Operation Tupac: Difference between revisions

Operation Tupac
Operation Tupac
Part of Kashmir conflict and Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
	CIA Map of the Kashmir region, where the operation was launched mainly
Operational scope	Provision of Intelligence, Funding and Armaments for Separatists and Militants in Indian-administered Kashmir and India; Support Anti-India Separatist Movements and Militants and Islamist Uprisings in India;
Location	Kashmir Valley
Planned by	Pakistan
Target	India
Date	1989–2000s
Executed by	Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
Outcome	Jammu and Kashmir (1989–present); Insurgency in Northeast India; Khalistan movement;

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Operation Tupac is the codename of a military-intelligence contingency program that was run in the 1980s by Pakistan's main intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). It has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-India separatists and militants in the insurgency in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. The program was authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-President of Pakistan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.^[2] It has since been diminished since the Early 2000s by the later Military Dictator and President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf.

Background

The codename of the program is derived from the name of Túpac Amaru II, an 18th-century Peruvian revolutionary who led a large Andean uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru.^[9] The program is thought to be actively ongoing as the ISI has maintained its support for Kashmiri separatists, Islamists and other ideological militants in their fight against the Indian administration in Jammu and Kashmir.^[9]

After the Mujahideen victory against the Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan, Mujahideen fighters, under the Operation Tupac with the aid of Pakistan, slowly infiltrated Kashmir with the goal of spreading radical Islamist ideology to wage jihad in Jammu and Kashmir.^[10]

While all Kashmiri separatist groups received funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the Kashmir conflict were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.^[2] Under this program, the ISI helped create six separatist militant groups in Indian-administered Kashmir, including Lashkar-e-Taiba,.^[11]^[12] American intelligence officials have speculated that the ISI has continued to provide protection, support and intelligence to Lashkar-e-Taiba, among other militant groups in the region.^[12]

Scope and objectives of the program

The primary objectives of Pakistan's Operation Tupac upon its execution were:^[2]^[1]

to provide arms support and finance to separatists, militants and Islamists in India.
to trigger a Balkanization of India.
to utilize the spy network to act as an instrument of sabotage.
to exploit porous borders with Nepal and Bangladesh, Myanmar to set up bases and train anti-india militants for conduct operations against india.^[2]^[1]
to install sleeper cells in India and its neighbour countries.^[2]^[1]

ISI role

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), intelligence agency of Pakistan has been involved in running military intelligence programs in India, with one of the subsections of its Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) department devoted to perform various operations in India.^[13] The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) department has also been involved in providing communications support to Pakistani agents operating in regions of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir of India.^[13] The Joint Intelligence North section of the Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau (JCIB) wing deals particularly with India.^[14] In the 1950s the ISI's Covert Action Division was alleged for supplied arms to insurgents in Northeast India.^[13]^[15]

In 2011, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors and oversees militancy in Kashmir.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

Former Pakistan President General Pervez Musharraf in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army...People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."^[20]

In 2019, Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do a jihad. People who went to Kashmir will do an "injustice to the Kashmiri people".^[21]^[22] Indian commentator Luv Puri claims most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the Punjab province of Pakistan.^[22]

India has also accused the ISI of reinvigorating separatism and insurgencies in the country via support to pro-Khalistan militant groups such as the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), in order to destabilize India.^[5]^[6] A report by India's Intelligence Bureau (IB) indicated that ISI was "desperately trying to revive Sikh" militant activity in India.^[7] The ISI is also allegedly active in printing and supplying counterfeit Indian rupee notes.^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Winchell, Sean P. (2003), "Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 16 (3): 374–388, doi:10.1080/713830449, S2CID 154924792
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g John Pike (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
^ Rashid (2013), p. 48.
^ Ghosh 2000 pg.8
^ ^a ^b "International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article". The Institute for Conflict Management. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ ^a ^b Mehtab Ali Shah (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994. I.B.Tauris. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5.
^ ^a ^b Nanjappa, Vicky (10 June 2008). "200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Mukhtar Khan (9 January 2009). "India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
^ Arif, Jamal (2009). Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir. Melville House. ISBN 9781933633596.
^ Juan Cole (12 December 2008), "Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?", Salon, archived from the original on 15 February 2009
^ ^a ^b Richard A. Oppel Jr.; Salman Masood (1 January 2009), "Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says", The New York Times, archived from the original on 15 December 2018
^ ^a ^b ^c Pike, John (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ "Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India". The Pioneer. Federation of American Scientists. 30 June 1999. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Raman, B. "PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI)". Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ "ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court". Firstpost. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (20 July 2011). "US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ Kumar, Himani (7 June 2011). "ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ Agencies (20 July 2011). "ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf". India Today. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "'Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham". DAWN.COM. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ ^a ^b Puri, Luv (27 November 2019). "The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ M. G. Chitkara (2003). Combating Terrorism. APH Publishing. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-7648-415-2.

