Urdu alphabet: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Writing system used for Urdu}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} |
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{{Infobox writing system |
{{Infobox writing system |
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⚫ | | native_name = <!-- this displays in a [[Nastaliq]] Urdu style font if one is installed on the reader's device, the extra line breaks are needed because the slope of the Nastaliq words means they overlap the [[Roman]] Urdu above or below for some readers, please leave the extra line breaks even if your device shows this in a compact Arabic style font (e.g. most phones), unless you know of a versatile row-height setting that works for most devices and fonts -->{{uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی}}}}<br />{{small|{{lang|ur-Latn|Urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī}}}} |
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| name = Urdu Alphabet |
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⚫ | | |
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| type = [[Abjad]] |
| type = [[Abjad]] |
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| languages = [[Urdu]] |
| languages = *[[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balti alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balti.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06149-bashir-prop.pdf | title=N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski | first1=Elena | last1=Bashir |author1-link=Elena Bashir| first2=Sarmad | last2=Hussain | first3=Deborah | last3=Anderson | publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=5 May 2006 }}</ref><!-- i took this from the page for that lang, but as far as i can gather, this is a spoken language --> |
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| |
| official script = * {{PAK}} |
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* {{IND}} |
* {{IND}} |
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* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 |
* {{SAF}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> |
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| sample = Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> |
| sample = Urdu example.svg<!-- Alternate image that was added for a while between versions: [[File:Urdu alphabets.jpg|220x124px]] --> |
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| imagesize = 120px |
| imagesize = 120px |
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| caption = The word |
| caption = The word [[wikt:اردو#Urdu|{{Lang|ur-Latn|Urdū|nocat=yes}}]] written in the Urdu alphabet |
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| time = |
| time = |
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| fam1 = [[ |
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] |
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| fam2 = [[ |
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]] |
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| fam3 = [[ |
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] |
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| fam4 = [[ |
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] |
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| fam5 = [[ |
| fam5 = [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]] |
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| fam6 = [[ |
| fam6 = [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] |
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| fam7 = [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] |
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| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /> |
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]<br /> |
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[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /> |
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]<br /> |
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{{Contains special characters|Urdu}} |
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}} |
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{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}} |
{{Arabic script sidebar|Urdu}} |
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⚫ | {{Writing systems worldwide}}The '''Urdu alphabet''' ({{Langx|ur|{{uninastaliq|اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی}}|translit=urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī|label=}}) is the [[right-to-left script|right-to-left]] [[alphabet]] used for writing [[Urdu]]. It is a modification of the [[Persian alphabet]], which itself is derived from the [[Arabic script]]. It has co-official status in the republics of [[Pakistan]], [[official scripts of the Indian Republic|India]] and [[South Africa]]. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39<ref name="book: project fluency" >{{cite book |last1=Project Fluency |title=Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately |page=Kindle Locations 66–67 |edition=Kindle |isbn=978-1-5390-4780-3 |date=7 October 2016 |publisher=Createspace Independent Publishing Platform }}</ref> or 40<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |title=Urdu |website=Omniglot}}</ref> distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the [[calligraphic]] [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastaʿlīq script]], whereas [[Arabic]] is more commonly [[written]] in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] style. |
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{{Writing systems worldwide}} |
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{{Officially used writing systems in India}} |
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⚫ | The '''Urdu alphabet''' ({{ |
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Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. |
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] (called [[Roman Urdu]]) omit many [[phoneme|phonemic]] elements that have no equivalent in [[English language|English]] or other languages commonly written in the [[Latin]] script. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in 13th century [[Iran]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script. |
The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and has its origins in the 13th century [[Iran]]. It is also related to [[Shahmukhi]], used for the [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi language varieties]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. It is closely related to the development of the [[Nasta{{Okina}}liq]] style of Perso-Arabic script. |
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Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. |
Despite the invention of the [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter]] in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as ''[[katib]]s'' or ''[[khush-navees]]'' until the late 1980s. The [[Pakistan]]i [[national newspaper]] ''[[Daily Jang]]'' was the first Urdu [[newspaper]] to use ''Nastaʿlīq'' computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the [[internet]]. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. |
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== Nastaliq == |
== Nastaliq == |
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[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{ |
[[File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}]] |
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{{Main|Nastaliq}} |
{{Main|Nastaliq}} |
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Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{ |
Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style ({{langx|fa|{{uninastaliq|نستعلیق}}}} Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] mixture of the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Ta'liq script|Ta'liq]] scripts. After the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent]], Nasta{{Okina}}liq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart. |
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In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> |
In the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |chapter=*positional chart* |via=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> |
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== Alphabet == |
== Alphabet == |
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The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> |
The Urdu script is an [[abjad]] script derived from the modern [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]], which is itself a derivative of the [[Arabic script]]. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in [[Semitic languages]] like Arabic and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an [[Indo-European language]], which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/919270|title=Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet|date=15 June 2009|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> |
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{{-}} |
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=== Letter names and phonemes === |
=== Letter names and phonemes === |
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! colspan=3 | Order |
! colspan=3 | Order |
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|- |
|- |
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! Urdu<br>[[Roman Urdu]] |
! Urdu<br />[[Roman Urdu]] |
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! Isolated |
! Isolated |
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! Final |
! Final |
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! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} |
! style="font-size:110%;" | {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= The far right column was the numbering in the old version of this wiki article. But the Urdu alphabet is very rarely shown with numbering, and the only time I've seen it numbered the order was different to this. |date=June 2020}} }} |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br>''alif'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| الف }}}}</span><br />''alif'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ا]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـا }}}} |
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| 1 |
| 1 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br>''bē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بے }}}}</span><br />''bē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ب]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـب }}}} |
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| 2 |
| 2 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br>''pē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| پے }}}}</span><br />''pē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[پ]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـپ }}}} |
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| 3 |
| 3 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br>''tē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| تے }}}}</span><br />''tē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ت]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـت }}}} |
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| 4 |
| 4 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br>''ṭē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ٹے }}}}</span><br />''ṭē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ٹ]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـٹ }}}} |
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| 5 |
| 5 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br>''s̱ē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ثے }}}}</span><br />''s̱ē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ث]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـث }}}} |
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| 6 |
| 6 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br>''jīm'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| جيم }}}}</span><br />''jīm'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ج]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـج }}}} |
