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{{Short description|Overtone flute of Russia and Ukraine, Norway, Sweden, Finland}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''willow flute''', also known as '''sallow flute''' ({{ |
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| ⚫ | Similar but not identical instruments were made by peasants in Poland, usually using a different method described in sources as "''kręcenie''" (that nowadays means literally "rolling", at that time possibly also "drilling-gouging"), "''ukręcanie''", "''ulinianie''" (nowadays literally meaning: "making moulted"). Such instruments are mentioned in folk poems or songs.<ref>{{ |
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| ⚫ | The '''willow flute''', also known as '''sallow flute''' ({{langx|no|seljefløyte}}, {{langx|sv|sälgflöjt}} or ''sälgpipa'', {{langx|fi|pitkähuilu}} or ''pajupilli'', {{langx|lv|kārkla stabule}}, {{langx|lt|švilpynė}}), is a Nordic folk [[flute]], or [[whistle]],<ref>[http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/flute.htm step-by-step instructions for making a willow flute]</ref> consisting of a simple tube with a transverse [[fipple]] mouthpiece and no finger holes. The mouthpiece is typically constructed by inserting a grooved plug into one end of the tube, and cutting an edged opening in the tube a short distance away from the plug. |
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| ⚫ | The willow flute is a type of [[overtone flute]]. It is played by varying the force of the air blown into the mouthpiece, with the end of the tube being covered by the finger or left open. The tones produced are based on the [[harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. Playing the instrument with the end of the tube covered produces one [[fundamental frequency|fundamental]] and its [[overtone]]s, playing it with the end of the tube left open produces another fundamental and series of overtones. Willow flutes cannot |
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| ⚫ | Similar but not identical instruments were made by peasants in Poland, usually using a different method described in sources as "''kręcenie''" (that nowadays means literally "rolling", at that time possibly also "drilling-gouging"), "''ukręcanie''", "''ulinianie''" (nowadays literally meaning: "making moulted"). Such instruments are mentioned in folk poems or songs.<ref>{{in lang|pl}} [http://www.teksty.org/index.php?rq=DYN&id=94962&cid=SrodkowaKolumna&lid=1&act_25534=drukuj&id_25534=14049 "Rosła kalina"], www.Teksty.Org, "Library of Song". English title: "[[Viburnum]] grew" aka "A [[Viburnum opulus|guelder rose]] grew" by [[:pl:Teofil Lenartowicz]], based on a '''folk tale'''. One of arrangements by [[Witold Lutosławski]] in: "''Strawchain and other (childish) songs''" (Polish: "''Słomkowy łańcuszek i inne dziecinne utwory''"), for soprano, mezzo-soprano, flute, oboe, two clarinets, and bassoon 1950-1951. {{in lang|en}} [http://sysurl.systranet.com/?rq=DYN&id=94962&cid=SrodkowaKolumna&lid=1&act_25534=drukuj&id_25534=14049&systrangui=local%3B%2Fsnetcom/web&systranuid=aHR0cC13d3cudGVrc3R5Lm9yZy9pbmRleC5waHAvcGxfZW4=&systranbanner=1 Autotranslation]{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} by [[SYSTRAN]]. Not to be confused with the completely different and unique Russian "[[Kalinka (1860 song)|Kalinka]]".</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Modern willow flutes are typically made of plastic ([[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] tubing is often used), but the original willow flutes were made from sections of bark cut from green [[willow]] branches. Willow flutes could only be made<!--currently on black list <ref>[http://www.ehow.com/how_2270436_make-willow-whistle.html How to make willow flute, step by step instruction], www.EHow.com</ref>--> this way during the spring, and became unplayable when the bark dried out. |
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| ⚫ | The willow flute is a type of [[overtone flute]]. It is played by varying the force of the air blown into the mouthpiece, with the end of the tube being covered by the finger or left open. The tones produced are based on the [[harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. Playing the instrument with the end of the tube covered produces one [[fundamental frequency|fundamental]] and its [[overtone]]s, playing it with the end of the tube left open produces another fundamental and series of overtones. Willow flutes cannot play an [[equal temperament|equal tempered]] scale. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Modern willow flutes are typically made of plastic ([[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] tubing is often used), but the original willow flutes were made from sections of bark cut from green [[willow]] branches. Willow flutes could only be made<!--currently on black list <ref>[http://www.ehow.com/how_2270436_make-willow-whistle.html How to make willow flute, step by step instruction], www.EHow.com</ref>--> this way during the spring, and became unplayable when the bark dried out. |
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There is also a [[Karelia]]n variant of the willow flute that is made in [[Finnish Karelia]] and the [[Republic of Karelia|Russian Republic of Karelia]]. It is made the same way as the willow flute, but instead of willow bark, it is made out of [[birch bark]]. The Karelian Folk Music Ensemble, based out of [[Petrozavodsk]] in Russian Karelia, uses this instrument in their music. |
There is also a [[Karelia]]n variant of the willow flute that is made in [[Finnish Karelia]] and the [[Republic of Karelia|Russian Republic of Karelia]]. It is made the same way as the willow flute, but instead of willow bark, it is made out of [[birch bark]]. The Karelian Folk Music Ensemble, based out of [[Petrozavodsk]] in Russian Karelia, uses this instrument in their music. |
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==Kalyuka== |
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[[File:Калюка, сделанная из борщевика.png|thumb|A kalyuka made out of [[Heracleum (plant)|hogweed]]]] |
