Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699): Difference between revisions

Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)
	Part of the Polish–Ottoman Wars and the Great Turkish War
	; Painting of the Battle of Párkány by Juliusz Kossak (1683)
Date	12 September 1683 – 26 January 1699; (15 years, 4 months and 2 weeks)
Location	Austria, Crimea, Hungary, Moldavia, Serbia and Ukraine
Result	Holy League victory Treaty of Karlowitz;
Territorial; changes	Ottoman Empire returned Podolia and the south of Right-bank Ukraine to Poland–Lithuania; Poland–Lithuania returned Khotyn, taken in 1673, to the Principality of Moldavia, as well as Câmpulung, Soroca, Suceava and Neamț, taken in 1686 and 1691.
Belligerents
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Right-bank Ukraine; Zaporozhian Cossacks; Holy Roman Empire; Tsardom of Russia (1686–1699)	Ottoman Empire; Crimean Khanate; Principality of Upper Hungary (until 1685); Transylvania; Hungarian Kuruc Resistance;

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The Polish–Ottoman War or the War of the Holy League was the Polish side of the conflict otherwise known as the Great Turkish War. The conflict began with a Polish victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, and ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz, restoring to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands lost in the previous Polish-Ottoman War (the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)). It was the last conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, and despite the Polish victory, it marked the decline of power of not only the Ottoman Empire, but also of the Commonwealth, which would never again interfere in affairs outside of its declining borders.

War

After a few years of peace, the Ottoman Empire attacked the Habsburg Empire again. The Ottomans almost captured Vienna, but king of Poland John III Sobieski led a Christian alliance that defeated them in the Battle of Vienna which shook the Ottoman Empire's hegemony in south-eastern Europe.^[3]

A new Holy League was initiated by Pope Innocent XI and encompassed the Holy Roman Empire (headed by Habsburg Austria), the Venetian Republic and Poland in 1684, joined by Tsarist Russia in 1686. Ottomans suffered two decisive defeats against the Holy Roman Empire: the second Battle of Mohács in 1687 and a decade later, in 1697, the battle of Zenta.

Moldavian campaign

On the smaller Polish front, after the battles of 1683 (Vienna and Parkany), Sobieski, after his proposal for the League to start a major coordinated offensive, undertook a rather unsuccessful offensive in Moldavia in 1686, with the Ottomans refusing a major engagement and harassing the army. For the next four years Poland would blockade the key fortress at Kamenets, and Ottoman Tatars would raid the borderlands. In 1691, Sobieski undertook another expedition to Moldavia, with slightly better results, but still with no decisive victories.^[4]

Conclusion

The last battle of the campaign was the battle of Podhajce in 1698, where Polish hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki defeated the Ottoman incursion into the Commonwealth. The League won the war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz. The Ottomans lost much of their European possessions, with Podolia (including Kamenets) returned to Poland with imposition of Austria.^[3]

Battles

Please note, these battles represent the Polish-Ottoman front only, and don't include battles of the Great Turkish War that occurred without significant participation of the Polish troops.

Battle of Vienna (12 September 1683)
Battle of Párkány (Slovak: Štúrovo) (7–9 October 1683)
Kunicki's expedition on the Right-bank and Moldavia [ru; uk] (1683–1684)
- Battle of Chițcani (5 December 1683)
- Battle of Reni (30 December–4 January 1684)
Battle of Studenitsa [ru; uk] (1684)
Battle of Yazlovets (1684)
Battle of Boiany [pl; ru] (1685)
Siege of Kamenets (1687)
Battle of Novoselka [uk] (1688)
Battle of Suceava (1690)
Battle of Pererîta [pl; ro; ru; uk] (1691)
Battle of Târgu Neamţ (1691)
Battle of Hodów (June 1694)
Battle of Ustechko (Ukrainian: Устечко) (6 October 1694)
Battle of Lwów (Lviv) (1695)
Battle of Podhajce (8–9 September 1698)
Battle of Martynów [pl] (1699)

Notes

^ see. Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
^ ^a ^b Nolan 2008, p. 27.
^ ^a ^b Polish-Ottoman War, 1683–1699 and Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683–1699 at History of Warfare, World History at KMLA
^ Polish Renaissance Warfare – Summary of Conflicts (1672–99)

References

Nolan, Cathal J. (2008). Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare. Greenwood Publishing.
Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2000). Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th – 18th Century): An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents. Leiden – Boston –Köln: Brill.