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| 7 |
| 7 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br>''cē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چے }}}}</span><br />''cē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[چ]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـچ }}}} |
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| 8 |
| 8 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī ḥē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی حے }}}}</span><br />''baṛī ḥē'' |
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| rowspan=" |
| rowspan="3" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ح]] }}}} |
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| rowspan=" |
| rowspan="3" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـح }}}} |
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| rowspan=" |
| rowspan="3" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـحـ }}}} |
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| rowspan=" |
| rowspan="3" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| حـ }}}} |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɦ/ }} |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 | ''ḥ'' |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 | ''h'' |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 | 9 |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 | 9 |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=3 | 9 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|حائے حطی}}}}</span><br />''ḥā'e huttī'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq|حائے مہملہ}}}}</span><br />''ḥā'e muhmala'' |
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⚫ | |||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| خے }}}}</span><br />''k͟hē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[خ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـخ }}}} |
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| 10 |
| 10 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br>''dāl'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دال }}}}</span><br />''dāl'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[د]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـد }}}} |
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| 11 |
| 11 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br>''ḍāl'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڈال }}}}</span><br />''ḍāl'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڈ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڈ }}}} |
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| 12 |
| 12 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br>''ẕāl'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ذال }}}}</span><br />''ẕāl'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ذ]] }}}} |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـذ }}}} |
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| 13 |
| 13 |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br>''rē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| رے }}}}</span><br />''rē'' |
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| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ر]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـر }}}} |
||
Line 257: | Line 255: | ||
| 14 |
| 14 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br>''ṛē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;">{{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ڑے }}}}</span><br />''ṛē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ڑ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـڑ }}}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɽ/ }} <br /> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} |
||
| ''ṛ'' |
| ''ṛ'' |
||
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' |
| style="border-top:none;" | ''r'' |
||
Line 270: | Line 268: | ||
| 15 |
| 15 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br>''zē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| زے }}}}</span><br />''zē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ز]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـز }}}} |
||
Line 283: | Line 281: | ||
| 16 |
| 16 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br>''zhē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ژے }}}}</span><br />''zhē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ژ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـژ }}}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʒ/ }} <br /> {{efn-ua| Used mainly for [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. }} |
||
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' |
| style="border-right:none;" | ''zh'' |
||
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' |
| style="border-left:none;" | ''zh'' |
||
Line 296: | Line 294: | ||
| 17 |
| 17 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br>''sīn'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| سین }}}}</span><br />''sīn'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[س]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـس }}}} |
||
Line 309: | Line 307: | ||
| 18 |
| 18 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br>''shīn'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| شین }}}}</span><br />''shīn'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ش]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـش }}}} |
||
Line 322: | Line 320: | ||
| 19 |
| 19 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br>''ṣwād'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| صاد }}}}</span><br />''ṣwād'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ص]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـص }}}} |
||
Line 335: | Line 333: | ||
| 20 |
| 20 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br>''ẓwād'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ضاد }}}}</span><br />''ẓwād'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ض]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـض }}}} |
||
Line 348: | Line 346: | ||
| 21 |
| 21 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br>''t̤o{{hamza}}ē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| طوے }}}}</span><br />''t̤o{{hamza}}ē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ط]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـط }}}} |
||
Line 361: | Line 359: | ||
| 22 |
| 22 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br>''z̤o{{hamza}}ē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ظوے }}}}</span><br />''z̤o{{hamza}}ē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ظ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـظ }}}} |
||
Line 374: | Line 372: | ||
| 23 |
| 23 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br>''{{okina}}ain'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عین }}}}</span><br />''{{okina}}ain'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ع]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـع }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـعـ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| عـ }}}} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/,<br /> /ʔ/, /ʕ/, ''silent'' }} |
||
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} |
| style="border-right:none;" | {{okina}} |
||
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
| style="border-left:none;" | {{okina}} <br /> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
||
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] |
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] |
||
| 24 |
| 24 |
||
Line 387: | Line 385: | ||
| 24 |
| 24 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br>''g͟hain'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| غین }}}}</span><br />''g͟hain'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[غ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـغ }}}} |
||
Line 400: | Line 398: | ||
| 25 |
| 25 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br>''fē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| فے }}}}</span><br />''fē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ف]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـف }}}} |
||
Line 413: | Line 411: | ||
| 26 |
| 26 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br>''qāf'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| قاف }}}}</span><br />''qāf'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ق]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـق }}}} |
||
Line 426: | Line 424: | ||
| 27 |
| 27 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br>''kāf'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| کاف }}}}</span><br />''kāf'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[Kāf|ک]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـک }}}} |
||
Line 439: | Line 437: | ||
| 28 |
| 28 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br>''gāf'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| گاف }}}}</span><br />''gāf'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[گ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـگ }}}} |
||
Line 452: | Line 450: | ||
| 29 |
| 29 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br>''lām'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| لام }}}}</span><br />''lām'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ل]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـل }}}} |
||
Line 465: | Line 463: | ||
| 30 |
| 30 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br>''mīm'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| میم }}}}</span><br />''mīm'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[م]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـم }}}} |
||
Line 478: | Line 476: | ||
| 31 |
| 31 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br>''nūn'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون }}}}</span><br />''nūn'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ن]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـن }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـنـ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نـ }}}} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /n/, /ɲ/, <br /> /ɳ/, /ŋ/ }} |
||
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' |
| style="border-right:none;" | ''n'' |
||
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' |
| style="border-left:none;border-bottom:none;" | ''n'' |
||
Line 491: | Line 489: | ||
| 32 |
| 32 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br>''nūn g͟hunnā'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| نون غنّہ }}}}</span><br />''nūn g͟hunnā'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ں]] <br /> [[:wiktionary: ٘|٘]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـں }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـںـ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ںـ }}}} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| / [[Nasal vowel|◌̃]] / }} <!-- Leave some space either side or the diacritic gets suck attached to a bracket. --> <br /> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} |
||
| ''ṉ'' |
| ''ṉ'' |
||
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' |
| style="border-top:none;" | ''n'' |
||
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] |
| [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] <br /> [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] <br /> {{efn-ua| The version shown on the left is [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]], which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]], which is usually omitted (see [[#Diacritics|below]] for further information on [[#Diacritics|diacritic omission]] in Urdu).}} |
||
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} |
| {{efn-ua| Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words. }} |
||
| 32a |
| 32a |
||
| 33 |
| 33 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br>''wā{{hamza}}o'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| واؤ }}}}</span><br />''wā{{hamza}}o'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[و]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـو }}}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /[[ʋ ]]/, /u[[ː]]/, /[[ʊ ]]/, <br /> /o [[ː ]]/, /[[ɔː ]]/ }} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''v'', <br /> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au'' |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''w'', <br /> ''ū'', ''u'', ''o'', ''au'' |
