12 Victoria: Difference between revisions

12 Victoria
Discovery
Discovered by	John Russell Hind
Discovery date	13 September 1850
Designations
MPC designation	(12) Victoria
Pronunciation	/vɪkˈtɔːriə/
Named after	Victoria (Latin: Uictōria)
Minor planet category	Main belt
Adjectives	Victorian
Symbol	(historical)
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 17.0 October 2024; (JD 2460600.5)
	Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	173.98 yr
Aphelion	2.85 AU (426 million km)
Perihelion	1.82 AU (272 million km)
Semi-major axis	2.33 AU (349 million km)
Eccentricity	0.22013
Orbital period (sidereal)	3.57 yr (1302.6 d)
Average orbital speed	19.50 km/s
Mean anomaly	326.4°
Mean motion	0° 16m 34.914s / day
Inclination	8.374°
Longitude of ascending node	235.36°
Time of perihelion	15 February 2025
Argument of perihelion	69.55°
Earth MOID	0.83 AU (124 million km)
Jupiter MOID	2.42 AU (362 million km)
TJupiter	3.522
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	140 km × 116 km × 96 km (± 4 km × 3 km × 3 km)
Mean diameter	116±2 km; 115.087 ± 1.199 km; 124.09 ± 8.31 km
Flattening	0.31
Mass	(2.7±1.3)×1018 kg ; (2.45±0.46)×1018 kg
Mean density	3.4±1.7 g/cm3; 2.45±0.67 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity	0.0315 m/s²
Equatorial escape velocity	0.0596 km/s
Synodic rotation period	8.6599 h (0.36083 d); 8.660345±0.000005 h
Axial tilt	110°
Pole ecliptic latitude	−27°±3°
Pole ecliptic longitude	177°±2°
Geometric albedo	0.167 (calculated); 0.163 ± 0.027
Temperature	~178 K
Spectral type	S (Tholen)/L (SMASS); A; L
Apparent magnitude	8.68 to 12.82
Absolute magnitude (H)	7.30; 7.24
Angular diameter	0.188" to 0.04"

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12 Victoria is a large main-belt asteroid, orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.56 years and an eccentricity of 0.221. It is a stony (S-type) asteroid, about 112–124 km across with an albedo of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66 hours. Victoria has been observed to occult a star three times since its discovery. Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid, with a moon of irregular shape.^[6]

This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer J. R. Hind on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman goddess of victory, but the name also honours Queen Victoria. The goddess Victoria (Nike for the Greeks) was the daughter of Styx by the Titan Pallas. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious Astronomical Journal, adopted the alternate name Clio (now used by 84 Klio), proposed by the discoverer. However, W. C. Bond, of the Harvard College Observatory, then the highest authority on astronomy in America, held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.^[7]

The historical symbol for Victoria was a star with a branch of laurel. It is in the pipeline for Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC5 𜻅 ().^[8]^[9]

12 Victoria Earth approach on 26 June 2028^[10]
Date and time of closest approach	Earth distance (AU)	Sun distance (AU)	Velocity relative to Earth (km/s)	Velocity relative to Sun (km/s)	Uncertainty region (3-sigma)	Solar elongation
26 June 2028 ≈01:57	0.877 AU (131.2 million km; 81.5 million mi; 341 LD)	1.88 AU (281 million km; 175 million mi)	6.4	23.7	± 7 km	166.9°

Notes

^ Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): $f=1-{\frac {c}{a}}$ , where (c/a) = 0.69±0.03.^[3]

References

^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria" (2024-09-10 last obs). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Carry, B. (December 2012). "Density of asteroids". Planetary and Space Science. 73 (1): 98–118. arXiv:1203.4336. Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. S2CID 119226456. See Table 1.
^ "AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13. ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
^ Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ Unicode. "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline". unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
^ "Horizons Batch for 12 Victoria on 2028-Jun-26" (Closest Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

External links

"Elements and Ephemeris for (12) Victoria". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. (displays Elong from Sun and V mag for 2011)
12 Victoria at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
- Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
12 Victoria at the JPL Small-Body Database
- Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters

[5] Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): $f=1-{\frac {c}{a}}$ , where (c/a) = 0.69±0.03.^[3]

[1] Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language

[jpldata-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria" (2024-09-10 last obs). Retrieved 20 December 2024.

[VLT-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56

[Carry2012-4] Carry, B. (December 2012). "Density of asteroids". Planetary and Space Science. 73 (1): 98–118. arXiv:1203.4336. Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. S2CID 119226456. See Table 1.

