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{{Short description|Group of non-governmental organisations}}
{{Short description|Group of Malaysian non-governmental organisations}}{{Update|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox organisation
⚫
| name = Bersih <br /><small>The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections</small>
{{Infobox organisation
| image = File:Bersih_Coalition_Logo.png
⚫
|name=Bersih <br /><small>The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections</small>
|image = Bersih 2.0 logo.png
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
|image_size = 220px
|caption = Bersih 2.0 logo
| motto =
| headquarters = 46050 [[Petaling Jaya]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]]
|motto =
⚫
| membership =
|headquarters =
⚫
| general =
|location = [[Malaysia]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
⚫
|membership =
| leader_name = Muhammad Faisal bin Abdul Aziz
⚫
|general =
|leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairperson
| leader_name2 = Wong Yan Ke
|leader_name = [[Thomas Fann]]
⚫
| website = {{URL|http://bersih.org/}}
|leader_title2 = Deputy Chairperson
|leader_name2 = Dato’ Dr Abdul Halim Yusoff
⚫
|website = {{URL|http://bersih.org/}}
}}
}}


The '''Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections''' ({{lang-ms|Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil}}) or '''Bersih''' (meaning ''clean'' in Malay) is a coalition of [[non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs) which seeks to reform the current electoral system in [[Malaysia]] to ensure free, clean and fair elections.
The '''Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections''' ({{langx|ms|Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil}}) or '''Bersih''' (meaning ''clean'' in Malay) is a coalition of [[non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs) which seeks to reform the current electoral system in [[Malaysia]] to improve its democracy by ensuring free, clean and fair elections among other reforms.


The idea of Bersih was initiated by five opposition parties in 2005 which later included other NGOs in this as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khoo|first=Y. H.|year=2014|title=NUS Libraries 360LINK|journal=Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies|volume=7 |issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.14764/10.aseas-2014.1-8}}</ref>
The idea of Bersih was initiated by five opposition parties in 2005 which later included other NGOs in this as well.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Khoo|first=Y. H.|year=2014|title=NUS Libraries 360LINK|journal=Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies|volume=7 |issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.14764/10.aseas-2014.1-8}}</ref>


It was officially formed on 23 November 2006 as a joint [[communiqué]] that comprised leaders from political parties, civil society groups and NGOs.<ref name="formation">{{cite web |url=http://bersih.org/?page_id=4109 |title=About Bersih 2.0 |publisher=bersih.org |date=26 June 2011 |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226085212/http://bersih.org/?page_id=4109 |archivedate=26 February 2012 }}</ref> Bersih accused the [[Election Commission of Malaysia|Election Commission]] under Prime Minister's Department<ref name="EC">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page&page=1670 |title=Election Commission of Malaysia |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=30 April 2012 |accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref> for manipulating the electoral process to give an unfair advantage to the ruling [[National Front (Malaysia)|National Front]] coalition. Bersih claimed that the electoral roll was marred by irregularities such as [[gerrymandering]], [[phantom voter]]s, [[malapportionment]] and [[postal voting|postal vote]] frauds. {{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} On 10 November 2007, Bersih organised the [[2007 Bersih rally|first rally]] with 10,000 to 40,000 turnout and held a public demonstration at [[Dataran Merdeka]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Supporters of Bersih were urged to wear yellow T-shirts as a symbol of protest. The rally was often credited for the shift in political landscape in [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]], when the incumbent National Front coalition failed to obtain a two-thirds supermajority for the first time since 1969.
It was officially formed on 23 November 2006 as a joint [[communiqué]] that comprised leaders from political parties, civil society groups and NGOs.<ref name="formation">{{cite web |url=http://bersih.org/?page_id=4109 |title=About Bersih 2.0 |publisher=bersih.org |date=26 June 2011 |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226085212/http://bersih.org/?page_id=4109 |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref> Bersih accused the [[Election Commission of Malaysia|Election Commission]] under Prime Minister's Department<ref name="EC">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page&page=1670 |title=Election Commission of Malaysia |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> for manipulating the electoral process to give an unfair advantage to the ruling [[National Front (Malaysia)|National Front]] coalition. Bersih claimed that the electoral roll was marred by irregularities such as [[gerrymandering]], [[phantom voter]]s, [[malapportionment]] and [[postal voting|postal vote]] frauds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} On 10 November 2007, Bersih organised the [[2007 Bersih rally|first rally]] with 10,000 to 40,000 turnout and held a public demonstration at [[Dataran Merdeka]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Supporters of Bersih were urged to wear yellow T-shirts as a symbol of protest. The rally was often credited for the shift in political landscape in [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]], when the incumbent Barisan Nasional coalition failed to obtain a two-thirds supermajority for the first time since 1969.


