Ferruginous duck: Difference between revisions

Ferruginous duck
	Male
	Female
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Genus:	Aythya
Species:	A. nyroca
Binomial name
	Aythya nyroca; (Güldenstädt, 1770)
	Range of A. nyroca Breeding Resident Passage Non-breeding

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 00:31, 21 December 2024

The ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), also known as ferruginous pochard, common white-eye or white-eyed pochard, is a medium-sized diving duck from Eurosiberia. The scientific name is derived from the Ancient Greek word, αἴθυιᾰ (aithuia), an unknown seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and the Russian word, нырок (nyrok),^[2] the Russian word for pochard, which occurs in the bird's Russian common name.

Description

The breeding male is a rich, dark chestnut on the head, breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts. In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible. The females are duller and browner than the males. The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye.^[3]

Habitat

The ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins. In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands. On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters, inland seas and large, open lagoons.^[4]

Distribution

The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from Iberia and the Maghreb east to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout the Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea, smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via the Nile Valley.^[4] Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.^[5]

Habits

These are gregarious birds, but less social than other Aythya species but where common it can form large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such as tufted ducks and common pochards. Form pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts. In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands, often in association with gulls. Where scarce it nests singly, in dispersed and concealed sites.^[4]

Eggs are laid from the end of April or early May in a nest which is sited on the ground close to water, or sometimes a floating nest is built among emergent vegetation. The eggs are incubated for 25–27 days and the fledging period is 55–60 days.^[4]

These birds feed mainly by diving or dabbling. They eat aquatic plants with some molluscs, aquatic insects and small fish. They often feed at night, and will upend (dabble) for food as well as the more characteristic diving.^[4]

Conservation

The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. Western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.^[5] Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention.^[6]

Gallery

Male
Ferruginous ducks
ID composite
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
Aythya nyroca (male), referred to as Anas pullata, in Nederlandsche Vogelen, c. 1800

References

^ BirdLife International (2019). "Aythya nyroca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22680373A152620862. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680373A152620862.en. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 64, 277. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0.
^ ^a ^b "Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca". Birdlife International. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Ferruginous Pochard (Aythya nyroca) in Armenia.^[usurped] In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved 27 May 2017

External links

BirdLife species factsheet for Aythya nyroca
"Aythya nyroca". Avibase.
"Ferruginous duck media". Internet Bird Collection.
Ferruginous pochard photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Aythya nyroca at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of Ferruginous duck on Xeno-canto.

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2019). "Aythya nyroca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22680373A152620862. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680373A152620862.en. Retrieved 21 March 2022.

[job90-2] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 64, 277. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[Wildfowl-3] Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.

[BWP-4] Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0.

[Birdlife-5] "Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca". Birdlife International. Retrieved 15 October 2016.

[6] Ferruginous Pochard (Aythya nyroca) in Armenia.^[usurped] In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved 27 May 2017