[AstDys-Victoria-6] "AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[7] Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions

[8] Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13. ISBN 3-540-00238-3.

[astunicode-9] Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

[pipeline-10] Unicode. "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline". unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

[Earth2028-11] "Horizons Batch for 12 Victoria on 2028-Jun-26" (Closest Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
 {{Infobox planet
-| minorplanet=yes
+| minorplanet = yes
-| background=#D6D6D6
+| background = #D6D6D6
-| name=12 Victoria
+| name = 12 Victoria
-| symbol=[[File:Victoria symbol (bold).svg|24px]] (historical)
+| symbol = [[File:Victoria symbol (bold).svg|24px]] (historical)
-| image=12 Victoria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
+| image = 12 Victoria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
-| image_size =
+| caption =
+| discoverer = [[John Russell Hind]]
-| caption=
+| discovered = 13 September 1850
-| discoverer=[[John Russell Hind]]
+| mpc_name = (12) Victoria
-| discovered=13 September 1850
+| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|k|ˈ|t|ɔər|i|ə}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
-| mpc_name=(12) Victoria
+| adjective = Victorian
-| pronounced={{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|k|ˈ|t|ɔər|i|ə}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
+| alt_names =
-| adjective=Victorian
+| named_after = [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] ({{langx|la|Uictōria}})
-| alt_names=
+| mp_category = [[Main belt]]
-| named_after=[[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] ({{lang-la|Uictōria}})
+| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
-| mp_category=[[Main belt]]
+  |type=2024-09-10 last obs
-| orbit_ref=<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
-  |type=2023-05-15 last obs
   |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria
   |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12
-  |accessdate=2023-09-18}}</ref>
+  |accessdate=2024-12-20}}</ref>
-| epoch=13&nbsp;September 2023<br/>([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2453300.5)
+| epoch = 17.0&nbsp;October 2024<br/>([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2460600.5)
-| observation_arc=172.65 yr
+| observation_arc = 173.98 yr
-| uncertainty=0
+| uncertainty = 0
-| semimajor={{Convert|2.33|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
+| semimajor = {{Convert|2.33|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
-| perihelion={{Convert|1.819|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
+| perihelion = {{Convert|1.82|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
-| time_periastron=15 February 2025
+| time_periastron = 15 February 2025
-| aphelion={{Convert|2.85|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}
+| aphelion = {{Convert|2.85|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}
-| eccentricity=0.22036
+| eccentricity = 0.22013
-| period=3.56 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1302.2 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
+| period = 3.57 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1302.6 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
-| inclination=8.374°
+| inclination = 8.374°
-| asc_node=235.36°
+| asc_node = 235.36°
-| arg_peri=69.60°
+| arg_peri = 69.55°
-| mean_anomaly=215.8[[Degree (angle)|°]]
+| mean_anomaly = 326.4[[Degree (angle)|°]]
-| avg_speed=19.50 km/s
+| avg_speed = 19.50 km/s
-| moid={{Convert|0.82|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
+| moid = {{Convert|0.83|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
-| jupiter_moid={{Convert|2.42|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
+| jupiter_moid = {{Convert|2.42|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
-| tisserand=3.522
+| tisserand = 3.522
-| dimensions=c/a = {{val|0.69|0.03}}<ref name=VLT/>
+| dimensions = {{val|140|x|116|x|96|u=km}} (± {{val|4|x|3|x|3|u=km}})<ref name=VLT/>
-| mean_diameter={{val|116|2|u=km}}<ref name=VLT>P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 54, A56</ref><br />112.8 ± 3.1&nbsp;km ([[IRAS]])<ref name=jpldata/><br />124.09 ± 8.31 km<ref name="Carry2012"/>
+| mean_diameter = {{val|116|2|u=km}}<ref name=VLT>P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 54, A56</ref><br />115.087 ± 1.199&nbsp;km<ref name=jpldata/><br />124.09 ± 8.31 km<ref name="Carry2012"/>
-| mass={{val|2.7|1.3|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name=VLT/> <br />{{val|2.45|0.46|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
+| flattening = 0.31{{efn|1=Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): <math>f=1-\frac{c}{a}</math>, where (c/a) = {{val|0.69|0.03}}.<ref name=VLT/>}}
-| density={{val|3.4|1.7|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=VLT/><br />{{val|2.45|0.67|u=g/cm3}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