External links

Polsko-Tureckie wojny at archive.today (archived February 8, 2012) (in Polish)
Wojny polsko-tureckie, WIEM Encyklopedia (in Polish)
Wojny polsko-tureckie w drugiej połowie XVII wieku (in Polish)

[1] see. Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)

[FOOTNOTENolan200827-2] Nolan 2008, p. 27.

[KMLA-3] Polish-Ottoman War, 1683–1699 and Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683–1699 at History of Warfare, World History at KMLA

[PRW-4] Polish Renaissance Warfare – Summary of Conflicts (1672–99)

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | image             = Bitwa pod Parkanami.jpg
 | image_size        = 300px
-| caption           = [[Battle at Parkany]] ([[Štúrovo]]) (1683), author [[Juliusz Kossak]]
+| caption           = Painting of the [[Battle of Párkány]] by [[Juliusz Kossak]] (1683)
-| partof            = [[Polish–Ottoman Wars]] and the [[Great Turkish War]]
+| partof            = the [[Polish–Ottoman Wars]] and the [[Great Turkish War]]
-| date              = 12 September 1683 — 26 January 1699<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=12|month1=09|year1=1683|day2=26|month2=01|year2=1699}})
+| date              = 12 September 1683 – 26 January 1699<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=12|month1=09|year1=1683|day2=26|month2=01|year2=1699}})
-| place             = [[Austria]], [[Crimea]], [[Hungary]], [[Moldavia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Ukraine]]
+| place             = [[Austria]], [[Crimea]], [[Hungary]], [[Moldavian campaign (1684–1691)|Moldavia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Ukraine]]
-| result            = [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] victory{{sfn|Nolan|2008|p=27}}<br />[[Treaty of Karlowitz]]{{sfn|Nolan|2008|p=27}}
+| result            = [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] victory{{sfn|Nolan|2008|p=27}}
+* [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]{{sfn|Nolan|2008|p=27}}
-| territory         = Ottoman Empire returned [[Podolia]] and the south of [[Right-bank Ukraine]] to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned [[Khotyn]], taken in 1673, to the Principality of Moldavia, as well as [[Câmpulung Moldovenesc|Câmpulung]], [[Soroca]], [[Suceava]] and [[Neamț County|Neamț]], taken in 1686 and 1691.
+| territory         = Ottoman Empire returned [[Podolia]] and the south of [[Right-bank Ukraine]] to Poland–Lithuania; Poland–Lithuania returned [[Khotyn]], taken in 1673, to the Principality of Moldavia, as well as [[Câmpulung Moldovenesc|Câmpulung]], [[Soroca]], [[Suceava]] and [[Neamț County|Neamț]], taken in 1686 and 1691.
-| combatant1        = {{flagicon|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
+| combatant1        = [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
-* {{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} [[Right-bank Ukraine]]
+* [[Right-bank Ukraine]]
-[[File:Герб Войска Запорожского.png|15px]] [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]]<br>{{flagcountry|Holy Roman Empire}}<br>{{flagicon|Tsardom of Russia}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] (1686—1700)<ref>see. [[Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)]]</ref>
+[[Zaporozhian Cossacks]]<br />[[Holy Roman Empire]]<br />[[Tsardom of Russia]] (1686–1699)<ref>see. [[Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)]]</ref>
 | combatant2        = {{plainlist|
-* {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]]
+* [[Ottoman Empire]]
-* [[File:Gerae-tamga.svg|20px]] [[Crimean Khanate]]
+* [[Crimean Khanate]]
-* [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg|14px]] [[Principality of Upper Hungary]] <small>(until 1685)</small>
+* [[Principality of Upper Hungary]] <small>(until 1685)</small>
-* {{flag|Transylvania}}
+* [[Transylvania]]
 * Hungarian [[Kuruc]] Resistance}}
 | campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Polish-Ottoman Wars}}
 }}
 [[File:Martin Battle of Yazlovets.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Pierre-Denis Martin (1663–1742)|Martin]]: Battle of Yazlovets 1684, ''[[Schleissheim Palace]] collection'']]
-'''Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)''' or the '''War of the Holy League''' refers to the Polish side of the conflict otherwise known as the [[Great Turkish War]]. The conflict begun with a great Polish victory at the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, and ended with the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]], restoring to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] lands lost in the previous Polish-Ottoman War (the [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)]]). It was the last conflict between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], and despite the Polish victory, it marked the decline of power of not only the Ottoman Empire, but also of the Commonwealth, which would never again interfere in affairs outside of its [[partitions of Poland|declining borders]].
