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{{Short description|Large main-belt asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet=yes
| minorplanet = yes
| background=#D6D6D6
| background = #D6D6D6
| name=12 Victoria
| name = 12 Victoria
| symbol=[[File:Victoria_asteroid_symbol.svg|25px]]
| symbol = [[File:Victoria symbol (bold).svg|24px]] (historical)
| image = 12 Victoria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
| discoverer=[[John Russell Hind]]
| caption =
| discovered=13 September 1850
| discoverer = [[John Russell Hind]]
| mpc_name=(12) Victoria
| discovered = 13 September 1850
| alt_names=''none''
| mpc_name = (12) Victoria
| pronounced={{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|k|ˈ|t|ɔər|i|ə}}
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|k|ˈ|t|ɔər|i|ə}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| image=A517.M844.shape(1).png
| image_size = 265
| adjective = Victorian
| alt_names =
| caption=Model of 12 Victoria made by [[light-curve]] inversion
| named_after=[[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] ({{lang-la|Uictōria}})
| named_after = [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] ({{langx|la|Uictōria}})
| mp_category=[[Main belt]]
| mp_category = [[Main belt]]
| orbit_ref=<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
|type=2008-11-06 last obs
|type=2024-09-10 last obs
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12
|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref>
|accessdate=2024-12-20}}</ref>
| epoch=13 January 2016 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457400.5)
| epoch = 17.0&nbsp;October 2024<br/>([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2460600.5)
| observation_arc = 173.98 yr
| semimajor={{Convert|2.33344|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| uncertainty = 0
| perihelion={{Convert|1.81758|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| aphelion={{Convert|2.84931|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| semimajor = {{Convert|2.33|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| perihelion = {{Convert|1.82|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| eccentricity=0.22108
| time_periastron = 15 February 2025
| period=3.56 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1302.0 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
| aphelion = {{Convert|2.85|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}}
| inclination=8.36859°
| eccentricity = 0.22013
| asc_node=235.482°
| period = 3.57 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1302.6 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
| arg_peri=69.5103°
| inclination = 8.374°
| mean_anomaly=161.809[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| asc_node = 235.36°
| avg_speed=19.50 km/s
| arg_peri = 69.55°
| dimensions=112.8 ± 3.1&nbsp;km ([[IRAS]])<ref name=jpldata/><br>124.09 ± 8.31 km<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| mean_anomaly = 326.4[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mass={{nowrap|(2.45 ± 0.46) × 10<sup>18</sup> kg<ref name="Carry2012"/>}}
| avg_speed = 19.50 km/s
| density=2.45 ± 0.67 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="Carry2012"/>
| moid = {{Convert|0.83|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| surface_grav=0.0315 m/s²
| jupiter_moid = {{Convert|2.42|AU|e6km|abbr=unit}}
| escape_velocity=0.0596 km/s
| tisserand = 3.522
| rotation={{Convert|8.6599|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=jpldata/>
| dimensions = {{val|140|x|116|x|96|u=km}} (± {{val|4|x|3|x|3|u=km}})<ref name=VLT/>
| spectral_type=[[S-type asteroid]]<ref name=jpldata/>
| mean_diameter = {{val|116|2|u=km}}<ref name=VLT>P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' 54, A56</ref><br />115.087 ± 1.199&nbsp;km<ref name=jpldata/><br />124.09 ± 8.31 km<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| magnitude=8.68<ref name=AstDys-Victoria>{{cite web |title=AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> to 12.82
| flattening = 0.31{{efn|1=Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): <math>f=1-\frac{c}{a}</math>, where (c/a) = {{val|0.69|0.03}}.<ref name=VLT/>}}
| abs_magnitude=7.24<ref name=jpldata/>
| mass = {{val|2.7|1.3|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name=VLT/> <br />{{val|2.45|0.46|e=18|u=kg}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| albedo=0.1765 ± 0.010<ref name=jpldata/>
| density = {{val|3.4|1.7|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=VLT/><br />{{val|2.45|0.67|u=g/cm3}}<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| angular_size=0.188" <!-- Horizons 1996-Jul-18 --> to 0.04"
| surface_grav = 0.0315 m/s²
| single_temperature=~178 [[kelvin|K]]
| escape_velocity = 0.0596 km/s
| mean_motion={{Deg2DMS|0.276508|sup=ms}} / day
| rotation = {{Convert|8.6599|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=jpldata/><br>{{val|8.660345|0.000005|u=h}}<ref name=VLT/>
| mean_radius=56.385 ± 1.55 km
| axial_tilt = 110°<ref name=VLT/>
| observation_arc=60430 days (165.45 yr)
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]] (Tholen)/[[L-type asteroid|L]] (SMASS)<ref name=jpldata/><br>[[A-type asteroid|A]]<ref name=VLT/><br>L<ref name="Carry2012"/>
| uncertainty=0
| magnitude = 8.68<ref name=AstDys-Victoria>{{cite web |title=AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> to 12.82
| moid={{Convert|0.821096|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| abs_magnitude = 7.30<ref name=jpldata/><br>7.24<ref name=VLT/>
| jupiter_moid={{Convert|2.42194|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| pole_ecliptic_lat = {{val|-27|3|u=deg}}<ref name=VLT/>
| tisserand=3.522
| pole_ecliptic_lon = {{val|177|2|u=deg}}<ref name=VLT/>
| albedo = 0.167 (calculated)<ref name=VLT/><br />0.163 ± 0.027<ref name=jpldata/>
| angular_size = 0.188" <!-- Horizons 1996-Jul-18 --> to 0.04"
| single_temperature = ~178 [[kelvin|K]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.276365|sup=ms}} / day
}}
}}