In April 2010, the coalition was relaunched as an entirely civil society movement ("Bersih 2.0") unaffiliated to any political party. On 19 June 2011, former president of the [[Malaysian Bar|Bar Council]], [[Malay styles and titles#Datuk.27|Dato']] [[Ambiga Sreenevasan]] became the chairperson of the coalition. In 2011 and 2012, two more rallies ([[Bersih 2.0 rally|Bersih 2.0]] and [[Bersih 3.0 rally|Bersih 3.0]]) were organised seeing that the demands for the electoral reforms have not been met by the Electoral Commission.
In April 2010, the coalition was relaunched as an entirely civil society movement ("Bersih 2.0") unaffiliated to any political party. On 19 June 2011, former president of the [[Malaysian Bar|Bar Council]], [[Malay styles and titles#Datuk.27|Dato']] [[Ambiga Sreenevasan]] became the chairperson of the coalition. In 2011 and 2012, two more rallies ([[Bersih 2.0 rally|Bersih 2.0]] and [[Bersih 3.0 rally|Bersih 3.0]]) were organised seeing that the demands for the electoral reforms have not been met by the Electoral Commission.
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[[File:BersihRallyHafiz.jpg|thumb|right|Rallying crowd in front of the [[Istana Negara, Jalan Istana|Istana Negara]].]]
[[File:BersihRallyHafiz.jpg|thumb|right|Rallying crowd in front of the [[Istana Negara, Jalan Istana|Istana Negara]].]]
{{main|2007 Bersih rally}}
{{main|2007 Bersih rally}}
On Saturday 10 November 2007, Bersih held the first mass rally to make four demands to ensure a clean and fair electoral process in Malaysia:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bersih.org/?p=335 |title=Bersih people's gathering |publisher=bersih.org |date=22 October 2007 |accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref>
On Saturday 10 November 2007, Bersih held the first mass rally to make four demands to ensure a clean and fair electoral process in Malaysia:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bersih.org/?p=335 |title=Bersih people's gathering |publisher=bersih.org |date=22 October 2007 |access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>
# Clean up of the electoral roll
# Clean up of the electoral roll
# Use of indelible ink
# Use of indelible ink
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# Free and fair access to mass media for all parties
# Free and fair access to mass media for all parties


The rally took place in the area of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya around [[Dataran Merdeka]] (Independence Square) and [[Istana Negara, Jalan Istana|Istana Negara]] (The National Palace). Bersih estimated the turnout to be at least 30,000, while the official claimed there were 10,000 protesters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/11/2008525132141449985.html |title=Tear gas fired at Malaysia rally |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=10 November 2007 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref> Yellow shirts and ribbons were used as the symbol of protest as yellow is also the colour for citizen actions worldwide and for press freedom movement. A memorandum containing the four demands was submitted to the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], Malaysia's head of state, during the rally.
The rally took place in the area of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya around [[Dataran Merdeka]] (Independence Square) and [[Istana Negara, Jalan Istana|Istana Negara]] (The National Palace). Bersih estimated the turnout to be at least 30,000, while the official claimed there were 10,000 protesters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/11/2008525132141449985.html |title=Tear gas fired at Malaysia rally |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=10 November 2007 |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> Yellow shirts and ribbons were used as the symbol of protest as yellow is also the colour for citizen actions worldwide and for press freedom movement. A memorandum containing the four demands was submitted to the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], Malaysia's head of state, during the rally.


Malaysian police refused to issue a permit for the rally, rendering the rally illegal. Tear gas and chemical-laced water cannon were used by the riot police to disperse the crowd. 245 people were detained following the protest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/11/2008525131044386491.html |title=Hundreds held over Malaysia protest |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=12 November 2007 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref>
Malaysian police refused to issue a permit for the rally, rendering the rally illegal. Tear gas and chemical-laced water cannon were used by the riot police to disperse the crowd. 245 people were detained following the protest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2007/11/2008525131044386491.html |title=Hundreds held over Malaysia protest |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=12 November 2007 |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref>


Following the initial rally, Bersih indicated it may hold another street demonstration if government extended the tenure of Election Commission (EC) chairperson Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman. On 20 November 2007, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz tabled a first reading of the Constitution (Amendment) Bill 2007 that sought to extend the retirement age of members of Election Commission (EC) from 65 to 66. Parliament passed legislation on 11 December to increase EC members' retirement age from 65 to 66.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/4742?tid=4|title=Malaysia: Bersih May Stage Another Protest|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref>
Following the initial rally, Bersih indicated it may hold another street demonstration if government extended the tenure of Election Commission (EC) chairperson Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman. On 20 November 2007, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz tabled a first reading of the Constitution (Amendment) Bill 2007 that sought to extend the retirement age of members of Election Commission (EC) from 65 to 66. Parliament passed legislation on 11 December to increase EC members' retirement age from 65 to 66.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/4742?tid=4|title=Malaysia: Bersih May Stage Another Protest|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref>


===2011 Bersih 2.0 rally===
===2011 Bersih 2.0 rally===
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# No dirty politics
# No dirty politics


Bersih 2.0 was endorsed by 62 NGOs and joined by rallies in more than 30 international cities by oversea Malaysians in solidarity. The rally was again denied a permit. Plans for the demonstration were extensively criticised by the government and pro-government media. Police set up multiple road blocks around Kuala Lumpur and arrested 225 Bersih supporters in the lead-up to the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Malaysians Rally for Changes to Elections |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/asia/10malaysia.html |last=Gooch |first=Liz |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref>
Bersih 2.0 was endorsed by 62 NGOs and joined by rallies in more than 30 international cities by oversea Malaysians in solidarity. The rally was again denied a permit. Plans for the demonstration were extensively criticised by the government and pro-government media. Police set up multiple road blocks around Kuala Lumpur and arrested 225 Bersih supporters in the lead-up to the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Malaysians Rally for Changes to Elections |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/asia/10malaysia.html |last=Gooch |first=Liz |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 July 2011 |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref>