[Winchell_2003_374–388-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Winchell, Sean P. (2003), "Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 16 (3): 374–388, doi:10.1080/713830449, S2CID 154924792

[FAS-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g John Pike (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.

[FOOTNOTERashid201348-3] Rashid (2013), p. 48.

[ghosh8-4] Ghosh 2000 pg.8

[SATPISYF-5] "International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article". The Institute for Conflict Management. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

[Shah1997-6] Mehtab Ali Shah (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994. I.B.Tauris. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5.

[Nanjappa-7] Nanjappa, Vicky (10 June 2008). "200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

[tm20090109-8] Mukhtar Khan (9 January 2009). "India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2012.

[GS1-9] "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.

[10] Arif, Jamal (2009). Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir. Melville House. ISBN 9781933633596.

[Salon-11] Juan Cole (12 December 2008), "Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?", Salon, archived from the original on 15 February 2009

[NYT1-12] Richard A. Oppel Jr.; Salman Masood (1 January 2009), "Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says", The New York Times, archived from the original on 15 December 2018

[FASb-13] Pike, John (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

[Daily-14] "Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India". The Pioneer. Federation of American Scientists. 30 June 1999. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

[South_Asia_Analysis_Group-15] Raman, B. "PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI)". Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

[firstpost1-16] "ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court". Firstpost. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.

[indiatimes.com1-17] Rajghatta, Chidanand (20 July 2011). "US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[rediff1-18] Kumar, Himani (7 June 2011). "ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[indianexpress1-19] Agencies (20 July 2011). "ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[20] "Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf". India Today. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[DawnSept2019-21] "'Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham". DAWN.COM. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.

[Puri-22] Puri, Luv (27 November 2019). "The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 November 2019.