'''12 Victoria''' is a large [[main-belt]] [[asteroid]], orbiting the Sun with a [[orbital period|period]] of 3.56&nbsp;years and an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.221. It is a [[S-type asteroid|stony (S-type) asteroid]], about 112–124&nbsp;km across with an [[geometric albedo|albedo]] of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66&nbsp;hours. Victoria has been observed to [[occultation|occult]] a [[star]] three times since its discovery. [[Radar astronomy|Radar]] and [[speckle interferometry]] observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a [[binary asteroid]], with a moon of irregular shape.<ref>[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoonsq.html Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions]</ref>
'''12 Victoria''' is a large [[main-belt]] [[asteroid]].


This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer [[John Russell Hind|J. R. Hind]] on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman [[Victoria (mythology)|goddess of victory]], but the name also honours [[Queen Victoria]]. The goddess Victoria ([[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] for the Greeks) was the daughter of [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]] by the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and [[Benjamin Apthorp Gould|B. A. Gould]], editor of the prestigious ''[[Astronomical Journal]]'', adopted the alternate name '''Clio''' (now used by [[84 Klio]]), proposed by the discoverer. However, [[William Cranch Bond|W. C. Bond]], of the [[Harvard College Observatory]], then the highest authority on astronomy in [[United States|America]], held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of minor planet names|volume=1|edition=5th |date=2003|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|location=Berlin Heidelberg New York|isbn=3-540-00238-3|pages=16|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13}}</ref>
It was discovered by [[John Russell Hind|J. R. Hind]] on September 13, 1850.