After being granted an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discuss the issue, Bersih subsequently agreed on 5 July 2011 to move the rally from the streets to [[Stadium Merdeka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bersih's Ambiga: No street march, rally will be held in stadium |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/7/5/nation/20110705160353&sec=nation |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=5 July 2011 |last=Lee |first=Yen Mun |accessdate=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708051317/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F7%2F5%2Fnation%2F20110705160353&sec=nation |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia Street Protests Averted as Group Agrees to Use Stadium |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-05/malaysia-street-protests-averted-as-group-agrees-to-use-stadium.html |newspaper=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=5 July 2011 |last1=Gan |first1=Yen Kuan |last2=Ten Kate |first2=Daniel |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref> Estimates of the turnout on 9 July 2011 ranged from 10,000 to 50,000. The police deployed tear gas and water cannons to break up the protest and arrested more than 1600 protesters, including Ambiga and several event organisers and opposition figures.
After being granted an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discuss the issue, Bersih subsequently agreed on 5 July 2011 to move the rally from the streets to [[Stadium Merdeka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bersih's Ambiga: No street march, rally will be held in stadium |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/7/5/nation/20110705160353&sec=nation |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=5 July 2011 |last=Lee |first=Yen Mun |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708051317/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F7%2F5%2Fnation%2F20110705160353&sec=nation |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia Street Protests Averted as Group Agrees to Use Stadium |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-05/malaysia-street-protests-averted-as-group-agrees-to-use-stadium.html |newspaper=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=5 July 2011 |last1=Gan |first1=Yen Kuan |last2=Ten Kate |first2=Daniel |access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref> Estimates of the turnout on 9 July 2011 ranged from 10,000 to 50,000. The police deployed tear gas and water cannons to break up the protest and arrested more than 1600 protesters, including Ambiga and several event organisers and opposition figures.


===2012 Bersih 3.0 rally===
===2012 Bersih 3.0 rally===
{{main|Bersih 3.0 rally}}
{{main|Bersih 3.0 rally}}
[[File:Bersih rally in Ipoh.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from the Bersih 3.0 rally in Polo Ground, [[Ipoh]].]]
[[File:Bersih rally in Ipoh.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from the Bersih 3.0 rally in Polo Ground, [[Ipoh]].]]
Following the Bersih 2.0 demonstration, the Malaysian government set up Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) on 2 October 2011 to respond to the electoral issues. In early April 2012, PSC released a report with 22 recommendations to improve the electoral system. The report was received and passed by the [[Dewan Rakyat]] (House of Representatives) on 3 April 2012 according to the voice of the majority without debate. An opposition minority report was proposed to be included but was rejected by the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/latest/psc-report-on-electoral-reforms-passed-in-parliament-1.70331 |title=PSC report on electoral reforms passed in Parliament |last=Mokhtar |first=Ili Liyana |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428184923/http://www.nst.com.my/latest/psc-report-on-electoral-reforms-passed-in-parliament-1.70331 |archivedate=28 April 2012 }}</ref>
Following the Bersih 2.0 demonstration, the Malaysian government set up Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) on 2 October 2011 to respond to the electoral issues. In early April 2012, PSC released a report with 22 recommendations to improve the electoral system. The report was received and passed by the [[Dewan Rakyat]] (House of Representatives) on 3 April 2012 according to the voice of the majority without debate. An opposition minority report was proposed to be included but was rejected by the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/latest/psc-report-on-electoral-reforms-passed-in-parliament-1.70331 |title=PSC report on electoral reforms passed in Parliament |last=Mokhtar |first=Ili Liyana |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428184923/http://www.nst.com.my/latest/psc-report-on-electoral-reforms-passed-in-parliament-1.70331 |archive-date=28 April 2012 }}</ref>