+The '''Polish–Ottoman War''' or the '''War of the Holy League''' was the Polish side of the conflict otherwise known as the [[Great Turkish War]]. The conflict began with a Polish victory at the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, and ended with the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]], restoring to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] lands lost in the previous Polish-Ottoman War (the [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)]]). It was the last conflict between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], and despite the Polish victory, it marked the decline of power of not only the Ottoman Empire, but also of the Commonwealth, which would never again interfere in affairs outside of its [[partitions of Poland|declining borders]].
-==War==
+== War ==
-After a few years of peace, the [[Ottoman Empire]] attacked the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] again. The Ottomans almost captured [[Vienna]], but [[king of Poland]] [[John III Sobieski]] led a [[Christians|Christian]] alliance that defeated them in the [[Battle of Vienna]] which shook the Ottoman Empire's [[hegemony]] in south-eastern Europe.<ref name=KMLA>[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/17cen/polott16831699.html Polish-Ottoman War, 1683–1699] and [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/17cen/habsbott16831699.html  Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683–1699] at History of Warfare, World History at KMLA</ref>
+After a few years of peace, the [[Ottoman Empire]] attacked the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] again. The Ottomans almost captured [[Vienna]], but [[king of Poland]] [[John III Sobieski]] led a [[Christians|Christian]] alliance that defeated them in the [[Battle of Vienna]] which shook the Ottoman Empire's [[hegemony]] in south-eastern Europe.<ref name=KMLA>[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/17cen/polott16831699.html Polish-Ottoman War, 1683–1699] and [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/17cen/habsbott16831699.html Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683–1699] at History of Warfare, World History at KMLA</ref>
 A new [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]] was initiated by [[Pope Innocent XI]] and encompassed the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (headed by [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]]), the [[Venetian Republic]] and [[Poland]] in 1684, joined by [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsarist Russia]] in 1686. Ottomans suffered two decisive defeats against the Holy Roman Empire: the second [[Battle of Mohács (1687)|Battle of Mohács]] in 1687 and a decade later, in 1697, the [[battle of Zenta]].
+=== Moldavian campaign ===
+{{Main|Moldavian campaign (1684–1691)}}
 On the smaller Polish front, after the battles of 1683 (Vienna and Parkany), Sobieski, after his proposal for the League to start a major coordinated offensive, undertook a rather unsuccessful offensive in [[Moldavia]] in 1686, with the Ottomans refusing a major engagement and harassing the army. For the next four years Poland would blockade the key fortress at [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamenets]], and Ottoman [[Tatars]] would raid the borderlands. In 1691, Sobieski undertook another expedition to Moldavia, with slightly better results, but still with no decisive victories.<ref name=PRW>[http://www.jasinski.co.uk/wojna/conflicts/conf08.htm Polish Renaissance Warfare – Summary of Conflicts (1672–99)]</ref>
+=== Conclusion ===
-The last battle of the campaign was the [[Battle of Podhajce (1698)|battle of Podhajce]] in 1698, where Polish [[hetman]] [[Feliks Kazimierz Potocki]] defeated the Ottoman incursion into the Commonwealth. The League won the war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]. The Ottomans lost much of their European possessions, with [[Podolia]] (including Kamenets) returned to Poland with imposition of Austria.<ref name=KMLA/>
