel rocket motor
Operational
range
Block 1: 40 km (25 mi)
Block 2: 50 km (31 mi)[3][4]
Flight ceilingBlock 1: 15 km (49,000 ft)[1][5]
Block 2: 20 km (66,000 ft)[1][4]
Maximum speed Mach 4.5 (1,530 m/s; 5,510 km/h)[6] – Mach 5 (1,700 m/s; 6,100 km/h)
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance with midcourse updates through datalink, terminal active radar homing[7]

The KM-SAM (Korean Medium-range Surface-to-Air Missile; Korean: 천궁; Hanja: 天弓; RR: Cheon-gung) which is also known as the Cheolmae-2 (Iron Hawk; Korean: 철매; Hanja: 鐵鷹; RR: Cheol-mae) is a South Korean medium range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system that was developed by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) with technical support from Almaz-Antey and Fakel, based on technology from the 9M96 missile used on S-350E and S-400 missile systems.[8]

Design and development

[edit]
KM-SAM Block-I missile cutaway

A complete battery consists of four to six 8-cell transporter erector launchers (TELs), a passive electronically scanned array (PESA) multi-function 3D radar (based on the one from the Russian S-400), and a fire command vehicle.[1][5] The radar operates in the X-band and rotates at a rate of 40 rpm, covering up to 80 degrees in elevation.[7] It can detect targets within 100 km (62 mi) and track up to 40 simultaneously.[9]

The KM-SAM is the middle-tier of South Korea's three-tier aerial and missile defense system. Though it was developed in Russia by the Almaz Design Bureau in association with Samsung Thales, LIG Nex1, and Doosan DST, localization and industrialization were done in South Korea enough to consider it an indigenous system. South Korea has independent export rights under international intellectual property law and does not use Russian-made parts. Therefore, export is possible regardless of international sanctions against Russia. The KM-SAM can intercept targets up to an altitude of 15 km (49,000 ft) at a range of 40 km (25 mi). It is to replace upgraded MIM-23 Hawk batteries in South Korea and be made available for export. Almaz-Antey continued with the program after prototypes were transferred and have created a distinctly Russian version called the Vityaz missile system.[10]

The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) revealed in mid-2015 that the KM-SAM would soon enter mass production and begin delivery to the Air Force that September, replacing the Hawk missile that had been in Korean service since 1964, which the United States military retired in 2002. The system can intercept up to six targets simultaneously, and the missiles have anti-electronic warfare capabilities to keep functioning despite jamming.[2][11] The system passed the military's operational requirement verification test in July 2015, and began deployment in early 2016 near the maritime border with North Korea in the Yellow Sea.[12]

On 28 April 2020, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) announced that deliveries of the Cheongung KM-SAM Block-1 system to the ROKAF had been completed.[1][5] In July 2021, South Korea retired its last MIM-23 Hawk system, phasing it out for the Cheongung Block-1.[13]

KM-SAM battery configuration

[edit]

The configuration of KM-SAM batteries typically includes multifunction radar, vertical launchers, and control center vehicles.

  • Engagement Control Center (ECS): 1
  • Multifunction Radar (MFR): 1
  • Launchers: 4–6
  • Missiles per Launcher: 8
  • Power Generator: 1

Improvements

[edit]

Block-II

[edit]
KM-SAM Block-II missile cutaway
KM-SAM's MFR, launcher, and ECS vehicles

In April 2017, South Korean military officials revealed that a low-tier missile defense system based on the Cheongung was in the final phase of development. Modifying the standard SAM with hit-to-kill technology enables it to intercept incoming ballistic missiles at mid altitudes of around 20 km (66,000 ft).[14][15][16] The first upgraded Cheongung-II system was delivered to the ROKAF in November 2020.[17] The Block II interceptor is effective against both aircraft and ballistic targets.[16][18]

The KM-SAM will be able to be launched from the Korean Vertical Launch System (K-VLS) aboard Daegu-class frigates in a naval role.[19]

Block-III

[edit]

The DAPA decided to develop KM-SAM Block III by investing 2.8 trillion won from 2024 to 2034.[20] According to Defense News, it will be equipped with an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar.[21]

Further development

[edit]

The KM-SAM block-2 was to be an upper-tier interceptor designed to take down ballistic missiles, offering capabilities similar to that of the American Terminal High Altitude Area Defense missile with a range of 150 km (93 mi) and ceiling of 200,000 ft (61 km).[citation needed] Performance levels were to be twice as superior to the Patriot and Cheolmae II missiles, and was expected to be based on the Russian S-400 technology.[10] This role was filled by the development of the Long-range Surface-to-Air Missile (L-SAM).[22]

Exports

[edit]

LIG Nex1 participated in International Defence Exhibition held in the UAE in 2021 and showed off the Korean weapon system including KM-SAM and AT-1K Raybolt.[23]

On 16 November 2021, the UAE's Ministry of Defense tweeted that it plans to acquire the M-SAM as a "qualitative addition" to its existing air defense capabilities and that the deal could reach US$3.5 billion.[18] An official at South Korea's DAPA said that the announcement was "positive" but "we still need to see how negotiations on the details will proceed."[24] On 16 January 2022, the DAPA of the South Korean Government announced that the UAE would purchase the system in a deal worth $3.5 billion. At the time, it was the largest arms export deal ever made by South Korea.[25][26]