Bersih was unsatisfied with the PSC reports as (i) the existing Election Commission was tasked to carry out the recommendations; (ii) many of the recommendations asked for a lengthy implementation period; (iii) many allegations of electoral frauds were not acknowledged in the report.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://bersih.org/?p=4627 |title=Response from Bersih 2.0 to the recommendations of the Parliamentary Select Committee on electoral reform |publisher=bersih.org |date= 3 April 2012|accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref> In light of the issues, the third public demonstration, namely the Bersih 3.0 rally, was announced and took place on 28 April 2012 at Dataran Merdeka. The Bersih 3.0 rally was a sit-down protest (''Duduk Bantah'' in Malay). In addition to the eight previous demands, it called for:
Bersih was unsatisfied with the PSC reports as (i) the existing Election Commission was tasked to carry out the recommendations; (ii) many of the recommendations asked for a lengthy implementation period; (iii) many allegations of electoral frauds were not acknowledged in the report.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://bersih.org/?p=4627 |title=Response from Bersih 2.0 to the recommendations of the Parliamentary Select Committee on electoral reform |publisher=bersih.org |date= 3 April 2012|access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> In light of the issues, the third public demonstration, namely the Bersih 3.0 rally, was announced and took place on 28 April 2012 at Dataran Merdeka. The Bersih 3.0 rally was a sit-down protest (''Duduk Bantah'' in Malay). In addition to the eight previous demands, it called for:
# Resignation of the existing Electoral Commission
# Resignation of the existing Electoral Commission
# Implementation of the 8 demands before the 13th general election
# Implementation of the 8 demands before the 13th general election
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[[File:Bersih_4_29082015.JPG|thumb|right|Crowd listening to Maria's speech in Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur]]
[[File:Bersih_4_29082015.JPG|thumb|right|Crowd listening to Maria's speech in Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur]]
A tribunal was organised by Bersih on 18–21 September 2013 in regards to the [[2013 Malaysian general election|general elections]] that was held on 5 May 2013, whereby invited witnesses gave testimonies on the irregularities and incidents of fraud.
A tribunal was organised by Bersih on 18–21 September 2013 in regards to the [[2013 Malaysian general election|general elections]] that was held on 5 May 2013, whereby invited witnesses gave testimonies on the irregularities and incidents of fraud.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-tribunal-report-ge13-failed-in-many-ways/|title=Bersih Tribunal Report: GE13 failed in many ways|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010037/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-tribunal-report-ge13-failed-in-many-ways/|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/bersihs-people-tribunal-not-challenging-ge13-results-just-observing-whether |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327004643/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/bersihs-people-tribunal-not-challenging-ge13-results-just-observing-whether |archivedate=2014-03-27 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-tribunal-report-ge13-failed-in-many-ways/|title=Bersih Tribunal Report: GE13 failed in many ways|date=25 March 2014|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010037/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-tribunal-report-ge13-failed-in-many-ways/|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/bersihs-people-tribunal-not-challenging-ge13-results-just-observing-whether |title=Bersih's People Tribunal not challenging GE13 results, just observing whether it was clean - the Malaysian Insider |access-date=2014-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327004643/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/bersihs-people-tribunal-not-challenging-ge13-results-just-observing-whether |archive-date=2014-03-27 }}</ref>
There were also calls for Election Commission to resign due to the way electoral demarcations were formed in past redelineation exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ec-must-quit-before-new-boundaries-drawn-bersih-says|title=EC must quit before new boundaries drawn, Bersih says|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-set-up-boundaries-commission/|title=Bersih Tribunal: Set up Boundaries Commission|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010210/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-set-up-boundaries-commission/|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
There were also calls for Election Commission to resign due to the way electoral demarcations were formed in past redelineation exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ec-must-quit-before-new-boundaries-drawn-bersih-says|title=EC must quit before new boundaries drawn, Bersih says|date=4 March 2014|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-set-up-boundaries-commission/|title=Bersih Tribunal: Set up Boundaries Commission|date=25 March 2014|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010210/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/03/25/bersih-set-up-boundaries-commission/|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===2015 Bersih 4 rally===
===2015 Bersih 4 rally===
{{main|Bersih 4 rally}}
{{main|Bersih 4 rally}}
Bersih 4 rallies are scheduled to be held on the streets of Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, and Kota Kinabalu from 29–30 August, 2pm until midnight.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bersih 2.0 {{!}} Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil – BERSIH 4: The Time Has Come|url = http://www.bersih.org/bersih-4-the-time-has-come/|website = www.bersih.org|accessdate = 2015-08-09|date = 2015-07-29}}</ref>
Bersih 4 rallies were scheduled to be held on the streets of Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, and Kota Kinabalu from 29 to 30 August, 2pm until midnight.<ref>{{cite web|title = Bersih 2.0 {{!}} Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil – BERSIH 4: The Time Has Come|url = http://www.bersih.org/bersih-4-the-time-has-come/|website = www.bersih.org|access-date = 2015-08-09|date = 2015-07-29}}</ref>


The gathering places for the rally should be located at Brickfields, Pasar Seni, Dataran Maybank, National Mosque, and Sogo shopping mall, according to the Bersih 2.0 chairperson.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bersih 4.0 organisers list five demands, propose institutional reforms|url = http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1525407|website=thesundaily.my|accessdate = 2015-08-27}}</ref> This is the first Bersih rally that are racially imbalance, with Chinese predominantly at the rally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Racial imbalance, predominantly Chinese at rally|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/310400|accessdate=23 September 2015|agency=malaysiakini.com}}</ref>
The gathering places for the rally should be located at Brickfields, Pasar Seni, Dataran Maybank, National Mosque, and Sogo shopping mall, according to the Bersih 2.0 chairperson.<ref>{{cite web|title = Bersih 4.0 organisers list five demands, propose institutional reforms|url = http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1525407|website=thesundaily.my|access-date = 2015-08-27}}</ref> This was the first Bersih rally that are racially imbalance, with Chinese predominantly at the rally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Racial imbalance, predominantly Chinese at rally|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/310400|access-date=23 September 2015|agency=malaysiakini.com}}</ref>


===2016 Bersih 5 rally===
===2016 Bersih 5 rally===
{{main|Bersih 5 rally}}The Bersih 5 rally was held peacefully on 19 November 2016 in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name="TSD01">{{cite web|title=Bersih 5 rally set for Nov 19|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1971236|access-date=15 September 2016|publisher=The Sun Daily}}</ref> A Bersih convoy was also launched and targeted all parts of Malaysia to raise awareness of the current democratic problems nationwide.<ref name="MK01">{{cite web|title=Why Bersih is marching for the fifth time on Nov 19 - Malaysiakini|date=14 September 2016 |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/355714|access-date=15 September 2016|publisher=Malaysia Kini}}</ref><ref name="TMM01">{{cite web|date=7 September 2016|title=Maria Chin: Bersih 5 in November|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/maria-chin-bersih-5-in-november|access-date=15 September 2016|publisher=The Malay Mail}}</ref><ref name="TMM02">{{cite web|date=14 September 2016|title=Bersih 5 on November 19|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/bersih-5-on-november-19|access-date=15 September 2016|publisher=The Malay Mail}}</ref><ref name="TS01">{{cite web|title=Bersih 5 rally set for Nov 19|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/09/14/bersih-5-rally-set-for-nov-19/|access-date=15 September 2016|work=The Star}}</ref>
{{main|Bersih 5 rally}}
{{Empty section|date=February 2017}}