The historical symbol for Victoria was a star with a branch of laurel. It is in the pipeline for [[Unicode]] 17.0 as U+1CEC5 𜻅 ([[File:Victoria symbol (fixed width).svg|12px]]).<ref name=astunicode>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf |title=Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols |last1=Bala |first1=Gavin Jared |last2=Miller |first2=Kirk |date=18 September 2023 |website=unicode.org |publisher=Unicode |access-date=26 September 2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=pipeline>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |title=Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline |author=Unicode |date= |website=unicode.org |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=6 November 2023 |quote=}}</ref>
Victoria is officially named after the Roman [[Victoria (mythology)|goddess of victory]], but the name also honours [[Queen Victoria]]. The goddess Victoria ([[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] for the Greeks) was the daughter of [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]] by the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and [[Benjamin Apthorp Gould|B. A. Gould]], editor of the prestigious [[Astronomical Journal]], adopted the alternate name '''Clio''' (now used by [[84 Klio]]), proposed by the discoverer. However, [[William Cranch Bond|W. C. Bond]], of the [[Harvard College Observatory]], then the highest authority on astronomy in [[United States|America]], held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of minor planet names|volume=1|edition=5th |date=2003|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|location=Berlin Heidelberg New York|isbn=3-540-00238-3|pages=16}}</ref>
[[File:Victoria_ETASSlowed.gif|150px|thumb|The path of the Main Belt asteroid 12 Victoria]]
[[Radar astronomy|Radar]] and [[speckle interferometry]] observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a [[binary asteroid]], with a moon of irregular shape.<ref>[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoonsq.html Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions]</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;"
Victoria has only ever been observed to [[occultation|occult]] a [[star]] thrice since its discovery.
|+12 Victoria Earth approach on 26 June 2028<ref name="Earth2028"/>
! Date and time of<br />closest approach
! Earth distance<br/>([[Astronomical unit|AU]])
! Sun distance<br/>(AU)
! Velocity<br/>relative to Earth<br/>(km/s)
! Velocity<br/>relative to Sun<br/>(km/s)
! Uncertainty<br />region<br />([[3-sigma]])
! [[Elongation (astronomy)|Solar<br/>elongation]]
|-
| 26 June 2028 ≈01:57 || {{Convert|0.877|AU|e6km e6mi LD|abbr=unit|lk=on}} || {{Convert|1.88|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit}} || 6.4 || 23.7 || ± 7&nbsp;km || 166.9°
|}

[[File:12Victoria (Lightcurve Inversion).png|thumb|Model of 12 Victoria made by [[light-curve]] inversion|none]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Planet#Objects formerly considered planets|Former classification of planets]]
* [[Planet#Defining the term planet|Former classification of planets]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Carry2012">{{Cite journal
<ref name="Carry2012">{{Cite journal
| first1 = B.
| first1 = B.
| last1 = Carry
| last1 = Carry
| title = Density of asteroids
| title = Density of asteroids
| work = Planetary and Space Science
| journal = Planetary and Space Science
| volume = 73
| volume = 73
| pages = 98–118
| pages = 98–118
| date = December 2012
| date = December 2012
| issue = 1
| doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009
| doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009
| bibcode = 2012P&SS...73...98C
| bibcode = 2012P&SS...73...98C
| postscript= .
|arxiv = 1203.4336
| s2cid = 119226456
|arxiv = 1203.4336
}} See Table 1.</ref>
}} See Table 1.</ref>

}}
<ref name="Earth2028">{{cite web
|title=Horizons Batch for 12 Victoria on 2028-Jun-26
|publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
|type=Closest Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive
|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2712%27&START_TIME=%272028-Jun-26%2001:30%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Jun-26%2002:30%27&STEP_SIZE=%2760%27&QUANTITIES=%2719,20,22,23,39%27
|accessdate=2023-09-18}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist-->


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Elements and Ephemeris for (12) Victoria |publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]] |url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=b2011&o=00012 }} (displays [[Elongation (astronomy)|Elong]] from Sun and [[apparent magnitude|V mag]] for 2011)
* {{cite web |title=Elements and Ephemeris for (12) Victoria |publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]] |url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=b2011&o=00012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101026/http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=b2011&o=00012 |archivedate=2016-03-04 }} (displays [[Elongation (astronomy)|Elong]] from Sun and [[apparent magnitude|V mag]] for 2011)
* {{AstDys|12}}
* {{JPL small body}}
* {{JPL small body}}


{{Minor planets navigator|11 Parthenope|number=12|13 Egeria}}
{{Minor planets navigator|11 Parthenope|number=12|13 Egeria}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:000012}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:000012}}
[[Category:Main-belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Numbered minor planets]]
[[Category:Discoveries by John Hind|Victoria]]
[[Category:Minor planets named from Roman mythology|Victoria]]
[[Category:Named minor planets|Victoria]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen)]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen)]]
[[Category:L-type asteroids (SMASS)]]
[[Category:L-type asteroids (SMASS)]]
[[Category:Klio asteroids]]
[[Category:Discoveries by John Russell Hind|Victoria]]
[[Category:Named minor planets|Victoria]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1850|18500913]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1850|18500913]]
[[Category:Nike (mythology)]]