[Chitkara2003-23] M. G. Chitkara (2003). Combating Terrorism. APH Publishing. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-7648-415-2.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Alleged codename of a Pakistani ISI contingency program}}
+{{Short description|Codename of a Pakistani ISI operation in India}}
 {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2021}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
 {{operational plan
-| name        = Operation Tupac
+| name          = Operation Tupac
-| partof      = the [[Kashmir conflict]] and the wider [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|India–Pakistan conflict]]
+| partof        = [[Kashmir conflict]] and [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
+| image         = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg
-| image       =
+| caption       = CIA Map of the [[Kashmir]] region, where the operation was launched mainly
-| caption     =
-| scope       =* Provision of intelligence, funding and armaments for separatists and militants in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and [[India]]<ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388">{{citation |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |first=Sean P. |last=Winchell |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |number=3 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}}}}</ref>
+| scope         = * Provision of Intelligence, Funding and Armaments for Separatists and Militants in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and India<ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388">{{citation |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |first=Sean P. |last=Winchell |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |number=3 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |s2cid=154924792 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}}}}</ref>
-* Support Anti-[[India]] Separatists Movements and Militants also Support [[Islamists]] Uprisings in [[India]]<ref name=FAS/>
+* Support Anti-India Separatist Movements and Militants and [[Islamist]] Uprisings in [[India]]<ref name=FAS/>
-| type        = Covert military-intelligence operation
+| type          = Covert Military Intelligence Operation
-| location    = [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
+| location      = [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
-| planned_by  = {{flag|Pakistan}}
+| planned_by    = {{flag|Pakistan}}
-| objective   = Arm, train and finance militants in India
+| objective     = <nowiki>Arm, Train and Finance Militants in [India]]</nowiki>
-| target      ={{flag|India}}<ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
+| target        = {{flag|India}}<ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
-| date        = 1989–present
+| date          = 1989–2000s
+| outcome       = * [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1989–present)
-| outcome     =
+*[[Insurgency in Northeast India]]{{sfnp|Rashid|2013|p=48}}<ref name=ghosh8>Ghosh 2000 pg.8</ref>
-* [[Insurgency|Rebelution]] and [[Revolution]] in [[Muslims|Muslim]]-dominated [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|in Jammu and Kashmir]] (1989–present)
+*[[Khalistan movement]]<ref name=SATPISYF>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref><ref name="Nanjappa">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|work=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="tm20090109">
-*[[Insurgency in Northeast India|Separatist unrest in Northeast India]]{{sfnp|Rashid|2013|p=48}}<ref name=ghosh8>Ghosh 2000 pg.8</ref>
-*[[Khalistan movement]]<ref name=SATPISYF>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref><ref name="Nanjappa">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|publisher=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="tm20090109">
-{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |title=India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence |author=Mukhtar Khan |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=9 January 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024908/http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=live}}
-</ref>
-|executed_by=[[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)}}
-'''Operation Tupac''' is the codename of an ongoing military-intelligence contingency program that has been active since the 1980s and run by the Pakistan's main intelligence agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI). It has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-[[India]] separatists and militants in [[Indian Administered Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]]. The program was authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-[[President of Pakistan]], [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]].<ref name=FAS>
-{{cite web |url = https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title = Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence  |publisher = [[Federation of American Scientists]] |author = John Pike |date = 25 July 2002  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008}}
-</ref><ref name=Salon>
-{{citation |author=Juan Cole |url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |title=Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge? |newspaper=Salon |date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215102510/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |archive-date=2009-02-15}}
-</ref><ref name="tm20090109">
 {{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |title=India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence |author=Mukhtar Khan |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |date=9 January 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024908/http://www.jamestown.org/fileadmin/JamestownContent/Book_Images/TM_007_1.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=live}}
 </ref>
+| executed_by   = [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)
+}}
+'''Operation Tupac''' is the codename of a military-intelligence contingency program that was run in the 1980s by Pakistan's main intelligence agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI). It has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-[[India]] separatists and militants in the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir]]. The program was authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-[[President of Pakistan]], [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]].<ref name="FAS">
+{{cite web |author=John Pike |date=25 July 2002 |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}
+</ref> It has since been diminished since the Early 2000s by the later [[Military coups in Pakistan|Military Dictator]] and [[President of Pakistan]], [[Pervez Musharraf|General Pervez Musharraf]].
+== Background ==
-The codename of the program is derived from the name of [[Túpac Amaru II]], an 18th-century [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] revolutionary who led a [[Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II|large Andean uprising]] against [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Spanish colonial rule in Peru]].<ref name=GS1>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |access-date=12 May 2008 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |archive-date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> The program is thought to be actively ongoing as the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] has maintained its support for Kashmiri separatists, [[Islamism|Islamists]] and other ideological militants in their fight against the Indian administration in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=GS1/>
+The codename of the program is derived from the name of [[Túpac Amaru II]], an 18th-century [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] revolutionary who led a [[Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II|large Andean uprising]] against [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Spanish colonial rule in Peru]].<ref name="GS1">{{cite web |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm |archive-date=2008-05-15 |access-date=12 May 2008 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref> The program is thought to be actively ongoing as the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] has maintained its support for Kashmiri separatists, [[Islamism|Islamists]] and other ideological militants in their fight against the Indian administration in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=GS1/>
+After the [[Mujahideen]] victory against the [[Soviet-Afghan war|Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan]], [[Mujahideen]] fighters, under the Operation Tupac with the aid of [[Pakistan]], slowly infiltrated [[Kashmir]] with the goal of spreading radical [[Islamism|Islamist ideology]] to wage [[jihad]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arif |first=Jamal |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |publisher=[[Melville House Publishing|Melville House]] |year=2009 |isbn=9781933633596}}</ref>
-While all Kashmiri separatist groups received funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the [[Kashmir conflict]] were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.<ref name=FAS/> Under this program, the ISI helped create six separatist militant groups in Indian-administered Kashmir, including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], which notoriously perpetrated the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] in India.<ref name=Salon/><ref name=NYT1>{{citation |author1=Richard A. Oppel Jr. |author2=Salman Masood |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130506/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |archive-date=2018-12-15 }}
-</ref> American intelligence officials have speculated that the ISI has continued to provide protection, support and intelligence to Lashkar-e-Taiba, among other militant groups in the region.<ref name=NYT1/>
+While all Kashmiri separatist groups received funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the [[Kashmir conflict]] were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.<ref name=FAS/> Under this program, the ISI helped create six separatist militant groups in Indian-administered Kashmir, including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]],.<ref name="Salon">
-==ISI role==
+{{citation |author=Juan Cole |title=Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge? |date=12 December 2008 |newspaper=Salon |url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215102510/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |archive-date=2009-02-15}}