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The '''kalyuka''' (or kolyuka, [[Russian language|Russian]]: калюка, колюка) is a Russian and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[overtone flute]], lacking playing holes. Traditionally, kalyukas were made from hollow plant stems, such as [[motherwort]], or [[angelica]].<ref>[http://www.overtone-flute.info/ Description of overtone flutes]</ref> Modern versions of the instrument are usually made from [[PVC]], an inexpensive and durable substitute. |
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The upper end of the kalyuka is open, and although it has a built-in [[fipple]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spacenation.info/kalyuka.html |title=Description at spacenation.info |access-date=2011-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219182359/http://spacenation.info/kalyuka.html |archive-date=2011-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to produce sound, a player should also partly close the opening of the tube with the [[tongue]].<ref>[http://www.folkmusic.ru/kaluka.php Description of a flute at folkmusic.ru] (Russian)</ref> The lower end of the tube is also open and occasionally there is a small side hole near the end. The side hole and/or end are opened and closed while playing to produce different notes (like the [[Slovak language|Slovak]] [[koncovka]]). Higher tones are reached through over blowing. |
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In Eastern traditions, the kalyuka was played on summer evenings after the [[hay]] [[harvest]] when the suitable weeds, cut with a [[scythe]], were available to make one, and was accompanied by [[percussion]] instruments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spacenation.info/kalyuka.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219182359/http://spacenation.info/kalyuka.html |archive-date=2011-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The existence of the tradition was uncovered in 1980 by students of the Moscow and St. Petersburg Conservatories. |
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==Noted artists== |
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| ⚫ | Noted modern willow flute artists include the group [[Hedningarna]] and [[Anders Norudde]] of Sweden. Other Nordic groups that use the Seljefløyte in traditional arrangements include [[Eivind Groven]], [[Steinar Ofsdal]], [[Lillebjørn Nilsen]], Groupa, Bask, Ruumen, Ojajärvi Blom Ojajärvi, Hurja Halla, Tuultenpesä and Tapani Varis Collective. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Fujara]], an overtone-based folk flute from [[Slovakia]] |
* [[Fujara]], an overtone-based folk flute from [[Slovakia]] |
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* [[Koncovka]], another Slovakian overtone-based folk flute |
* [[Koncovka]], another Slovakian overtone-based folk flute |
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*''[https://archive.org/details/NaturskalaenTonaleLoverINorskFolkemusikkBundneTilSeljefloyta Naturskalaen]'', Eivind Groven's short book on why he believed that the willow flute's scale was the basis of Norwegian folk music |
*''[https://archive.org/details/NaturskalaenTonaleLoverINorskFolkemusikkBundneTilSeljefloyta Naturskalaen]'', Eivind Groven's short book on why he believed that the willow flute's scale was the basis of Norwegian folk music phrasing. |
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* ''[https://otago.academia.edu/AindriasHirt/Papers/1598126/The_Celtic_Lyre-Preface The Celtic Lyre]''. The Preface explains why the willow flute and natural instruments like it may have been the originators of Gaelic song melodies. |
* ''[https://otago.academia.edu/AindriasHirt/Papers/1598126/The_Celtic_Lyre-Preface The Celtic Lyre]''. The Preface explains why the willow flute and natural instruments like it may have been the originators of Gaelic song melodies. |
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* [https://overtoneflute.fi/home/ www.overtoneflute.fi/home] Self-study material for playing willow flute |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Ivanov A.N. ''Volshebnaia fleita yuzhnorusskogo folklora. Sokhranenie i vozrozhdenie folklornykh traditsyi''. 2nd edition. Moscow, 1993. |
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*Banin A.A. ''Russkaia instrumentalnaia muzyka folklornoi traditsii''. Moscow, 1997. (p. 85) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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{{Flutes}} |
{{Flutes}} |
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{{Norwegian folk music}} |
{{Norwegian folk music}} |
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{{Swedish folk music}} |
{{Swedish folk music}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Russian musical instruments]] |
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[[Category:Finnish musical instruments]] |
[[Category:Finnish musical instruments]] |
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[[Category:Internal fipple flutes]] |
[[Category:Internal fipple flutes]] |
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[[Category:Overtone flutes]] |
[[Category:Overtone flutes]] |
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[[Category:Nordic folk music]] |
[[Category:Nordic folk music]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Sámi musical instruments]] |
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[[Category:Swedish musical instruments]] |
[[Category:Swedish musical instruments]] |
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Latest revision as of 08:05, 21 December 2024
The willow flute, also known as sallow flute (Norwegian: seljefløyte, Swedish: sälgflöjt or sälgpipa, Finnish: pitkähuilu or pajupilli, Latvian: kārkla stabule, Lithuanian: švilpynė), is a Nordic folk flute, or whistle,[1] consisting of a simple tube with a transverse fipple mouthpiece and no finger holes. The mouthpiece is typically constructed by inserting a grooved plug into one end of the tube, and cutting an edged opening in the tube a short distance away from the plug.