||
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] |
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] |
||
| 33 |
| 33 |
||
Line 517: | Line 515: | ||
| 34 |
| 34 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br>''hē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہے }}}}</span><br />''hē'' |
||
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} |
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ہ]] }}}} |
||
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}} |
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـہ }}}} |
||
Line 525: | Line 523: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e'' |
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e'' |
||
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e'' |
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | ''h'', ''ā'', ''e'' |
||
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} |
| rowspan=2 | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] <br /> {{efn-ua| Sometimes ''choṭī hē'' is used to refer to ''hey'' but ''choṭī hē'' can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] whereas Urdu uses [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] for ''gōl hey''.<ref name="user.uni-hannover"/> See also: [[#Unicode|Urdu in Unicode]]. }} |
||
| rowspan=2 | 34 |
| rowspan=2 | 34 |
||
| 34 |
| 34 |
||
| rowspan=2 | 35 |
| rowspan=2 | 35 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br>''choṭī hē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| چھوٹی ہے }}}} </span><br />''choṭī hē'' |
||
| 34a |
| 34a |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br>''do-cashmī hē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| دو چشمی ہے }}}}</span><br />''do-cashmī hē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ھ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـھـ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ھـ }}}} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʰ/ }} or {{IPA| /ʱ/ }} <br /> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins}} |
||
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h'' |
| style="border-right:none;" | ''h'' |
||
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h'' |
| style="border-left:none;" | ''h'' |
||
Line 546: | Line 544: | ||
| 36 |
| 36 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br>''yē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| یے }}}}</span><br />''yē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ی]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـی }}}} |
||
Line 559: | Line 557: | ||
| 38 |
| 38 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br>''baṛī yē'' |
| style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| بڑی یے }}}}</span><br />''baṛī yē'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ے]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـے }}}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ɛː/, /eː/ }} <br /> {{efn-ua|name=never_begins| }} |
||
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e'' |
| style="border-right:none;" | ''ai'', ''e'' |
||
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e'' |
| style="border-left:none;" | ''ai'', ''e'' |
||
Line 572: | Line 570: | ||
| 39 |
| 39 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br>''hamzah'' |
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:120%;"> {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} </span><br />''hamzah'' |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ـئـ }}}} |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| ئـ }}}} |
||
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }} |
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ʔ/ }} or ''silent'' <br /> {{efn-ua|name=hamzah }} |
||
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' |
| rowspan=2 style="border-right:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' |
||
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' |
| rowspan=2 style="border-left:none;" | {{hamza}}, –, ''yi'' |
||
Line 583: | Line 581: | ||
| rowspan=2 | |
| rowspan=2 | |
||
| 35a |
| 35a |
||
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} |
| rowspan=2 | 37 <br /> {{efn-ua| {{citation needed |reason= Hamzah is more often listed first or last, i can find no source for it being number 37. |date=June 2020}} }} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}} |
| style="font-size:160%;" | {{lang|ur|{{Uninastaliq| [[ء]] }}}} |
||
Line 594: | Line 592: | ||
:'''Footnotes:''' |
:'''Footnotes:''' |
||
{{notelist-ua|refs= |
{{notelist-ua|refs= |
||
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]] |
{{efn-ua|name=hamzah| '''Hamzah:''' In [[Urdu]], ''[[hamzah ]]'' is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as ''hamzah-e-izafat''. The main use of ''hamzah'' in [[Urdu]] is to indicate a vowel cluster.}} |
||
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} |
{{efn-ua|name=never_begins| No Urdu word begins with {{lang|ur| ں }}, {{lang|ur| ھ }}, {{lang|ur| ڑ }}, or {{lang|ur| ے }}.{{citation needed| date=May 2020 }} }} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
Line 613: | Line 611: | ||
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref> |
! rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Unicode <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic">{{cite web |title=Extended Arabic Letter | url=https://unicode.org/ <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Extended%20Arabic%20letter} --> | website=unicode.org | access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6">{{cite web | title=Based on ISO 8859-6 | url=https://unicode.org <!-- original url, now broken = https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=\p{subhead=Based%20on%20ISO%208859-6} --> | website=unicode.org |access-date= 6 April 2020 }}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Nastaliq]] <br> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} |
! [[Nastaliq]] <br /> {{efn-ua|name=fonts_add_char}} |
||
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br> diacritics</small> |
! <small>[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] with <br /> diacritics</small> |
||
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small> |
! <small>Roman Urdu or English</small><ref name="book: project fluency"/><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] |
| [[Arabic alphabet#Alif|Alif]] |
||
Line 621: | Line 619: | ||
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} |
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: آ|آ]]}}}} |
||
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}} |
| style=white-space:nowrap; style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| الف مدہ }}}} |
||
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br |
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| الِف مَدّه }}}} <br /><ref name="user.uni-hannover" /> |
||
| ''alif maddah'' <br |
| ''alif maddah'' <br /><ref name=user.uni-hannover/>{{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza| Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in {{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: آزادی|آزادی]]}} - [[:wiktionary: آزادی|"āzādī"]], {{ipa|ɑ:zɑ:d̪i}}, freedom <br /><ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> - are distinguished in most contexts. }} |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0622 <br /> ''alef with madda above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
||
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> |
|- <!-- U+0621 hamzah {{lang|ur| ہَمْزه }} number #0 --> |
||
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} |
| rowspan=8 | ''[[Hamza]]'' {{efn-ua| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} |
||
Line 629: | Line 627: | ||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}} |
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}}} |
||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} |
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} |
||
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br |
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br /><ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |
||
| ''[[hamzah]]'' |
| ''[[hamzah]]'' |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0621 <br /> ''[[hamza]]'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
||
Line 641: | Line 639: | ||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
||
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} |
| ''hamza diacritic'' <br /> {{efn-ua|name=mad_hamza}}{{efn-ua|name=Naskh_2| See: [[#Hamzah in Nastaliq|Hamzah in Nastaliq.]] }} |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br> ''Hamza Above'' |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0654 <br /> ''Hamza Above'' |
||
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --> |
|- <!-- U+0626 number #35a {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} hamzah <ref name=user.uni-hannover/> --> |
||
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}} |
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}} |
||
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}} |
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}}} |
||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} |
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ہمزہ }}}} |
||
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br |
| {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| ہَمْزه }}}} <br /><ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |
||
| ''[[hamzah]]'' |
| ''[[hamzah]]'' |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0626 <br /> ''yeh with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
| style=font-size:120%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ___ }}}} |
||
Line 660: | Line 658: | ||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' |
| style=white-space:nowrap; | ''baṛī yē hamza'' |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06D3 <br /> ''yeh barree with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}} |
| style=font-size:140%; | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}} |
||
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}} |
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ؤ|ؤ]]}}}} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:120%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br |
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninaskh| واوِ مَہْمُوز }}}} <br /><ref name=user.uni-hannover /> |
||
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br |
| ''vāv-e mahmūz'' <br /><ref name="user.uni-hannover" >{{cite web | title=Urdu Alphabet | url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html | website=www.user.uni-hannover.de | access-date=29 February 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html }}</ref> |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0624 <br /> ''waw with hamza above'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۂ|ۂ]]}}}} |
||
Line 674: | Line 672: | ||
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
| {{lang|ur|___}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: ٔ|U+0654]] |
| style="text-align:left;" | U+06C2 <br /> ''heh goal with hamza above'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> <br /> or [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] + [[:wiktionary: ٔ|U+0654]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 681: | Line 679: | ||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}} {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}} {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ]]}}}} |
||
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} |
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ۃ|ۃ ـۃ]]}}}} |
||
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{ |
| rowspan=2 style="'white-space:nowrap;" | {{langx|ar|<br />{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ة|تاء مربوطة]]}}}} |
||
| rowspan=2 | {{ |
| rowspan=2 | {{langx|ar|<br />{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَرْبُوطَة]]}}}} |
||
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" |
| rowspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ marbūṭah'']] <br/> "bound ta" |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+06C3 <br /> ''teh marbuta goal'' <ref name="Unicode Extended Arabic"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 690: | Line 688: | ||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}} {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}} {{lang|ar|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة]]}}}} |
||
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} |
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ة|ة ـة]]}}}} |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | U+0629 <br /> ''teh marbuta'' <ref name="unicode ISO 8859-6"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 696: | Line 694: | ||
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} |
| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:140%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} |
||
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} |
| style="font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;" | {{lang|ar|{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: ت|ت]]}}}} |
||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{ |
| style=white-space:nowrap; | {{langx|ar|<br />{{uninastaliq| [[:ar: ت|تاء مفتوحة]]}}}} |
||
| {{ |
| {{langx|ar|<br />{{uninaskh| [[:wiktionary: تاء مربوطة|تَاء مَفْتُوحَة]]}}}} <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> |
||
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> |
| style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|''tāʼ maftūḥah '']] <br/> "open ta" <!-- that's a deliberate link to Tāʼ_marbūṭah, Tāʼ maftūḥah is mentioned on the tah mahbuta wikionary entry, but doesn't have its own entry --> |
||
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br> ''Teh'' |
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;" | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] <br /> ''Teh'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 720: | Line 718: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
||
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. |
|+ The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| No. |
|||
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/> |
| '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC"/> |
||
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/> |
| '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/> |
||
| '''IPA''' |
| '''IPA''' |
||
| '''Examples''' |
|||
| Example |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 1 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}} |
||
| ''bh'' |
| ''bh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}} |
| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 2 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}} |
||
| ''ph'' |
| ''ph'' |
||
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}} |
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}} |
| {{Nastaliq|پھول}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 3 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}} |
||
| ''th'' |
| ''th'' |
||
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}} |
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq| |
| {{Nastaliq|تھیلا}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 4 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}} |
||
| ''ṭh'' |
| ''ṭh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}} |
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}} |
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھنڈا}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 5 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}} |
||
| ''jh'' |
| ''jh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}} |
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 6 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}} |
||
| '' |
| ''chh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}} |
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}} |
| {{Nastaliq|چھتری}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 7 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}} |
||
| ''dh'' |
| ''dh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}} |
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 8 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}} |
||
| ''ḍh'' |
| ''ḍh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}} |
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 9 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}} |
||
| ''rh'' |
| ''rh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}} |
| {{Nastaliq|تیرھواں}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 10 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}} |
||
| ''ṛh'' |
| ''ṛh'' |
||
Line 787: | Line 774: | ||
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}} |
| {{Nastaliq|اڑھائی}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 11 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}} |
||
| ''kh'' |
| ''kh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}} |
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}} |
| {{Nastaliq|کھانسی}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 12 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}} |
||
| ''gh'' |
| ''gh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}} |
| {{Nastaliq|گھوڑا}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 13 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}} |
||
| ''lh'' |
| ''lh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}}) |
| {{Nastaliq|دولھا}} (alternative of {{Nastaliq|دُلہا}}) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 14 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}} |
||
| ''mh'' |
| ''mh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} |
| {{Nastaliq|تمھیں}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 15 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}} |
||
| ''nh'' |
| ''nh'' |
||
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}} |
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}} |
||
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} |
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}} |
||
⚫ | |||
| 16 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}} |
|||
| ''wh'' |
|||
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}} |
|||
| {{Nastaliq|وھاب}} (though arguably just a consonant cluster) |
|||
|- وھاب |
|||
| 17 |
|||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}} |
|||
| ''yh'' |
|||
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}} |
|||
| {{example needed|date=May 2020}} |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
⚫ | |||
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] === |
=== Differences from [[Persian alphabet]] === |
||
Line 835: | Line 807: | ||
{{Static row numbers}} |
{{Static row numbers}} |
||
{| class="wikitable |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
! Letter !! IPA |
! Letter !! IPA |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 848: | Line 820: | ||
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]]. |
| {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}} || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ:/]] or [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e:/]]. |
||
|} |
|} |
||
⚫ | A separate do-chashmi-[[He (letter)|he]] letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a [[aspirated consonant|/ʰ/]] or a [[murmured voice|/ʱ/]]. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above |
||
=== Retroflex letters === |
=== Retroflex letters === |
||
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]] |
[[File:Hindustani Urdu retroflex letter T.svg|right|200px]] |
||
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu |
[[Old Hindi|Old]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] used four dots {{lang|ur| ٿ ڐ ڙ }} over three Arabic letters {{lang|ar| ت د ر }} to represent retroflex consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=James Robert|title=A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zalHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|year=1842|publisher=Madden & Company|page=11}}</ref> In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter {{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[ط]]}}}} ''t̤oʼē''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Olaf|title=Scripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBDnAAAAMAAJ&q=hindustani+four+dots|year=2002|publisher=Bibliotheca Alexandrina|page=108}}</ref> It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ''ṭāʾ'' itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.{{citation needed| reason = assumed by who, give examples. |date=November 2020}} In modern Urdu, called ''to'e'' is always pronounced as a [[dental consonant|dental]], not a [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]. {{citation needed| reason = but the scribes coming up with this were not speaking modern Urdu, so this is irrelevant. Look at the etymology of "tomato", in Urdu, Arabic, Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. Firstly Arabic uses while Urdu uses ٹ and secondly, in a very short time the pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese has shifted to a "ch". |date=November 2020}} |
||
== Vowels == |
== Vowels == |
||
Line 891: | Line 861: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِى}} |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـِیـ}} |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq| |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اِیـ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|e |
|e |
||
Line 897: | Line 867: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـے}} |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـیـ}} |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq| |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ایـ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|ai |
|ai |
||
Line 903: | Line 873: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَے}} |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـَیـ}} |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq| |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|اَیـ}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|u |
|u |
||
Line 1,003: | Line 973: | ||
|Orthography |
|Orthography |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|ں}}}} |
||
| {{ |
| {{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''ṉ''}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|End form |
|End form |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|میں}}}} |
||
| {{ |
| {{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''maiṉ''}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Middle form |
|Middle form |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}} |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{lang|ur|{{Nq|کن٘ول}}}} |
||
| {{ |
| {{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''kaṉwal''}} |
||
|} |
|} |
||
== Diacritics == |
== Diacritics == |
||
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}} |
Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic]] based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses [[Perso-Arabic Script|Persian]] names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are ''zabar'' (Arabic ''fatḥah''), ''zer'' (Arabic ''kasrah''), ''pesh'' (Arabic ''dammah'') which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. ''Jazam'' ({{Nastaliq|ـْـ}}, Arabic ''sukun'') is used to indicate a [[consonant cluster]] and ''tashdid'' ({{Nastaliq|ـّـ}}, Arabic ''shaddah'') is used to indicate a [[gemination]], although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include ''khari zabar'' (Arabic ''dagger alif''), ''do zabar'' (Arabic ''fathatan'') which are found in some common [[Arabic]] loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. ''Zer-e-izafat'' and ''hamzah-e-izafat'' are described in the next section. |
||
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref> |
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include ''kasrah-e-majhool'', ''fathah-e-majhool'', ''dammah-e-majhool'', {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}}, ''ulta jazam'', ''alif-e-wavi'' and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only {{Lang|ur-latn|maghnoona}} is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.<ref name="diacritics">{{cite web|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/clt09/download/Papers/Paper20.pdf|title=Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode}}</ref> |