Latest revision as of 06:33, 21 December 2024

12 Victoria
Discovery
Discovered byJohn Russell Hind
Discovery date13 September 1850
Designations
(12) Victoria
Pronunciation/vɪkˈtɔːriə/[1]
Named after
Victoria (Latin: Uictōria)
Main belt
AdjectivesVictorian
Symbol (historical)
Orbital characteristics[2]
Epoch 17.0 October 2024
(JD 2460600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc173.98 yr
Aphelion2.85 AU (426 million km)
Perihelion1.82 AU (272 million km)
2.33 AU (349 million km)
Eccentricity0.22013
3.57 yr (1302.6 d)
19.50 km/s
326.4°
0° 16m 34.914s / day
Inclination8.374°
235.36°
15 February 2025
69.55°
Earth MOID0.83 AU (124 million km)
Jupiter MOID2.42 AU (362 million km)
TJupiter3.522
Physical characteristics
Dimensions140 km × 116 km × 96 km (± 4 km × 3 km × 3 km)[3]
116±2 km[3]
115.087 ± 1.199 km[2]
124.09 ± 8.31 km[4]
Flattening0.31[a]
Mass(2.7±1.3)×1018 kg[3]
(2.45±0.46)×1018 kg[4]
Mean density
3.4±1.7 g/cm3[3]
2.45±0.67 g/cm3[4]
Equatorial surface gravity
0.0315 m/s²
Equatorial escape velocity
0.0596 km/s
8.6599 h (0.36083 d)[2]
8.660345±0.000005 h[3]
110°[3]
−27°±3°[3]
177°±2°[3]
0.167 (calculated)[3]
0.163 ± 0.027[2]
Temperature~178 K
S (Tholen)/L (SMASS)[2]
A[3]
L[4]
8.68[5] to 12.82
7.30[2]
7.24[3]
0.188" to 0.04"

12 Victoria is a large main-belt asteroid, orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.56 years and an eccentricity of 0.221. It is a stony (S-type) asteroid, about 112–124 km across with an albedo of 0.18 and a rotation period of 8.66 hours. Victoria has been observed to occult a star three times since its discovery. Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is elongated, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid, with a moon of irregular shape.[6]

This minor planet was discovered by English astronomer J. R. Hind on September 13, 1850. Victoria is officially named after the Roman goddess of victory, but the name also honours Queen Victoria. The goddess Victoria (Nike for the Greeks) was the daughter of Styx by the Titan Pallas. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious Astronomical Journal, adopted the alternate name Clio (now used by 84 Klio), proposed by the discoverer. However, W. C. Bond, of the Harvard College Observatory, then the highest authority on astronomy in America, held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.[7]

The historical symbol for Victoria was a star with a branch of laurel. It is in the pipeline for Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC5 𜻅 ().[8][9]

12 Victoria Earth approach on 26 June 2028[10]
Date and time of
closest approach 		Earth distance
(AU) 		Sun distance
(AU) 		Velocity
relative to Earth
(km/s) 		Velocity
relative to Sun
(km/s) 		Uncertainty
region
(3-sigma) 		Solar
elongation
26 June 2028 ≈01:57 0.877 AU (131.2 million km; 81.5 million mi; 341 LD) 1.88 AU (281 million km; 175 million mi) 6.4 23.7 ± 7 km 166.9°
Model of 12 Victoria made by light-curve inversion

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): , where (c/a) = 0.69±0.03.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
  2. ^ a b c d e f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria" (2024-09-10 last obs). Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56
  4. ^ a b c d Carry, B. (December 2012). "Density of asteroids". Planetary and Space Science. 73 (1): 98–118. arXiv:1203.4336. Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. S2CID 119226456. See Table 1.
  5. ^ "AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  6. ^ Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions
  7. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13. ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
  8. ^ Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  9. ^ Unicode. "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline". unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  10. ^ "Horizons Batch for 12 Victoria on 2028-Jun-26" (Closest Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
[edit]
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