==Global Bersih==
==Global Bersih==
'''Global Bersih''' is a movement by Malaysian diaspora communities to lend support to Bersih and its cause. In conjunction with the Bersih 2.0 rally, Global Bersih organised rallies in 38 international locations with 4,003 overseas Malaysians in solidarity:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbersih.org/locations/global-bersih-2-0/global-bersih-2-0-the-awakening-of-the-malaysian-diaspora/ |title=Global Bersih 2.0 – The Awakening of the Malaysian Diaspora |publisher=www.globalbersih.org |date= |accessdate=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423053141/http://www.globalbersih.org/locations/global-bersih-2-0/global-bersih-2-0-the-awakening-of-the-malaysian-diaspora/ |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
'''Global Bersih''' is a movement by Malaysian diaspora communities to lend support to Bersih and its cause. In conjunction with the Bersih 2.0 rally, Global Bersih organised rallies in 38 international locations with 4,003 overseas Malaysians in solidarity:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbersih.org/locations/global-bersih-2-0/global-bersih-2-0-the-awakening-of-the-malaysian-diaspora/ |title=Global Bersih 2.0 – The Awakening of the Malaysian Diaspora |publisher=www.globalbersih.org |date= |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423053141/http://www.globalbersih.org/locations/global-bersih-2-0/global-bersih-2-0-the-awakening-of-the-malaysian-diaspora/ |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


* New Zealand
* New Zealand
Line 98: Line 95:
** Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Hobart, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth
** Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Hobart, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth
* China
* China
** Suzhou, Shenzen, Shanghai, Hong Kong(SAR)
** Suzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Hong Kong(SAR)
* Taiwan
* Taiwan
** Taipei
** Taipei
Line 120: Line 117:
* France
* France
** Paris
** Paris
* England
* United Kingdom
** London
** London
* Scotland
* Scotland
Line 134: Line 131:


==Endorsees==
==Endorsees==
As of 28 October 2014, the 62<!--need one more NGO below--> non-governmental organisations that endorse Bersih include:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bersih.org/?page_id=360 |title=Endorsees |publisher=bersih.org |date=28 October 2007 |accessdate=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408101727/http://bersih.org/?page_id=360 |archivedate=8 April 2012 }}</ref>
As of 28 October 2014, the 62<!--need one more NGO below--> non-governmental organisations that endorse Bersih include:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bersih.org/?page_id=360 |title=Endorsees |publisher=bersih.org |date=28 October 2007 |access-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408101727/http://bersih.org/?page_id=360 |archive-date=8 April 2012 }}</ref>
* [http://aliran.com Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat] (Aliran) (The Peoples Flow of Awareness)
* [http://aliran.com Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat] (Aliran) (The Peoples Flow of Awareness)
* Anwar Ibrahim Club (AIC)
* Anwar Ibrahim Club (AIC)
* ABIM - Muslim Youth Movement Malaysia
* ABIM - [[Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement]]
* All Women’s Action Society (AWAM)
* All Women's Action Society (AWAM)
* [[Council of Churches of Malaysia]] (CCM) Youth
* [[Council of Churches of Malaysia]] (CCM) Youth
* Centre for Independent Journalism (CIJ)
* Centre for Independent Journalism (CIJ)
Line 198: Line 195:


==Original member organisations==
==Original member organisations==
On 23 November 2006, Bersih issued its first joint communiqué with the endorsement from 25<!--found 26 NGOs below--> non-governmental organisations and 5 political parties:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bersih.org/?p=5 |title=BERSIH Launchin Parliament |publisher=bersih.org |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dapmalaysia.org/english/2006/nov06/bul/bul3173.htm |title=Launching of BERSIH - Gabungan untuk Pilihanraya Bersil dan Adil |publisher=dapmalaysia.org |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref>
On 23 November 2006, Bersih issued its first joint communiqué with the endorsement from 25<!--found 26 NGOs below--> non-governmental organisations and 5 political parties:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bersih.org/?p=5 |title=BERSIH Launchin Parliament |publisher=bersih.org |date=23 November 2006 |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dapmalaysia.org/english/2006/nov06/bul/bul3173.htm |title=Launching of BERSIH - Gabungan untuk Pilihanraya Bersil dan Adil |publisher=dapmalaysia.org |date=23 November 2006 |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref>


'''Non-government organisations:'''
'''Non-government organisations:'''
* [http://aliran.com Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat] (Aliran) (The Peoples Flow of Awareness)
* [http://aliran.com Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat] (Aliran) (The Peoples Flow of Awareness)
* All Women’s Action Society (AWAM)
* All Women's Action Society (AWAM)
* Centre of Independent Journalism (CIJ)
* Centre of Independent Journalism (CIJ)
* Citizens’ Health Initiative (CHI)
* Citizens’ Health Initiative (CHI)
Line 225: Line 222:
* Tamil Foundation Malaysia
* Tamil Foundation Malaysia
* Unit Pemikiran Politik (UPP) (Political Thinktank Unit)
* Unit Pemikiran Politik (UPP) (Political Thinktank Unit)
* Women’s Development Collective (WDC)
* Women's Development Collective (WDC)
* [[:zh:撰稿人联盟|Writers' Alliance for Media Independence]] (WAMI)
* [[:zh:撰稿人联盟|Writers' Alliance for Media Independence]] (WAMI)


Line 245: Line 242:
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Footer Gwangju Prize for Human Rights laureates}}
{{Footer Gwangju Prize for Human Rights laureates}}

[[Category:Political organisations based in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Electoral reform in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Electoral reform in Malaysia]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Malaysia]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Democracy movements]]
[[Category:Protests in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Malaysian political slogans]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption activism]]

Latest revision as of 10:15, 21 December 2024

Bersih
The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections
Headquarters46050 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Chairperson
Muhammad Faisal bin Abdul Aziz
Deputy Chairperson
Wong Yan Ke
Websitebersih.org

The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (Malay: Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil) or Bersih (meaning clean in Malay) is a coalition of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) which seeks to reform the current electoral system in Malaysia to improve its democracy by ensuring free, clean and fair elections among other reforms.