+| mass = {{val|2.7|1.3|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name=VLT/> <br />{{val|2.45|0.46|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
+| density = {{val|3.4|1.7|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=VLT/><br />{{val|2.45|0.67|u=g/cm3}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
-| surface_grav=0.0315 m/s²
-| escape_velocity=0.0596 km/s
+| surface_grav = 0.0315 m/s²
+| escape_velocity = 0.0596 km/s
-| rotation={{Convert|8.6599|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=jpldata/>
+| rotation = {{Convert|8.6599|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=jpldata/><br>{{val|8.660345|0.000005|u=h}}<ref name=VLT/>
-| spectral_type=[[S-type asteroid]]<ref name=jpldata/>
+| axial_tilt = 110°<ref name=VLT/>
-| magnitude=8.68<ref name=AstDys-Victoria>{{cite web |title=AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> to 12.82
+| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]] (Tholen)/[[L-type asteroid|L]] (SMASS)<ref name=jpldata/><br>[[A-type asteroid|A]]<ref name=VLT/><br>L<ref name="Carry2012"/>
-| abs_magnitude=7.24<ref name=jpldata/>
+| magnitude = 8.68<ref name=AstDys-Victoria>{{cite web |title=AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> to 12.82
-| albedo=0.167 (calculated)<ref name=VLT/><br />0.1765 ± 0.010<ref name=jpldata/>
+| abs_magnitude = 7.30<ref name=jpldata/><br>7.24<ref name=VLT/>
-| angular_size=0.188" <!-- Horizons 1996-Jul-18 --> to 0.04"
+| pole_ecliptic_lat = {{val|-27|3|u=deg}}<ref name=VLT/>
-| single_temperature=~178 [[kelvin|K]]
+| pole_ecliptic_lon = {{val|177|2|u=deg}}<ref name=VLT/>
-| mean_motion={{Deg2DMS|0.276508|sup=ms}} / day
+| albedo = 0.167 (calculated)<ref name=VLT/><br />0.163 ± 0.027<ref name=jpldata/>
+| angular_size = 0.188" <!-- Horizons 1996-Jul-18 --> to 0.04"
+| single_temperature = ~178 [[kelvin|K]]
+| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.276365|sup=ms}} / day
 }}
-'''Victoria''' ([[minor planet designation]]: '''12 Victoria''') is a large [[main-belt]] [[asteroid]], orbiting the Sun with a [[orbital period|period]] of 3.56&nbsp;years and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.221. It is a [[S-type asteroid|stony (S-type) asteroid]], about 112–124&nbsp;km across with an [[geometric albedo|albedo]] of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66&nbsp;hours. Victoria has been observed to [[occultation|occult]] a [[star]] three times since its discovery. [[Radar astronomy|Radar]] and [[speckle interferometry]] observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a [[binary asteroid]], with a moon of irregular shape.<ref>[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoonsq.html Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions]</ref>
+'''12 Victoria''' is a large [[main-belt]] [[asteroid]], orbiting the Sun with a [[orbital period|period]] of 3.56&nbsp;years and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.221. It is a [[S-type asteroid|stony (S-type) asteroid]], about 112–124&nbsp;km across with an [[geometric albedo|albedo]] of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66&nbsp;hours. Victoria has been observed to [[occultation|occult]] a [[star]] three times since its discovery. [[Radar astronomy|Radar]] and [[speckle interferometry]] observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a [[binary asteroid]], with a moon of irregular shape.<ref>[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoonsq.html Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions]</ref>
 This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer [[John Russell Hind|J. R. Hind]] on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman [[Victoria (mythology)|goddess of victory]], but the name also honours [[Queen Victoria]]. The goddess Victoria ([[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] for the Greeks) was the daughter of [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]] by the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and [[Benjamin Apthorp Gould|B. A. Gould]], editor of the prestigious ''[[Astronomical Journal]]'', adopted the alternate name '''Clio''' (now used by [[84 Klio]]), proposed by the discoverer. However, [[William Cranch Bond|W. C. Bond]], of the [[Harvard College Observatory]], then the highest authority on astronomy in [[United States|America]], held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of minor planet names|volume=1|edition=5th |date=2003|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|location=Berlin Heidelberg New York|isbn=3-540-00238-3|pages=16|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13}}</ref>
@@ Line 74: / Line 77: @@
 |}
-[[File:12Victoria (Lightcurve Inversion).png|thumb|Model of 12 Victoria made by [[light-curve]] inversion]]
+[[File:12Victoria (Lightcurve Inversion).png|thumb|Model of 12 Victoria made by [[light-curve]] inversion|none]]
 ==See also==
-* [[Planet#Objects formerly considered planets|Former classification of planets]]
+* [[Planet#Defining the term planet|Former classification of planets]]
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==