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | name = Ferruginous duck
 | status = NT
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22680373 |title=''Aythya nyroca'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Aythya nyroca'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22680373A152620862 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680373A152620862.en |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
 | image = Aythya nyroca at Martin Mere 1.jpg
 | image_caption = Male
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 | taxon = Aythya nyroca
 | authority = ([[Johann Anton Güldenstädt|Güldenstädt]], 1770)
+| range_map = AythyaNyrocaIUCNver2019 1.png
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. nyroca''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
 }}
-The '''ferruginous duck''', also '''ferruginous pochard''', '''common white-eye''' or '''white-eyed pochard''' (''Aythya nyroca'') is a medium-sized [[diving duck]] from [[Eurasia]]. The scientific name is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] '' aithuia'' an unidentified [[seabird]] mentioned by authors including [[Hesychius of Miletus|Hesychius]] and [[Aristotle]], and ''nyrok'', the Russian name for a duck.<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages = 64, 277}}</ref>
+The '''ferruginous duck''' ('''''Aythya nyroca'''''), also known as '''ferruginous pochard''', '''common white-eye''' or '''white-eyed pochard''',  is a medium-sized [[diving duck]] from [[Palearctic|Eurosiberia]]. The scientific name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word, {{wikt-lang|grc|αἴθυιᾰ}} ({{transliteration|grc|aithuia}}), an unknown [[seabird]] mentioned by authors including [[Hesychius of Miletus|Hesychius]] and [[Aristotle]], and the Russian word, {{wikt-lang|ru|нырок}} ({{transliteration|ru|nyrok}}),<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n64 64], 277}}</ref> the [[Russian language|Russian]] word for [[pochard]], which occurs in the bird's Russian common name.
 ==Description==
-The breeding male is a rich, dark chestnut on the head, breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts. In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible.  The females are duller and browner than the males. The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye.<ref name = Wildfowl>{{cite book | last1 = Madge | first1 = Steve | last2 = Burn | first2 = Hilary | year = 1988 | title = Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world | pages = 252–253 | publisher = Christopher Helm | ISBN = 0-7470-2201-1}}</ref>
+The breeding male is a rich, dark chestnut on the head, breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts. In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible.  The females are duller and browner than the males. The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye.<ref name = Wildfowl>{{cite book | last1 = Madge | first1 = Steve | last2 = Burn | first2 = Hilary | year = 1988 | title = Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world | pages = 252–253 | publisher = Christopher Helm | isbn = 0-7470-2201-1}}</ref>
 ==Habitat==
-The ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins. In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands.  On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters, inland seas and large, open lagoons.<ref name = BWP>{{cite book | last1 = Snow | first1 = D.W. | last2 = Perrins | first2 = C.M. | year = 1998 | title = The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 242–244 | ISBN = 0 19 850187 0}}</ref>
+The ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins. In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands.  On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters, inland seas and large, open lagoons.<ref name = BWP>{{cite book | last1 = Snow | first1 = D.W. | last2 = Perrins | first2 = C.M. | year = 1998 | title = The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 242–244 | isbn = 0-19-850187-0}}</ref>
 ==Distribution==
-The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from [[Iberia]] and the [[Maghreb]] east to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and the [[Black Sea]], smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via the [[Nile Valley]].<ref name = BWP/> Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.<ref name = Birdlife>{{cite web |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=476 | title = Ferruginous Duck ''Aythya nyroca'' | accessdate = 15 October 2016 | publisher = [[Birdlife International]]}}</ref>
+The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from [[Iberia]] and the [[Maghreb]] east to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and the [[Black Sea]], smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via the [[Nile Valley]].<ref name = BWP/> Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.<ref name = Birdlife>{{cite web |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=476 | title = Ferruginous Duck ''Aythya nyroca'' | access-date = 15 October 2016 | publisher = [[Birdlife International]]}}</ref>
 ==Habits==
-These are gregarious birds, but less social than other ''Aythya'' species but where common it can form large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such as [[tufted duck]]s and [[common pochard]]s.  Forms pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts. In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands, often in association with gulls.  Where scarce it nests singly, in dispersed and concealed sites.<ref name = BWP/>
+These are gregarious birds, but less social than other ''Aythya'' species but where common it can form large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such as [[tufted duck]]s and [[common pochard]]s.  Form pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts. In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands, often in association with gulls.  Where scarce it nests singly, in dispersed and concealed sites.<ref name = BWP/>
 Eggs are laid from the end of April or early May in a nest which is sited on the ground close to water, or sometimes a floating nest is built among emergent vegetation.  The eggs are incubated for 25–27 days and the fledging period is 55–60 days.<ref name = BWP/>
@@ Line 32: / Line 35: @@
 ==Conservation==
-The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of [[grass carp]] ''Ctenopharyngodon idella'' has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.<ref name = Birdlife/> Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention <ref>[http://www.abcc-am.org/ferruginous-pochard.html Ferruginous Pochard (''Aythya nyroca'') in Armenia.] In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved 27 May 2017</ref>
+The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of [[grass carp]] ''Ctenopharyngodon idella'' has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. Western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.<ref name = Birdlife/> Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233148/http://www.abcc-am.org/ferruginous-pochard.html Ferruginous Pochard (''Aythya nyroca'') in Armenia.]}} In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved 27 May 2017</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 40: / Line 43: @@
 File:Ferruginous Duck from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg|ID composite
 File:Aythya nyroca MWNH 2004.JPG|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
+File:Nederlandsche vogelen (KB) - Aythya nyroca (322b).jpg|''Aythya nyroca'' (male), referred to as ''Anas pullata'', in ''[[Nederlandsche Vogelen]]'', c. 1800
 </gallery>
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<!-- Forktail15:66. -->
-{{reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
 * {{cite journal |last1=Showler |first1=D.A. |last2=Davidson |first2=P. |year=1999 |title=Observations of Jerdon's Babbler ''Chrysomma altirostre'' and Rufous-vented Prinia ''Prinia burnesii'' in Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces, Pakistan |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=15 |pages=66–76 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Showler-Jerdons.pdf}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=A.P. |year=2002 |title=New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=18 |pages=151–153 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Singh-DehraDun.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=A.P. |year=2002 |title=New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=18 |pages=151–153 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Singh-DehraDun.pdf |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808140655/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Singh-DehraDun.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}
-* {{cite journal |last=Vinicombe |first=K.E. |authorlink=Keith Vinicombe |year=2000 |url=http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V93/V93_N01/V93_N01_P004_021_A002.pdf |title=Identification of Ferruginous Duck and its status in Britain and Ireland |journal=[[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=4–21}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Vinicombe |first=K.E. |author-link=Keith Vinicombe |year=2000 |url=http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V93/V93_N01/V93_N01_P004_021_A002.pdf |title=Identification of Ferruginous Duck and its status in Britain and Ireland |journal=[[British Birds (magazine)|British Birds]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194820/http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V93/V93_N01/V93_N01_P004_021_A002.pdf |url-status=dead }}
-* {{cite journal |last=Vinicombe |first=K.E. |authorlink=Keith Vinicombe |year=2007 |title=ID in depth – Ferruginous Duck |journal=[[Birdwatch (magazine)|Birdwatch]] |volume=176 |pages=24–26}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Vinicombe |first=K.E. |author-link=Keith Vinicombe |year=2007 |title=ID in depth – Ferruginous Duck |journal=[[Birdwatch (magazine)|Birdwatch]] |volume=176 |pages=24–26}}
 ==External links==
-{{commons category|Aythya nyroca}}
+{{Commons category|Aythya nyroca}}
-{{wikispecies|Aythya nyroca}}
+{{Wikispecies|Aythya nyroca}}
 * {{BirdLife|22680373|Aythya nyroca}}
 * {{Avibase|name=Aythya nyroca}}
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 * {{Xeno-canto species|Aythya|nyroca|Ferruginous duck}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q191723}}
-{{taxonbar}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:duck, ferruginous}}
 [[Category:Aythya|ferruginous duck]]
 [[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
-[[Category:Eurasian migratory birds]]
 [[Category:Birds of the Middle East]]
 [[Category:Birds of North Africa]]
+[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1770|ferruginous duck]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Anton Güldenstädt|ferruginous duck]]