The idea of Bersih was initiated by five opposition parties in 2005 which later included other NGOs in this as well.[1]

It was officially formed on 23 November 2006 as a joint communiqué that comprised leaders from political parties, civil society groups and NGOs.[2] Bersih accused the Election Commission under Prime Minister's Department[3] for manipulating the electoral process to give an unfair advantage to the ruling National Front coalition. Bersih claimed that the electoral roll was marred by irregularities such as gerrymandering, phantom voters, malapportionment and postal vote frauds.[citation needed] On 10 November 2007, Bersih organised the first rally with 10,000 to 40,000 turnout and held a public demonstration at Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur. Supporters of Bersih were urged to wear yellow T-shirts as a symbol of protest. The rally was often credited for the shift in political landscape in 2008 general election, when the incumbent Barisan Nasional coalition failed to obtain a two-thirds supermajority for the first time since 1969.

In April 2010, the coalition was relaunched as an entirely civil society movement ("Bersih 2.0") unaffiliated to any political party. On 19 June 2011, former president of the Bar Council, Dato' Ambiga Sreenevasan became the chairperson of the coalition. In 2011 and 2012, two more rallies (Bersih 2.0 and Bersih 3.0) were organised seeing that the demands for the electoral reforms have not been met by the Electoral Commission.

History

[edit]

Bersih started out as a Joint Action Committee for Electoral Reform which was formed in July 2005. In the following year September 2006, an Electoral Reform Workshop was held in Kuala Lumpur whereby the various leaders from political parties, civil society groups and NGOs, including Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, Lim Guan Eng, PAS, Nasharudin Mat Isa, Teresa Kok, Syed Shahir Syed Mohamud among others, came together to formulate a joint communiqué. The main objective of this meeting is to advocate for a clean and fair election in Malaysia.

2007 Bersih rally

[edit]
Rallying crowd in front of the Istana Negara.
Main article: 2007 Bersih rally

On Saturday 10 November 2007, Bersih held the first mass rally to make four demands to ensure a clean and fair electoral process in Malaysia:[4]

  1. Clean up of the electoral roll
  2. Use of indelible ink
  3. Abolition of postal voting for military and police personnel
  4. Free and fair access to mass media for all parties

The rally took place in the area of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya around Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) and Istana Negara (The National Palace). Bersih estimated the turnout to be at least 30,000, while the official claimed there were 10,000 protesters.[5] Yellow shirts and ribbons were used as the symbol of protest as yellow is also the colour for citizen actions worldwide and for press freedom movement. A memorandum containing the four demands was submitted to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Malaysia's head of state, during the rally.

Malaysian police refused to issue a permit for the rally, rendering the rally illegal. Tear gas and chemical-laced water cannon were used by the riot police to disperse the crowd. 245 people were detained following the protest.[6]

Following the initial rally, Bersih indicated it may hold another street demonstration if government extended the tenure of Election Commission (EC) chairperson Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman. On 20 November 2007, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz tabled a first reading of the Constitution (Amendment) Bill 2007 that sought to extend the retirement age of members of Election Commission (EC) from 65 to 66. Parliament passed legislation on 11 December to increase EC members' retirement age from 65 to 66.[7]

2011 Bersih 2.0 rally

[edit]
Main article: Bersih 2.0 rally
Protesters marching the streets of Kuala Lumpur peacefully before the police confronted them.

The 2007 rally had raised Malaysian citizens' awareness to the irregularities and controversies in the electoral system. Ahead of the anticipated 2012 13th general election, Bersih scheduled a second public demonstration at Kuala Lumpur on 9 July 2011. Bersih 2.0 rally, also called the Walk for Democracy, called for eight points, including the four demands that remained not met in the 2008 general election:

  1. Clean up of the electoral roll
  2. Reform of postal ballot
  3. Use of indelible ink
  4. Minimum 21 days of campaign period
  5. Free and fair access to mass media for all parties
  6. Strengthening of public institutions
  7. No corruption
  8. No dirty politics

Bersih 2.0 was endorsed by 62 NGOs and joined by rallies in more than 30 international cities by oversea Malaysians in solidarity. The rally was again denied a permit. Plans for the demonstration were extensively criticised by the government and pro-government media. Police set up multiple road blocks around Kuala Lumpur and arrested 225 Bersih supporters in the lead-up to the event.[8]

After being granted an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discuss the issue, Bersih subsequently agreed on 5 July 2011 to move the rally from the streets to Stadium Merdeka.[9][10] Estimates of the turnout on 9 July 2011 ranged from 10,000 to 50,000. The police deployed tear gas and water cannons to break up the protest and arrested more than 1600 protesters, including Ambiga and several event organisers and opposition figures.

2012 Bersih 3.0 rally

[edit]
Main article: Bersih 3.0 rally
A scene from the Bersih 3.0 rally in Polo Ground, Ipoh.