+The last battle of the campaign was the [[Battle of Podhajce (1698)|battle of Podhajce]] in 1698, where Polish [[hetman]] [[Feliks Kazimierz Potocki]] defeated the Ottoman incursion into the Commonwealth. The League won the war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]. The Ottomans lost much of their European possessions, with [[Podolia]] (including Kamenets) returned to Poland with imposition of Austria.<ref name=KMLA />
-==Battles==
+== Battles ==
 :''Please note, these battles represent the Polish-Ottoman front only, and don't include battles of the Great Turkish War that occurred without significant participation of the Polish troops.''
 * [[Battle of Vienna]] (12 September 1683)
-* [[Battle of Párkány]] ({{lang-sk|[[Štúrovo]]}}) (7–9 October 1683)
+* [[Battle of Párkány]] ({{langx|sk|[[Štúrovo]]}}) (7–9 October 1683)
+* {{ill|Kunicki's expedition on the Right-bank and Moldavia|ru|Поход Степана Куницкого на Правобережную Украину и Молдавию|uk|Похід Куницького на Правобережжя і Молдову}} (1683–1684)
-* [[Kunicki's expedition on the Right-bank and Moldova]] (1683-1684)
-* [[Battle of Chițcani (1683)|Battle of Chițcani]]  (5 December 1683)
+** [[Battle of Chițcani (1683)|Battle of Chițcani]] (5 December 1683)
-* [[:ru:Битва под Рени|Battle of Reni]] (30 December-4 January 1684)
+** [[Battle of Reni]] (30 December–4 January 1684)
-* [[:ru:Битва под Студеницей|Battle of Studenitsa]]
+* {{ill|Battle of Studenitsa|ru|Битва под Студеницей|uk|Битва під Студеницею}} (1684)
 * [[Battle of Yazlovets]] (1684)
-* [[:pl:Bitwa pod Bojanem|Battle of Boiany]] (1685)
+* {{ill|Battle of Boiany|pl|Bitwa pod Bojanem|ru|Сражение при Бояне}} (1685)
-* [[Kamianets-Podilskyi#Ottoman rule (1672–1699)|Siege of Kamenets]] ([[Kamianets-Podilskyi]]) (1687)
+* [[Siege of Kamenets (1687)]]
-* [[:uk:Битва під Новоселкою|Battle of Novoselka]] (1688)
+* {{ill|Battle of Novoselka|uk|Битва під Новоселкою}} (1688)
-* [[Battle of Suceava (1691)|Battle of Suceava]] (1690)
+* [[Battle of Suceava (1690)|Battle of Suceava]] (1690)
+* {{ill|Battle of Pererîta|pl|Bitwa pod Pererytą|ro|Bătălia de la Pererita|ru|Битва под Перерытами|uk|Битва під Переритою}} (1691)
-* [[:ro:Bătălia_de_la_Pererita|Battle of Pererîta]] (1691)
 * [[Battle of Târgu Neamţ]] (1691)
 * [[Battle of Hodów]] (June 1694)
-* [[Battle of Ustechko]] ({{lang-ua|Устечко}}) (6 October 1694)
+* [[Battle of Ustechko]] ({{langx|uk|Устечко}}) (6 October 1694)
-* [[:uk:Битва_під_Львовом_(1695)|Battle of Lwów]] ([[Lviv]]) (1695)
+* [[Battle of Lwów (1695)|Battle of Lwów]] ([[Lviv]]) (1695)
 * [[Battle of Podhajce (1698)|Battle of Podhajce]] (8–9 September 1698)
+* {{ill|Battle of Martynów (1699)|lt=Battle of Martynów|pl|Bitwa pod Martynowem (1699)}} (1699)
-==Notes==
+== Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
-==References==
+== References ==
-* {{cite book |title=Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare |first=Cathal J. |last=Nolan |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2008 }}
+* {{cite book |title=Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare |first=Cathal J. |last=Nolan |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2008}}
-* {{cite book |title=Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th – 18th Century): An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents |first=Dariusz |last=Kołodziejczyk |publisher=Leiden – Boston –Köln: Brill |year=2000 }}
+* {{cite book |title=Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th – 18th Century): An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents |first=Dariusz |last=Kołodziejczyk |publisher=Leiden – Boston –Köln: Brill |year=2000}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
 {{Portal|Christianity}}
 * {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120208045948/http://www.osman.livenet.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=6&rowstart=1 |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Polsko-Tureckie wojny}} {{in lang|pl}}
@@ Line 70: / Line 75: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Polish-Ottoman War (1683-99)}}
-[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
-[[Category:Polish–Ottoman wars]]
-[[Category:1680s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
-[[Category:1690s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
 [[Category:1680s in the Ottoman Empire]]
+[[Category:1680s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
 [[Category:1690s in the Ottoman Empire]]
-[[Category:Military history of Ukraine]]
+[[Category:1690s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
+[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
 [[Category:Great Turkish War]]
+[[Category:Military history of Ukraine]]
+[[Category:Polish–Ottoman wars]]
+[[Category:Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)| ]]