Similar but not identical instruments were made by peasants in Poland, usually using a different method described in sources as "kręcenie" (that nowadays means literally "rolling", at that time possibly also "drilling-gouging"), "ukręcanie", "ulinianie" (nowadays literally meaning: "making moulted"). Such instruments are mentioned in folk poems or songs.[2]
The willow flute is a type of overtone flute. It is played by varying the force of the air blown into the mouthpiece, with the end of the tube being covered by the finger or left open. The tones produced are based on the harmonic series. Playing the instrument with the end of the tube covered produces one fundamental and its overtones, playing it with the end of the tube left open produces another fundamental and series of overtones. Willow flutes cannot play an equal tempered scale.
Modern willow flutes are typically made of plastic (PVC tubing is often used), but the original willow flutes were made from sections of bark cut from green willow branches. Willow flutes could only be made this way during the spring, and became unplayable when the bark dried out.
There is also a Karelian variant of the willow flute that is made in Finnish Karelia and the Russian Republic of Karelia. It is made the same way as the willow flute, but instead of willow bark, it is made out of birch bark. The Karelian Folk Music Ensemble, based out of Petrozavodsk in Russian Karelia, uses this instrument in their music.
Kalyuka
[edit]
The kalyuka (or kolyuka, Russian: калюка, колюка) is a Russian and Ukrainian overtone flute, lacking playing holes. Traditionally, kalyukas were made from hollow plant stems, such as motherwort, or angelica.[3] Modern versions of the instrument are usually made from PVC, an inexpensive and durable substitute.
The upper end of the kalyuka is open, and although it has a built-in fipple[4] to produce sound, a player should also partly close the opening of the tube with the tongue.[5] The lower end of the tube is also open and occasionally there is a small side hole near the end. The side hole and/or end are opened and closed while playing to produce different notes (like the Slovak koncovka). Higher tones are reached through over blowing.
In Eastern traditions, the kalyuka was played on summer evenings after the hay harvest when the suitable weeds, cut with a scythe, were available to make one, and was accompanied by percussion instruments.[6]
The existence of the tradition was uncovered in 1980 by students of the Moscow and St. Petersburg Conservatories.
Noted artists
[edit]Noted modern willow flute artists include the group Hedningarna and Anders Norudde of Sweden. Other Nordic groups that use the Seljefløyte in traditional arrangements include Eivind Groven, Steinar Ofsdal, Lillebjørn Nilsen, Groupa, Bask, Ruumen, Ojajärvi Blom Ojajärvi, Hurja Halla, Tuultenpesä and Tapani Varis Collective.
See also
[edit]- Fujara, an overtone-based folk flute from Slovakia
- Koncovka, another Slovakian overtone-based folk flute
- Naturskalaen, Eivind Groven's short book on why he believed that the willow flute's scale was the basis of Norwegian folk music phrasing.
- The Celtic Lyre. The Preface explains why the willow flute and natural instruments like it may have been the originators of Gaelic song melodies.
- www.overtoneflute.fi/home Self-study material for playing willow flute
Bibliography
[edit]- Ivanov A.N. Volshebnaia fleita yuzhnorusskogo folklora. Sokhranenie i vozrozhdenie folklornykh traditsyi. 2nd edition. Moscow, 1993.
- Banin A.A. Russkaia instrumentalnaia muzyka folklornoi traditsii. Moscow, 1997. (p. 85)
References
[edit]- ^ step-by-step instructions for making a willow flute
- ^ (in Polish) "Rosła kalina", www.Teksty.Org, "Library of Song". English title: "Viburnum grew" aka "A guelder rose grew" by pl:Teofil Lenartowicz, based on a folk tale. One of arrangements by Witold Lutosławski in: "Strawchain and other (childish) songs" (Polish: "Słomkowy łańcuszek i inne dziecinne utwory"), for soprano, mezzo-soprano, flute, oboe, two clarinets, and bassoon 1950-1951. (in English) Autotranslation[dead link] by SYSTRAN. Not to be confused with the completely different and unique Russian "Kalinka".
- ^ Description of overtone flutes
- ^ "Description at spacenation.info". Archived from the original on 2011-02-19. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ Description of a flute at folkmusic.ru (Russian)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-19. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