-The '''[[Inter-Services Intelligence]]''' ('''ISI'''), intelligence agency of [[Pakistan]] has been involved in running [[military intelligence]] programs in India, with one of the subsections of its Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) department devoted to perform various operations in India.<ref name="FASb">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |author=Pike, John |date=25 July 2002 |access-date= 25 June 2012 |author-link=John E. Pike }}</ref> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) department has also been involved in providing communications support to Pakistani agents operating in regions of the [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] of India.<ref name="FASb"/> The Joint Intelligence North section of the Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau (JCIB) wing deals particularly with India.<ref name="Daily">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/india.html |title=Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India |work=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=30 June 1999 |access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> In the 1950s the ISI's Covert Action Division was alleged for supplied arms to [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgents in Northeast India]].<ref name="FASb"/><ref name="South Asia Analysis Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|title=PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI)|access-date=25 June 2012|first=B|last=Raman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913194009/http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
+</ref><ref name=NYT1>{{citation |author1=Richard A. Oppel Jr. |author2=Salman Masood |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130506/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html |archive-date=2018-12-15 }}</ref> American intelligence officials have speculated that the ISI has continued to provide protection, support and intelligence to Lashkar-e-Taiba, among other militant groups in the region.<ref name=NYT1/>
-The Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] has encouraged and aided the Kashmir independence movement through an insurgency due to its dispute on the legitimacy of Indian rule in Kashmir, with the insurgency as an easy way to keep Indian troops distracted and cause international condemnation of India.
-Former [[President of Pakistan|Pakistan President]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]] in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army...People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html|access-date=22 February 2017|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=16 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012065029/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html|archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>
-The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)]], in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] sponsors terrorism in Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist groups in Kashmir.<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|title=ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court|work=Firstpost|date=21 July 2011|access-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145916/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com1">{{cite news|last1=Rajghatta|first1=Chidanand|title=US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms|archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Himani|title=ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|access-date=22 February 2017|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015010/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news|last1=Agencies|title=ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170224070053/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>
-In 2019, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Imran Khan]] publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do a ''[[jihad]]''. People who went to Kashmir will do an "injustice to the Kashmiri people".<ref name="DawnSept2019">{{cite news |title='Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914 |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Puri" /> Most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Puri">{{cite news |last1=Puri |first1=Luv |title=The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=The Hindu|date=27 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
-India has also accused the ISI of reinvigorating separatism and insurgencies in the country via support to [[pro-Khalistan]] militant groups such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]] (ISYF), in order to destabilize India.<ref name=SATPISYF>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref> A report by India's [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) indicated that ISI was "desperately trying to revive Sikh" militant activity in India.<ref name="Nanjappa">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|publisher=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> The ISI is also allegedly active in printing and supplying [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit]] [[Indian rupee]] notes.<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book|author=M. G. Chitkara|title=Combating Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3A0DG8caV6AC&pg=PA296|year=2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-415-2|page=296}}</ref>
 ==Scope and objectives of the program==
@@ Line 56: / Line 43: @@
 *to utilize the spy network to act as an instrument of sabotage.
 *to exploit porous borders with [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] to set up bases and [[Training|train]] anti-india militants for conduct operations against [[india]].<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
-*to install [[Espionage|sleeper cells]] in [[india]] and its neighbour countries.<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
+*to install [[Sleeper Cell|sleeper cells]] in [[India]] and its neighbour countries.<ref name=FAS/><ref name="Winchell 2003 374–388"/>
+==ISI role==
+The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), intelligence agency of [[Pakistan]] has been involved in running [[military intelligence]] programs in India, with one of the subsections of its Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) department devoted to perform various operations in India.<ref name="FASb">{{cite web |author=Pike, John |author-link=John E. Pike |date=25 July 2002 |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |access-date=25 June 2012 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) department has also been involved in providing communications support to Pakistani agents operating in regions of the [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] of India.<ref name="FASb" /> The Joint Intelligence North section of the Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau (JCIB) wing deals particularly with India.<ref name="Daily">{{cite web |date=30 June 1999 |title=Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/india.html |access-date=25 June 2012 |work=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> In the 1950s the ISI's Covert Action Division was alleged for supplied arms to [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgents in Northeast India]].<ref name="FASb" /><ref name="South Asia Analysis Group">{{cite web |last=Raman |first=B |title=PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI) |url=http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913194009/http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref>
+In 2011, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)]] said that the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] sponsors and oversees militancy in Kashmir.<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite web |date=21 July 2011 |title=ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145916/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com1">{{cite news |last1=Rajghatta |first1=Chidanand |date=20 July 2011 |title=US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Himani |date=7 June 2011 |title=ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015010/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news |last1=Agencies |date=20 July 2011 |title=ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170224070053/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
+Former [[President of Pakistan|Pakistan President]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]] in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army...People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."<ref>{{cite magazine |date=16 October 2014 |title=Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012065029/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
+In 2019, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Imran Khan]] publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do a ''[[jihad]]''. People who went to Kashmir will do an "injustice to the Kashmiri people".<ref name="DawnSept2019">{{cite news |date=18 September 2019 |title='Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505914 |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Puri">{{cite news |last1=Puri |first1=Luv |date=27 November 2019 |title=The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-many-faces-of-pakistani-punjabs-militancy/article30090521.ece |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Indian commentator Luv Puri claims most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Puri" />
+India has also accused the ISI of reinvigorating separatism and insurgencies in the country via support to [[pro-Khalistan]] militant groups such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]] (ISYF), in order to destabilize India.<ref name="SATPISYF">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref> A report by India's [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) indicated that ISI was "desperately trying to revive Sikh" militant activity in India.<ref name="Nanjappa">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|work=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> The ISI is also allegedly active in printing and supplying [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit]] [[Indian rupee]] notes.<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book |author=M. G. Chitkara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3A0DG8caV6AC&pg=PA296 |title=Combating Terrorism |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7648-415-2 |page=296}}</ref>
-==Operation Tupac & Insurgency in Jammu & Kashmir==
-After the [[Mujahideen]] victory against the [[Soviet-Afghan war|Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan]], [[Mujahideen]] fighters, under the Operation Tupac with the aid of [[Pakistan]], slowly infiltrated [[Kashmir]] with the goal of spreading a Radical [[Islamism|Islamist ideology]] to [[Jihad]] against indian occupation in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
 ==See also==
@@ Line 74: / Line 69: @@
 {{Military of Pakistan}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupac, Operation}}
-[[Category:Military operations involving Pakistan|Tupac]]
+[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict]]
 [[Category:Inter-Services Intelligence operations]]
-[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
+[[Category:India–Pakistan military relations]]
-[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
+[[Category:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
-[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]