||
== Iẓāfat == |
== Iẓāfat == |
||
''Iẓāfat'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq| ِ }}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}} |
''[[Ezāfe|Iẓāfat]]'' is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. [[Ezāfe|This construction]] was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ''ʿain'' ({{Nastaliq|ع}}), it may be written as ''zer'' ({{Nastaliq| ِ }}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in ''choṭī he'' ({{Nastaliq|ہ}}) or ''ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ی}} or {{Nastaliq|ے}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{Nastaliq|ء}}) is used above the last letter ({{Nastaliq|ۂ}} or {{Nastaliq|ئ}} or {{Nastaliq|ۓ}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{Nastaliq|ا}} or {{Nastaliq|و}}), then a different variation of ''baṛī ye'' ({{Nastaliq|ے}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{Nastaliq|ئے}}, obtained by adding {{Nastaliq|ے}} to {{Nastaliq|ئ}}) is added at the end of the first word.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}} |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning |
!Forms||Example||Transliteration||Meaning |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq| |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|[[Arabic_diacritics#Kasrah|ـ◌ِ]]}}|| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}||''sher-'''e'''-Panjāb''||the lion of Punjab |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}} |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}} |
||
Line 1,033: | Line 1,003: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint |
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}|| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}||''walī-'''e'''-kāmil''||perfect saint |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq| |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ـئے}} |
||
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq| |
|style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مئے عشق}} |
||
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq'' |
|''mai-'''e'''-ishq'' |
||
|the wine of love |
|the wine of love |
||
Line 1,044: | Line 1,014: | ||
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet == |
== Computers and the Urdu alphabet == |
||
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[ |
In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any [[code page]]. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.<ref name="ibm">[https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CS01248.pdf "IBM 868 code page"]</ref> Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were [[Windows-1256]] and [[MacArabic encoding]] both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In [[Unicode]], Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is [[Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange]]. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by [[National Language Authority]] is called Urdu Zabta Takhti ({{Nastaliq|اردو ضابطہ تختی}}) (UZT)<ref name="uzt">{{cite web|url=http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf|title=Urdu Zabta Takhti}}</ref> which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet. |
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=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode === |
=== Encoding Urdu in Unicode === |
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|} |
|} |
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Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.<ref name="unicode600table">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf | title=Arabic | publisher=unicode.org | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the [[University of Chicago]]'s electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"<ref name="shakespearDictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> includes the word '{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}' (''bhārat'' "India"). Searching for the string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بھارت}}}}" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "{{Nastaliq|{{lang|ur|بهارت}}}}" returns the correct entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020523/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4746.shakespear |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter ''do chashmi he'' (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter [[ه|hāʾ]] (U+0647; phonetic value {{IPA|/h/}}). In Urdu, the {{IPA|/h/}} phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called ''gol he'' (round ''he''), or ''chhoti he'' (small ''he''). |
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In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet. |
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)<ref name="crulp">{{cite web|url=http://www.crulp.org/ |title=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing |publisher=Crulp.org |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref>—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]]—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte [[Urdu keyboard#Fourth generation|UZT]] encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.<ref name="uztunicode">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tremu.gov.pk/tremu1/workingroups/pdfpresentations/UZT%20UNICODE%20MAPPING.pdf |date=* }}</ref> This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet. |
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{{ |
{{Clear}} |
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=== Software === |
=== Software === |
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== Romanization standards and systems == |
== Romanization standards and systems == |
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{{main|Roman Urdu}} |
{{main|Roman Urdu}} |
||
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف |
There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic [[English Orthography|English orthography]]. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is [[ALA-LC romanization]], which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.<ref name="roman">{{cite web|url=http://nlpd.gov.pk/uakhbareurdu/august2011/8.html|title=اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف: نبلٰی پیرزادہ|website=nlpd.gov.pk}}</ref> |
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The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} |
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} |
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! [[Urdu]] |
! [[Urdu]] |
||
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]] |
! class="unsortable" | [[international phonetic alphabet|IPA]] |
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! [[Roman Urdu]] <br> name |
! [[Roman Urdu]] <br /> name |
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! class="unsortable" | English Translation |
! class="unsortable" | English Translation |
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! Urdu |
! Urdu |
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| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }} |
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa| }} |
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| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī |
| rowspan=2 | do-cashmī |
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| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:90%" | two-eyed <br /> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}} |
| {{lang|ur| [[:ur: دو چشمی دوربین|دو چشمی دوربین]]}} |
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| ''do-cashmi'' |
| ''do-cashmi'' |
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| {{ipa| }} |
| {{ipa| }} |
||
| tahajī |
| tahajī |
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| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
| style="font-size:90%" | sequence <br /> {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}} |
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| |
| |
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| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> |
| {{ipa| /hʊruːf/ }}<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries /> |
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| harūf |
| harūf |
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| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ |
| style="font-size:85%" | letters (plural)<ref name=Oxford_Dictionaries>{{cite web | title= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | url=https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018132435/https://ur.oxforddictionaries.com/ | archive-date=18 October 2016 | website= Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries | access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> <br/> <small>(often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English)</small> <!--there's a text book in my Google books library that had that in print, but i can't find it now. --> |
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| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}} |
| {{lang|ur|[[:ur: | ]]}} {{example needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| |
| |
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* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}} |
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Beginner's Urdu Script|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn= |
* {{cite book|last1=Delacy|first1=Richard|title=Read and write Urdu script|date=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-174746-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFrFSAAACAAJ}} |
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* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}} |
* {{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/ |
* {{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Urdu script notes|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/ur.html}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Wikibooks|Urdu}} |
{{Wikibooks|Urdu}} |
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* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] |
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Urdu alphabet] |
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* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }} |
* [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |date=11 September 2019 }}. |
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* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }} |
* [http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716035347/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/newurdu/newurdu.html |date=16 July 2020 }}. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ calligraphyislamic.com], a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script |
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* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University] |
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/ Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University] |
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* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }} |
* [http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181655/http://urducouncil.nic.in/welcome.html |date=6 March 2018 }}. |
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{{Urdu topics}} |
{{Urdu topics}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Alphabet}} |
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⚫ | |||
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]] |
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]] |
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⚫ | |||
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]] |
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]] |
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[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] |
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] |
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[[Category:Officially used writing systems of India]] |
Latest revision as of 16:41, 20 December 2024
Urdu alphabet اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی Urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī | |
---|---|
Script type | |
Official script | |
Languages | |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Unicode | |
U+0600 to U+06FF U+0750 to U+077F | |
Urdu alphabet |
---|
ا (آ) ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن (ں) و ہ (ھ) ء ی ے |
Extended Perso-Arabic script |
Writing systems |
---|
Abjad |
Abugida |
Alphabetical |
Logographic |
Syllabic |
Hybrids |
Japanese (Logographic and syllabic) Hangul (Alphabetic and syllabic) |
The Urdu alphabet (Urdu: اُردُو حُرُوفِ تَہَجِّی, romanized: urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī) is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which itself is derived from the Arabic script. It has co-official status in the republics of Pakistan, India and South Africa. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39[4] or 40[5] distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly written in the Naskh style.
Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the Latin alphabet (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.
History
[edit]The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script and has its origins in the 13th century Iran. It is also related to Shahmukhi, used for the Punjabi language varieties in Punjab, Pakistan. It is closely related to the development of the Nastaʻliq style of Perso-Arabic script.
Despite the invention of the Urdu typewriter in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as katibs or khush-navees until the late 1980s. The Pakistani national newspaper Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to use Nastaʿlīq computer-based composition. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs.
Other than the Indian subcontinent, the Urdu script is also used by Pakistan's large diaspora, including in the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia and other places.[5]
Nastaliq
[edit]Urdu is written in the Nastaliq style (Persian: نستعلیق Nastaʿlīq). The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of the Naskh and Ta'liq scripts. After the Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.
In the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents.[6]
Alphabet
[edit]The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from the modern Persian script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels; short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.[7]
Letter names and phonemes
[edit]Name[8] | Forms | IPA | Romanization | Unicode | Order | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urdu Roman Urdu |
Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | ALA-LC[9] | Hunterian[10] | [A] | [12] | [B] | ||
الف alif |
ا | ـا | /ɑː/, /ʔ/, silent[C] | ā, – | ā, – | U+0627 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
بے bē |
ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /b/ | b | b | U+0628 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
پے pē |
پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | /p/ | p | p | U+067E | 3 | 3 | 3 |
تے tē |
ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t/ | t | t | U+062A | 4 | 4 | 4 |
ٹے ṭē |
ٹ | ـٹ | ـٹـ | ٹـ | /ʈ/ | ṭ | t | U+0679 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
ثے s̱ē |
ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /s/ | s̱ | s | U+062B | 6 | 6 | 6 |
جيم jīm |
ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | j | U+062C | 7 | 7 | 7 |
چے cē |
چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /t͡ʃ/ | c | ch | U+0686 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
بڑی حے baṛī ḥē |
ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /ɦ/ | ḥ | h | U+062D | 9 | 9 | 9 |
حائے حطی ḥā'e huttī | |||||||||||
حائے مہملہ ḥā'e muhmala | |||||||||||
خے k͟hē |
خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /x/ | k͟h | kh | U+062E | 10 | 10 | 10 |
دال dāl |
د | ـد | /d/ | d | d | U+062F | 11 | 11 | 11 | ||
ڈال ḍāl |
ڈ | ـڈ | /ɖ/ | ḍ | d | U+0688 | 12 | 12 | 12 | ||
ذال ẕāl |
ذ | ـذ | /z/ | ẕ | z | U+0630 | 13 | 13 | 13 | ||
رے rē |
ر | ـر | /r/ | r | r | U+0631 | 14 | 14 | 14 | ||
ڑے ṛē |
ڑ | ـڑ | /ɽ/ [D] |
ṛ | r | U+0691 | 15 | 15 | 15 | ||
زے zē |
ز | ـز | /z/ | z | z | U+0632 | 16 | 16 | 16 | ||
ژے zhē |
ژ | ـژ | /ʒ/ [E] |
zh | zh | U+0698 | 17 | 17 | 17 | ||
سین sīn |
س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s | s | U+0633 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
شین shīn |
ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | sh | sh | U+0634 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
صاد ṣwād |
ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /s/ | ṣ | s | U+0635 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
ضاد ẓwād |
ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /z/ | ẓ | z | U+0636 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
طوے t̤oʼē |
ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /t/ | t̤ | t | U+0637 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
ظوے z̤oʼē |
ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /z/ | z̤ | z | U+0638 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
عین ʻain |
ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /ɑː/, /oː/, /eː/, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, silent |
ʻ | ʻ [citation needed] |
U+0639 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
غین g͟hain |
غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/ | g͟h | gh | U+063A | 25 | 25 | 25 |
فے fē |
ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/ | f | f | U+0641 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
قاف qāf |
ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/ | q | q | U+0642 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
کاف kāf |
ک | ـک | ـکـ | کـ | /k/ | k | k | U+06A9 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
گاف gāf |
گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | /ɡ/ | g | g | U+06AF | 29 | 29 | 29 |
لام lām |
ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l | l | U+0644 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
میم mīm |
م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m | m | U+0645 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
نون nūn |
ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/, /ɲ/, /ɳ/, /ŋ/ |
n | n | U+0646 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
نون غنّہ nūn g͟hunnā |
ں ٘ |
ـں | ـںـ | ںـ | / ◌̃ / [D] |
ṉ | n | U+06BA U+0658 [F] |
[G] | 32a | 33 |
واؤ wāʼo |
و | ـو | /ʋ /, /uː/, /ʊ /, /o ː /, /ɔː / |
v, ū, u, o, au |
w, ū, u, o, au |
U+0648 | 33 | 33 | 34 | ||
ہے hē |
ہ | ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | /ɦ/, /ɑː/, /eː/ | h, ā, e | h, ā, e | U+06C1 [H] |
34 | 34 | 35 |
چھوٹی ہے choṭī hē |
34a | ||||||||||
دو چشمی ہے do-cashmī hē |
ھ | ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | /ʰ/ or /ʱ/ [D] |
h | h | U+06BE | 35 | 34b | 36 |
یے yē |
ی | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | /j/, /iː/, /ɑː/ | y, ī, á | y, ī, á | U+06CC | 36 | 35 | 38 |
بڑی یے baṛī yē |
ے | ـے | /ɛː/, /eː/ [D] |
ai, e | ai, e | U+06D2 | 37 | 35b | 39 | ||
ہمزہ hamzah |
ئ | ـئ | ـئـ | ئـ | /ʔ/ or silent [I] |
ʼ, –, yi | ʼ, –, yi | U+0626 | 35a | 37 [J] | |
ء | U+0621 | 0 |
- Footnotes:
- ^ dictionary order[11]
- ^ [citation needed]
- ^ At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble اُردو "Urdu". But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted اردو like other short vowel diacritcs.
- ^ a b c d No Urdu word begins with ں, ھ, ڑ, or ے.[citation needed]
- ^ Used mainly for Persian loanwords.
- ^ The version shown on the left is U+06BA, which is used only at the end of words. When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic U+0658, which is usually omitted (see below for further information on diacritic omission in Urdu).
- ^ Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words.
- ^ Sometimes choṭī hē is used to refer to hey but choṭī hē can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use U+0647 whereas Urdu uses U+06C1 for gōl hey.[12] See also: Urdu in Unicode.
- ^ Hamzah: In Urdu, hamzah is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as hamzah-e-izafat. The main use of hamzah in Urdu is to indicate a vowel cluster.
- ^ [citation needed]
Additional characters and variations
[edit]Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah
[edit]Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, but it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē.
Table
[edit]Group | Letter [A] | Name (see: Glossary of key words) | Unicode [13][14] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nastaliq [B] |
Naskh with diacritics |
Roman Urdu or English[4][12] | ||||
Alif | آ | آ | الف مدہ | الِف مَدّه [12] |
alif maddah [12][C] |
U+0622 alef with madda above [14] |
Hamza [D] | ء | ء | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه [12] |
hamzah | U+0621 hamza [14] |
___ | ___ | hamza on the line | ||||
ٔ | ــٔـ | ___ | ___ | hamza diacritic [C][E] |
U+0654 Hamza Above | |
ئ | ئ | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه [12] |
hamzah | U+0626 yeh with hamza above [14] | |
___ | ___ | yē hamza / alif hamza | ||||
ۓ | ۓ | ___ | ___ | baṛī yē hamza | U+06D3 yeh barree with hamza above [13] | |
ؤ | ؤ | واوِ مَہْمُوز | واوِ مَہْمُوز [12] |
vāv-e mahmūz [12] |
U+0624 waw with hamza above [14] | |
ۂ ۂ | ۂ ـۂ | ___ | ___ | U+06C2 heh goal with hamza above [13] or U+06C1 + U+0654 | ||
Arabic [F] | ۃ ۃ | ۃ ـۃ | Arabic: تاء مربوطة |
Arabic: تَاء مَرْبُوطَة |
tāʼ marbūṭah "bound ta" |
U+06C3 teh marbuta goal [13] |
ة ة | ة ـة | U+0629 teh marbuta [14] | ||||
ت | ت | Arabic: تاء مفتوحة |
Arabic: تَاء مَفْتُوحَة |
tāʼ maftūḥah "open ta" |
U+062A Teh |
- Footnotes:
- ^ Left: Urdu Nastaliq. Right: Arabic Naskh or modern style.
- ^ The Nastaliq text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.
- ^ a b Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی - "āzādī", ɑ:zɑ:d̪i, freedom
[15] - are distinguished in most contexts. - ^ See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.
- ^ See: Hamzah in Nastaliq.
- ^ see: Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah above.
Hamza in Nastaliq
[edit]Hamza can be difficult to recognise in Urdu handwriting and fonts designed to replicate it, closely resembling two dots above as featured in ت Té and ق Qaf, whereas in Arabic and Geometric fonts it is more distinct and closely resembles the western form of the numeral 2 (two).
Digraphs
[edit]Digraph[9] | Transcription[9] | IPA | Examples |
بھ | bh | [bʱ] | بھاری |
پھ | ph | [pʰ] | پھول |
تھ | th | [tʰ] | تھیلا |
ٹھ | ṭh | [ʈʰ] | ٹھنڈا |
جھ | jh | [d͡ʒʱ] | جھاڑی |
چھ | chh | [t͡ʃʰ] | چھتری |
دھ | dh | [dʱ] | دھوبی |
ڈھ | ḍh | [ɖʱ] | ڈھول |
رھ | rh | [rʱ] | تیرھواں |
ڑھ | ṛh | [ɽʱ] | اڑھائی |
کھ | kh | [kʰ] | کھانسی |
گھ | gh | [ɡʱ] | گھوڑا |
لھ | lh | [lʱ] | دولھا (alternative of دُلہا) |
مھ | mh | [mʱ] | تمھیں |
نھ | nh | [nʱ] | ننھا |
A separate do-chashmi-he letter, ھ, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/. This letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed in above.
Differences from Persian alphabet
[edit]Urdu has more letters added to the Perso-Arabic base to represent sounds not present in Persian, which already has additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. The letters added are shown in the table below:
Letter | IPA |
---|---|
ٹ | /ʈ/ |
ڈ | /ɖ/ |
ڑ | /ɽ/ |
ں | /◌̃/ |
ے | /ɛ:/ or /e:/. |
Retroflex letters
[edit]Old Hindustani used four dots ٿ ڐ ڙ over three Arabic letters ت د ر to represent retroflex consonants.[16] In handwriting those dots were often written as a small vertical line attached to a small triangle. Subsequently, this shape became identical to a small letter ط t̤oʼē.[17] It is commonly and erroneously assumed that ṭāʾ itself was used to indicate retroflex consonants because of it being an emphatic alveolar consonant that Arabic scribes thought approximated the Hindustani retroflexes.[citation needed] In modern Urdu, called to'e is always pronounced as a dental, not a retroflex. [citation needed]
Vowels
[edit]The Urdu language has ten vowels and ten nasalized vowels. Each vowel has four forms depending on its position: initial, middle, final and isolated. Like in its parent Arabic alphabet, Urdu vowels are represented using a combination of digraphs and diacritics. Alif, Waw, Ye, He and their variants are used to represent vowels.