Following the Bersih 2.0 demonstration, the Malaysian government set up Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) on 2 October 2011 to respond to the electoral issues. In early April 2012, PSC released a report with 22 recommendations to improve the electoral system. The report was received and passed by the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) on 3 April 2012 according to the voice of the majority without debate. An opposition minority report was proposed to be included but was rejected by the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat.[11]

Bersih was unsatisfied with the PSC reports as (i) the existing Election Commission was tasked to carry out the recommendations; (ii) many of the recommendations asked for a lengthy implementation period; (iii) many allegations of electoral frauds were not acknowledged in the report.[12] In light of the issues, the third public demonstration, namely the Bersih 3.0 rally, was announced and took place on 28 April 2012 at Dataran Merdeka. The Bersih 3.0 rally was a sit-down protest (Duduk Bantah in Malay). In addition to the eight previous demands, it called for:

  1. Resignation of the existing Electoral Commission
  2. Implementation of the 8 demands before the 13th general election
  3. Observation of the 13th general election by international observers

Bersih 3.0 was endorsed by 84 NGOs. In particular, it was joined by Himpunan Hijau (Green Assembly), a civil movement protesting the Lynas rare earth project in Malaysia. In addition to the main rally at Kuala Lumpur, smaller rallies were held in 10 other cities in Malaysia, as well as in 34 other countries.

Police again deployed tear gas and water cannon against the protestors, despite it being a peaceful demonstration. The chaos started when police began to scatter the crowd. Tear gas and water cannon targeted the exit points and the middle of the crowd.[13]

Bersih People's Tribunal

[edit]
Crowd listening to Maria's speech in Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur

A tribunal was organised by Bersih on 18–21 September 2013 in regards to the general elections that was held on 5 May 2013, whereby invited witnesses gave testimonies on the irregularities and incidents of fraud. [14][15] There were also calls for Election Commission to resign due to the way electoral demarcations were formed in past redelineation exercises.[16][17]

2015 Bersih 4 rally

[edit]
Main article: Bersih 4 rally

Bersih 4 rallies were scheduled to be held on the streets of Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, and Kota Kinabalu from 29 to 30 August, 2pm until midnight.[18]

The gathering places for the rally should be located at Brickfields, Pasar Seni, Dataran Maybank, National Mosque, and Sogo shopping mall, according to the Bersih 2.0 chairperson.[19] This was the first Bersih rally that are racially imbalance, with Chinese predominantly at the rally.[20]

2016 Bersih 5 rally

[edit]
Main article: Bersih 5 rally

The Bersih 5 rally was held peacefully on 19 November 2016 in Kuala Lumpur.[21] A Bersih convoy was also launched and targeted all parts of Malaysia to raise awareness of the current democratic problems nationwide.[22][23][24][25]

Global Bersih

[edit]

Global Bersih is a movement by Malaysian diaspora communities to lend support to Bersih and its cause. In conjunction with the Bersih 2.0 rally, Global Bersih organised rallies in 38 international locations with 4,003 overseas Malaysians in solidarity:[26]

  • New Zealand
    • Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch
  • Australia
    • Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Hobart, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth
  • China
    • Suzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Hong Kong(SAR)
  • Taiwan
    • Taipei
  • Japan
    • Osaka
  • South Korea
    • Seoul
  • Singapore
  • United Arab Emirates
    • Dubai
  • Egypt
    • Cairo
  • Turkey
    • Istanbul
  • Sweden
    • Stockholm
  • Austria
    • Graz
  • Switzerland
    • Zurich, Geneva
  • France
    • Paris
  • England
    • London
  • Scotland
    • Glasgow
  • Northern Ireland
    • Belfast
  • Ireland
    • Cork, Limerick, Dublin
  • Canada
    • Ottawa
  • USA
    • New York City, Washington DC, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Denver, Portland

Endorsees

[edit]

As of 28 October 2014, the 62 non-governmental organisations that endorse Bersih include:[27]

  • Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat (Aliran) (The Peoples Flow of Awareness)
  • Anwar Ibrahim Club (AIC)
  • ABIM - Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement
  • All Women's Action Society (AWAM)
  • Council of Churches of Malaysia (CCM) Youth
  • Centre for Independent Journalism (CIJ)
  • Child Development Initiative
  • Dewan Perhimpunan Cina KL-Selangor (Jawatankuasa Hak Sivil)
  • Educational, Welfare and Research Foundation Malaysia
  • Empower (Pusat Janadaya)
  • Friends in Conversation (FIC)
  • Federation of Indian Non-Governmental Organisations
  • Good Governance Penang
  • Group of Concerned Citizens (GCC)
  • Indian Malaysian Active Generation (IMAGE)
  • Independence People Action Committee (IPAC)
  • Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF)
  • Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas (JERIT) (Oppressed Citizens Network)
  • Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam Malaysia (PKPIM)
  • Klang Consumer Association
  • Kumpulan Aktivis Media Independent (KAMI)
  • Labour Resource Centre (LRC)
  • LLG Cultural Development Centre
  • Majlis Kelab Bell Belia Tamil Malaysia
  • Malaysian Association of Indian University Graduates
  • Malaysian Dravidian Association
  • Malaysian Hindu Youth Council
  • Malaysian Indian Development & Unity Association
  • Malaysian Indian Historical Association
  • Malaysian Tamil Forum
  • Malaysia Youth and Students Democratic Movement (DEMA)
  • Micah Mandate, The
  • Movement For Change, Sarawak (MoCS)
  • Oriental Hearts and Minds Institute (OHMSI)
  • Penang Independent Schools Education Society
  • Permas
  • Persahabatan Semparuthi
  • Persatuan Alumni Han Chiang, Malaysia
  • Persatuan Alumni Han Chiang, Pulau Pinang
  • Persatuan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAKAM) (National Human Rights Society)
  • Persatuan Pengguna & Sosial Daerah Petaling Jaya
  • Pertubuhan IKRAM Malaysia (IKRAM)
  • Pusat Komunikasi Masyarakat (KOMAS)
  • Research for Social Advancement (REFSA)
  • Rumah Anak Teater (RAT)
  • Sahabat Wanita
  • Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM)
  • Sembang-sembang Forum
  • Sisters in Islam (SIS)
  • Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia (SMM) (Students Solidarity Malaysia)
  • Southeast Asian Centre for e-Media
  • Students Reserve Unit (SERU)
  • Suara Rakyat Malaysia (Suaram) (Voice of the People Malaysia)
  • Tamil Foundation Malaysia
  • Tenaganita
  • University Malaya Association of New Youth (UMANY)
  • Women's Aid Organisation (WAO)
  • Women in Disability Association
  • Women Institute for Research Development and Advancement (WIRDA)
  • Writers' Alliance for Media Independence (WAMI)
  • Youth for Change (Y4C)