v t e Kashmir conflict
Timeline 1846–1946 1947–present
Wars and conflicts	Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (media coverage)
Border skirmishes	2011 2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2016 Uri attack 2016 Baramulla attack 2016 Nagrota army base attack 2019 2020–2021 2023
Operations	1947 Poonch rebellion Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Operation Tupac Operation Bison Operation Eraze Operation All Out Operation Sarp Vinash Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Operation Calm Down 2016 strike 2019 airstrike
Negotiations	Jinnah–Mountbatten talks UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute Simla Agreement
Bombings and massacres	1947 Jammu massacres 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre Chittisinghpura massacre 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing 2001 Kishtwar massacre 2002 Raghunath temple attacks 2006 Srinagar bombings 2006 Doda massacre March 2013 Srinagar attack 2016 Uri attack 2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 2018 Sunjuwan attack 2019 Pulwama attack 2022 Srinagar bombing
Militant organisations	Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Tehreek-e-Hurriyat Hizbul Mujahideen Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Harkat ul-Ansar Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir) Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind Dukhtaran-e-Millat Islamic State – Khorasan Province Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir United Jihad Council
Observances	19 January— Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day 5 February— Kashmir Solidarity Day 13 July— Kashmir Martyrs' Day 5 August— Youm-e-Istehsal 22 October— Jammu and Kashmir Black Day (Invasion Day) 24 October— Azad Kashmir Day 26 October— Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day
Related	Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus Insurgency Human rights abuses OHCHR reports on Kashmir Rape Ikhwan Crowd control Stone pelting Peacebuilding Women's rights Over ground workers (OGWs) Village Defence Committees

v t e Inter-Services Intelligence
Major operations	Operation Rising Sun (1970) Operation Fair Play (1977) Operation Tupac (1980) Operation Cyclone (1979–1989) Operation Midnight Jackal (1989) Operation Clean-up (1992–1994) Drone Strikes in Pakistan (2004–2016)
by Country	Afghanistan Bosnia India United Kingdom United States
Directors General	Walter Cawthorn Syed Shahid Hamid Mirza Hamid Hussain Muhammad Afzal Malik Syed Ghawas Sher Bahadur Muhammad Hayat Riaz Hussain Muhammed Akbar Khan Ghulam Jilani Khan Muhammad Riaz Khan Akhtar Abdur Rehman Hamid Gul Shamsur Rahman Kallu Asad Durrani Javed Nasir Javed Ashraf Qazi Naseem Rana Ziauddin Butt Mahmud Ahmed Ehsan ul Haq Ashfaq Parvez Kayani Nadeem Taj Ahmad Shuja Pasha Zaheerul Islam Rizwan Akhtar Naveed Mukhtar Asim Munir Faiz Hameed Nadeem Anjum Asim Mailk
Bibliography	Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations Spy Stories: Inside the Secret World of the RAW and the ISI
Category Commons Wikinews