In 2022, the US requested South Korea to send this missile system to Ukraine during the Russian invasion. However South Korea declined on the basis of its security situation.[27]

In February 2024, the South Korean Ministry of National Defense announced that Saudi Arabia would purchase 10 KM-SAM Block II batteries, in a deal worth $3.2 billion.[21]

In September 2024, the Iraqi Ministry of Defense signed a deal with LIG Nex1 worth $2.8 billion, in order to acquire an unspecified number of KM-SAM Block II batteries.[28]

Operators

[edit]

Current operator

[edit]
A demonstration of the missile launch of KM-SAM
South Korea Republic of Korea Air Force (19 batteries + 6 on order)
  • Block I, 18 batteries in service, 4 launchers of 8 missiles per battery.[29]
  • Block II, 1 battery in service + 6 on order (total planned 7), 4 launchers of 8 missiles per battery.[29][30]

Future operators

[edit]
Iraq Iraqi Armed Forces (unspecified)
Block II, unspecified number of batteries ordered in September 2024 for USD $2.8 billion.[31][32]
Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces (10 batteries)
Block II, 10 batteries ordered in February 2024 for USD $3.2 billion.[21]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Army (12 batteries)
Block II, 12 batteries ordered in January 2023, to be produced partially in the UAE, worth USD $3.5 billion.[33]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Kim, Dae Young (28 April 2020). "South Korea completes deliveries of KM-SAM Block-1 system to RoKAF". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b Korean-made missiles to replace aging Hawks - Koreajoongangdaily.joins.com, 31 July 2015
  3. ^ Cheolmae II / Cheongung (Iron Hawk) globalsecurity.org, 12 April 2023
  4. ^ a b "K-방산 & One Team 방산수출 미래가 활짝 열리다". Defense Acquisition Program Administration. March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b c "All local-made Cheongung KM-SAM air defense missile systems delivered to South Korean Army". Army Recognition. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  6. ^ "South Korea first live fire exercise with KM-SAM Cheongung missile system". Army Recognition. 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System - Defense Update". defense-update.com. 17 December 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  8. ^ Pike, John. "Cheolmae II / Cheongung (Iron Hawk) M-SAM Medium Surface to Air Missile". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  9. ^ South Korea Deploys Its Own Missile Shield. War is Boring. 12 October 2017.
  10. ^ a b Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System - Defense-Update.com, 17 December 2011
  11. ^ South Korea about to start deployment of new Cheongung M-SAM air defense missile system - Armyrecognition.com, 3 August 2015
  12. ^ South Korea deploys surface-to-air guided missile system along maritime border - Armyrecognition.com, 10 March 2016
  13. ^ "South Korean air force retires last MIM-23 HAWK SAM systems". Jane's Information Group. 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021.
  14. ^ Korea in final phase of developing low-tier missile defense system: official - Koreaherald.com, 16 April 2017
  15. ^ South Korea missile interceptor in final development - UPI.com, 18 April 2017
  16. ^ a b "M-SAM-II" (PDF). LIG Nex1. 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  17. ^ South Korea deploys Cheongung II surface-to-air missile. Army Recognition. 27 November 2020.
  18. ^ a b "UAE announces South Korean M-SAM order". Jane's Information Group. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021.
  19. ^ ROK Navy Launches New Warship Capable of Hitting Targets Inside North Korea - Thediplomat.com, 9 June 2016
  20. ^ "South Korea to develop advanced missile interceptors". Janes Information Services. 27 April 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Arthur, Gordon (7 February 2024). "Saudi Arabia signs $3.2B deal for South Korean air defense systems". Defense News.
  22. ^ "L-SAM". Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  23. ^ Kim Byung-wook (21 February 2021). "LIG Nex1 heads to IDEX 2021, knocks on Middle East market". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  24. ^ "UAE to purchase South Korean M-SAM missiles in $3.5 billion deal". The Korea Times. 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  25. ^ Lee, Michael (17 January 2022). "UAE to buy Korean air defense system for $3.5 billion". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  26. ^ Kim, Brian (19 January 2022). "South Korea inks largest arms export deal with UAE for missile interceptor". Defense News. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  27. ^ Smith, Josh; Choi, Soo-Hyang (11 April 2022). "Ukraine's Zelenskiy seeks military aid from South Korea". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  28. ^ Osborne, Tony (20 September 2024). "Iraq Acquiring KM-SAM II Systems". Aviation Week.
  29. ^ a b "북 미사일 막을 방공망 촘촘해진다". 아시아경제 (in Korean). 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  30. ^ "RoKAF receives first Cheongung-II M-SAM battery". Jane's Information Services. 26 November 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.
  31. ^ Kim, Boram (20 September 2024). "LIG Nex1 wins 3.7 tln-won deal to export missile defense system Cheongung-II to Iraq". Yonhap News Agency.
  32. ^ "Iraq boosts air defenses with reported $2.8B deal for South Korean Cheongung-II". Breakingdefense.
  33. ^ Kim, Brian (18 January 2022). "South Korea inks largest arms export deal with UAE for missile interceptor". Defense News. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
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