Vowel chart
[edit]Urdu does not have standalone vowel letters. Short vowels (a, i, u) are represented by optional diacritics (zabar, zer, pesh) upon the preceding consonant or a placeholder consonant (alif, ain, or hamzah) if the syllable begins with the vowel, and long vowels by consonants alif, ain, ye, and wa'o as matres lectionis, with disambiguating diacritics, some of which are optional (zabar, zer, pesh), whereas some are not (madd, hamzah). Urdu does not have short vowels at the end of words. This is a table of Urdu vowels:
Romanization | Pronunciation | Final | Middle | Initial |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | /ə/ | N/A | ـَ | اَ |
ā | /aː/ | ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ | ـَا | آ |
i | /ɪ/ | N/A | ـِ | اِ |
ī | /iː/ | ـِى | ـِیـ | اِیـ |
e | /eː/ | ـے | ـیـ | ایـ |
ai | /ɛː/ | ـَے | ـَیـ | اَیـ |
u | /ʊ/ | N/A | ـُ | اُ |
ū | /uː/ | ـُو | اُو | |
o | /oː/ | ـو | او | |
au | /ɔː/ | ـَو | اَو |
Alif
[edit]Alif is the first letter of the Urdu alphabet, and it is used exclusively as a vowel. At the beginning of a word, alif can be used to represent any of the short vowels: اب ab, اسم ism, اردو Urdū. For long ā at the beginning of words alif-mad is used: آپ āp, but a plain alif in the middle and at the end: بھاگنا bhāgnā.
Wāʾo
[edit]Wāʾo is used to render the vowels "ū", "o", "u" and "au" ([uː], [oː], [ʊ] and [ɔː] respectively), and it is also used to render the labiodental approximant, [ʋ]. Only when preceded by the consonant k͟hē (خ), can wāʾo render the "u" ([ʊ]) sound (such as in خود, "k͟hud" - myself), or not pronounced at all (such as in خواب, "k͟haab" - dream). This is known as the silent wāʾo, and is only present in words loaned from Persian.[18]
Ye
[edit]Ye is divided into two variants: choṭī ye ("little ye") and baṛī ye ("big ye").
Choṭī ye (ی) is written in all forms exactly as in Persian. It is used for the long vowel "ī" and the consonant "y".
Baṛī ye (ے) is used to render the vowels "e" and "ai" (/eː/ and /ɛː/ respectively). Baṛī ye is distinguishable in writing from choṭī ye only when it comes at the end of a word/ligature. Additionally, Baṛī ye is never used to begin a word/ligature, unlike choṭī ye.
Letter's name | Final Form | Middle Form | Initial Form | Isolated Form |
---|---|---|---|---|
چھوٹی يے Choṭī ye |
ـی | ـیـ | یـ | ی |
بڑی يے Baṛī ye |
ـے | ے |
The 2 he's
[edit]He is divided into two variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cašmi he ("two-eyed he").
Gol he (ہ) is written round and zigzagged, and can impart the "h" (/ɦ/) sound anywhere in a word. Additionally, at the end of a word, it can be used to render the long "a" or the "e" vowels (/ɑː/ or /eː/), which also alters its form slightly (on modern digital writing systems, this final form is achieved by writing two he's consecutively).
Do-cašmi he (ھ) is written as in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop), in order to create the aspirate consonants and write Arabic words.
Letter's name | Final Form | Middle Form | Initial Form | Isolated Form |
---|---|---|---|---|
گول ہے Gol he |
ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | ہ |
دو چشمی ہے Do-cašmi he |
ـھ | ـھـ | ھـ | ھ |
Ayn
[edit]Ayn in its initial and final position is silent in pronunciation and is replaced by the sound of its preceding or succeeding vowel.
Nun Ghunnah
[edit]Vowel nasalization is represented by nun ghunna written after their non-nasalized versions, for example: ہَے when nasalized would become ہَیں. In middle form nun ghunna is written just like nun and is differentiated by a diacritic called maghnoona or ulta jazm which is a superscript V symbol above the ن٘.
Examples:
Form | Urdu | Transcription |
Orthography | ں | ṉ |
End form | میں | maiṉ |
Middle form | کن٘ول | kaṉwal |
Diacritics
[edit]Urdu uses the same subset of diacritics used in Arabic based on Persian conventions. Urdu also uses Persian names of the diacritics instead of Arabic names. Commonly used diacritics are zabar (Arabic fatḥah), zer (Arabic kasrah), pesh (Arabic dammah) which are used to clarify the pronunciation of vowels, as shown above. Jazam (ـْـ, Arabic sukun) is used to indicate a consonant cluster and tashdid (ـّـ, Arabic shaddah) is used to indicate a gemination, although it is never used for verbs, which require double consonants to be spelled out separately. Other diacritics include khari zabar (Arabic dagger alif), do zabar (Arabic fathatan) which are found in some common Arabic loan words. Other Arabic diacritics are also sometimes used though very rarely in loan words from Arabic. Zer-e-izafat and hamzah-e-izafat are described in the next section.
Other than common diacritics, Urdu also has special diacritics, which are often found only in dictionaries for the clarification of irregular pronunciation. These diacritics include kasrah-e-majhool, fathah-e-majhool, dammah-e-majhool, maghnoona, ulta jazam, alif-e-wavi and some other very rare diacritics. Among these, only maghnoona is used commonly in dictionaries and has a Unicode representation at U+0658. Other diacritics are only rarely written in printed form, mainly in some advanced dictionaries.[19]
Iẓāfat
[edit]Iẓāfat is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. This construction was borrowed from Persian. A short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an ʿain (ع), it may be written as zer ( ِ ) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in choṭī he (ہ) or ye (ی or ے) then hamzā (ء) is used above the last letter (ۂ or ئ or ۓ). If the first word ends in a long vowel (ا or و), then a different variation of baṛī ye (ے) with hamzā on top (ئے, obtained by adding ے to ئ) is added at the end of the first word.[20]
Forms | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
ـ◌ِ | شیرِ پنجاب | sher-e-Panjāb | the lion of Punjab |
ۂ | ملکۂ دنیا | malikā-e-dunyā | the queen of the world |
ئ | ولئ کامل | walī-e-kāmil | perfect saint |
ـئے | مئے عشق | mai-e-ishq | the wine of love |
ئے | روئے زمین | rū-'e-zamīn | the surface of the Earth |
صدائے بلند | sadā-'e-buland | a high voice |
Computers and the Urdu alphabet
[edit]In the early days of computers, Urdu was not properly represented on any code page. One of the earliest code pages to represent Urdu was IBM Code Page 868 which dates back to 1990.[21] Other early code pages which represented Urdu alphabets were Windows-1256 and MacArabic encoding both of which date back to the mid-1990s. In Unicode, Urdu is represented inside the Arabic block. Another code page for Urdu, which is used in India, is Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange. In Pakistan, the 8-bit code page which is developed by National Language Authority is called Urdu Zabta Takhti (اردو ضابطہ تختی) (UZT)[22] which represents Urdu in its most complete form including some of its specialized diacritics, though UZT is not designed to coexist with the Latin alphabet.
Encoding Urdu in Unicode
[edit]
Characters in Urdu |
Characters in Arabic |
---|---|
ہ (U+06C1) ھ (U+06BE) |
ه (U+0647) |
ی (U+06CC) | ى (U+0649) ي (U+064A) |
ک (U+06A9) | ك (U+0643) |
Like other writing systems derived from the Arabic script, Urdu uses the 0600–06FF Unicode range.[23] Certain glyphs in this range appear visually similar (or identical when presented using particular fonts) even though the underlying encoding is different. This presents problems for information storage and retrieval. For example, the University of Chicago's electronic copy of John Shakespear's "A Dictionary, Hindustani, and English"[24] includes the word 'بهارت' (bhārat "India"). Searching for the string "بھارت" returns no results, whereas querying with the (identical-looking in many fonts) string "بهارت" returns the correct entry.[25] This is because the medial form of the Urdu letter do chashmi he (U+06BE)—used to form aspirate digraphs in Urdu—is visually identical in its medial form to the Arabic letter hāʾ (U+0647; phonetic value /h/). In Urdu, the /h/ phoneme is represented by the character U+06C1, called gol he (round he), or chhoti he (small he).
In 2003, the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP)[26]—a research organisation affiliated with Pakistan's National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences—produced a proposal for mapping from the 1-byte UZT encoding of Urdu characters to the Unicode standard.[27] This proposal suggests a preferred Unicode glyph for each character in the Urdu alphabet.
Software
[edit]The Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in Nastaʻliq by computer. There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programmes, the most widespread of which is InPage Desktop Publishing package. Microsoft has included Urdu language support in all new versions of Windows and both Windows Vista and Microsoft Office 2007 are available in Urdu through Language Interface Pack[28] support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Urdu support and translations as well.[29] Apple implemented the Urdu language keyboard across Mobile devices in its iOS 8 update in September 2014.[30]
Romanization standards and systems
[edit]There are several romanization standards for writing Urdu with the Latin alphabet, though they are not very popular because most fall short of representing the Urdu language properly. Instead of standard romanization schemes, people on Internet, mobile phones and media often use a non-standard form of romanization which tries to mimic English orthography. The problem with this kind of romanization is that it can only be read by native speakers, and even for them with great difficulty. Among standardized romanization schemes, the most accurate is ALA-LC romanization, which is also supported by National Language Authority. Other romanization schemes are often rejected because either they are unable to represent sounds in Urdu properly, or they often do not take regard of Urdu orthography, and favor pronunciation over orthography.[31]
The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with the loan letters.[citation needed]
Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of Pakistan and North India. Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of Karachi and Lahore in present-day Pakistan and Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu. Thus Roman Urdu was a common way of writing among Pakistani and Indian Christians in these areas up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman Urdū Bibles that enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdu. However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states.
Glossary of key words from letter names
[edit]
Letter name(s) | Urdu word | Examples of other uses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated form |
Urdu name |
Roman Urdu | Urdu | IPA | Roman Urdu name |
English Translation | Urdu | Roman Urdu or IPA | Translation |
ح | بَڑی حے | baṛī ħē | بَڑی | bəɽi[15] | baṛī / bari |
big / elder[15] | بڑی آنت | Baṛi ant | large intestine |
ے | بَڑی يـے | baṛī yē | آنت | Ant | intestine | ||||
ی | چھوٹی یے | čhōṭī yē | چھوٹی | tʃʰoːʈi[15] | choti | small / minor / junior[15] | |||
ہ | چھوٹی ہے | čhōṭī hē | چھوٹی آنت | small intestine | |||||
گول ہـے | gōl hē | گول | goːl[15] | gōl | round / spherical / vague / silly / obese[32] | گول گپے | gol gappay | panipuri | |
ھ | دوچَشْمی ہے | dō-čašmī hē | دوچَشْمی | do-cashmī | two-eyed [citation needed] |
دو چشمی دوربین | do-cashmi
dorabīn |
binoculars | |
دوربین | dorabīn | telescope | |||||||
دو | do | 2 / two | دو ایوانیت | do ayvanīt | bicameralism | ||||
چشم | /tʃəʃm/[15] | chashm | the eye / hope / expectation[32] | چشم | cashm | eye | |||
ں | نُونِ غُنّہ | nūn-e ğunnah | غُنّہ | ɣʊnnɑ[15] | ğunnah / g͟hunnah | nasal sound or twang[15] | [example needed] | ||
آ | الِف مَدّه | alif maddah | مَدّه | maddah | Arabic: | [example needed] | |||
ؤ | واوِ مَہْمُوز | vāv-e mahmūz | مَہْمُوز | mæhmuːz[15] | mahmūz | defective / improper[15] | [example needed] | ||
ء ا آ ب پ ت ٹ ث ب ج چ خ ح د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ں و ہ ھ ی ے | حروف تہجی [33] |
harūf tahajī (alphabet) | تہجی | tahajī | sequence [citation needed] |
[example needed] | |||
حُرُوف | /hʊruːf/[15] | harūf | letters (plural)[15] (often referred to as "alphabets" in informal Pakistani English) |
[example needed] | |||||
حَرْف | /hərf/[15] | harf | "letter of the alphabet" / handwriting / statement / blame / stigma[15] | [example needed] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions". gov.za. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Balti alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ Bashir, Elena; Hussain, Sarmad; Anderson, Deborah (5 May 2006). "N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
- ^ a b Project Fluency (7 October 2016). Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately (Kindle ed.). Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. p. Kindle Locations 66–67. ISBN 978-1-5390-4780-3.
- ^ a b "Urdu". Omniglot.
- ^ "*positional chart*". Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students. Retrieved 28 February 2020 – via www.columbia.edu.
- ^ "Controversy over number of letters in Urdu alphabet". DAWN.COM. 15 June 2009.
- ^ Delacy 2003, pp. XV–XVI.
- ^ a b c "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.
- ^ Geographical Names Romanization in Pakistan. UNGEGN, 18th Session. Geneva, 12–23 August 1996. Working Papers No. 85 and No. 85 Add. 1.
- ^ Bhatia, Tej K.; Khoul, Ashok; Koul, Ashok (2015). Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-317-30471-5. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Urdu Alphabet". www.user.uni-hannover.de. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Extended Arabic Letter". unicode.org. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Based on ISO 8859-6". unicode.org. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries". Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Ballantyne, James Robert (1842). A Grammar of the Hindustani Language, with Brief Notices of the Braj and Dakhani Dialects. Madden & Company. p. 11.
- ^ Berggren, Olaf (2002). Scripts. Bibliotheca Alexandrina. p. 108.
- ^ Grierson, George Abraham. "Urdu Language Management". Language Information Services (LIS)-India. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ "Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode" (PDF).
- ^ Delacy 2003, pp. 99–100.
- ^ "IBM 868 code page"
- ^ "Urdu Zabta Takhti" (PDF).
- ^ "Arabic" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ "A dictionary, Hindustani and English". Dsal.uchicago.edu. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "A dictionary, Hindustani and English". Dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing". Crulp.org. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ Archive index at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "مائِیکروسافٹ ڈاؤُن لوڈ مَرکَزWindows". Microsoft.com. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Ubuntu in Urdu « Aasim's Web Corner". Aasims.wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "E-Urdu: How one man's plea for Nastaleeq was heard by Apple". The Express Tribune. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "اردو میں نقل حرفی ۔ ایک ابتدائی تعارف: نبلٰی پیرزادہ". nlpd.gov.pk.
- ^ a b "Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation)". Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 15 March 2020.[dead link ]
- ^ "خلا سے زمین پر انگریزی کےحروف تہجی". BBC News اردو (in Urdu). 5 January 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
Sources
[edit]- Delacy, Richard (2003). Beginner's Urdu Script. McGraw-Hill.
- Delacy, Richard (2010). Read and write Urdu script. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174746-2.
- "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.
- Ishida, Richard. "Urdu script notes".
External links
[edit]- Urdu alphabet
- Urdu alphabet with Devanagari equivalents. Archived 11 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
- Hugo's Urdu Alphabet Page. Archived 16 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- calligraphyislamic.com, a resource for Urdu calligraphy and script
- Urdu Script Introduction from Columbia University
- National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language. Archived 6 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.