Original member organisations

[edit]

On 23 November 2006, Bersih issued its first joint communiqué with the endorsement from 25 non-governmental organisations and 5 political parties:[28][29]

Non-government organisations:

  • Aliran Kesedaran Rakyat (Aliran) (The Peoples Flow of Awareness)
  • All Women's Action Society (AWAM)
  • Centre of Independent Journalism (CIJ)
  • Citizens’ Health Initiative (CHI)
  • Civil Rights Committee, KLSCAH (CRC)
  • Community Action Network (CAN)
  • EMPOWER (Pusat Janadaya)
  • ERA Consumer Malaysia (ERACON)
  • Gabungan Mahasiswa Islam Se-Malaysia (GAMIS) (Coalition of Muslim Students Malaysia)
  • Group of Concerned Citizens (GCC)
  • Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas (JERIT) (Oppressed Citizens Network)
  • Labour Resource Centre (LRC)
  • Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC)
  • Malaysian Voters Union (MALVU)
  • Malaysia Youth and Students Democratic Movement (DEMA)
  • Persatuan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAKAM) (National Human Rights Society)
  • Persatuan Ulama’ Malaysia (PUM)
  • Pusat Komunikasi Masyarakat (KOMAS)
  • Research for Social Advancement (REFSA)
  • Save Ourselves Penang (SOS Penang)
  • Solidariti Mahasiswa Malaysia (SMM) (Students Solidarity Malaysia)
  • Suara Rakyat Malaysia (Suaram) (Voice of the People Malaysia)
  • Tamil Foundation Malaysia
  • Unit Pemikiran Politik (UPP) (Political Thinktank Unit)
  • Women's Development Collective (WDC)
  • Writers' Alliance for Media Independence (WAMI)

Political parties:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Khoo, Y. H. (2014). "NUS Libraries 360LINK". Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies. 7 (1): 111–119. doi:10.14764/10.aseas-2014.1-8.
  2. ^ "About Bersih 2.0". bersih.org. 26 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  3. ^ "Election Commission of Malaysia". Prime Minister's Office. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  4. ^ "Bersih people's gathering". bersih.org. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  5. ^ "Tear gas fired at Malaysia rally". Al Jazeera English. 10 November 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  6. ^ "Hundreds held over Malaysia protest". Al Jazeera English. 12 November 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  7. ^ "Malaysia: Bersih May Stage Another Protest". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  8. ^ Gooch, Liz (9 July 2011). "Thousands of Malaysians Rally for Changes to Elections". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  9. ^ Lee, Yen Mun (5 July 2011). "Bersih's Ambiga: No street march, rally will be held in stadium". The Star. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  10. ^ Gan, Yen Kuan; Ten Kate, Daniel (5 July 2011). "Malaysia Street Protests Averted as Group Agrees to Use Stadium". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  11. ^ Mokhtar, Ili Liyana (3 April 2012). "PSC report on electoral reforms passed in Parliament". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  12. ^ "Response from Bersih 2.0 to the recommendations of the Parliamentary Select Committee on electoral reform" (Press release). bersih.org. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  13. ^ ► 2:50► 2:50www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek5mQkugUxQ
  14. ^ "Bersih Tribunal Report: GE13 failed in many ways". 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  15. ^ "Bersih's People Tribunal not challenging GE13 results, just observing whether it was clean - the Malaysian Insider". Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
  16. ^ "EC must quit before new boundaries drawn, Bersih says". 4 March 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Bersih Tribunal: Set up Boundaries Commission". 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  18. ^ "Bersih 2.0 | Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil – BERSIH 4: The Time Has Come". www.bersih.org. 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  19. ^ "Bersih 4.0 organisers list five demands, propose institutional reforms". thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
  20. ^ "Racial imbalance, predominantly Chinese at rally". malaysiakini.com. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  21. ^ "Bersih 5 rally set for Nov 19". The Sun Daily. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  22. ^ "Why Bersih is marching for the fifth time on Nov 19 - Malaysiakini". Malaysia Kini. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  23. ^ "Maria Chin: Bersih 5 in November". The Malay Mail. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  24. ^ "Bersih 5 on November 19". The Malay Mail. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  25. ^ "Bersih 5 rally set for Nov 19". The Star. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  26. ^ "Global Bersih 2.0 – The Awakening of the Malaysian Diaspora". www.globalbersih.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  27. ^ "Endorsees". bersih.org. 28 October 2007. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  28. ^ "BERSIH Launchin Parliament". bersih.org. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  29. ^ "Launching of BERSIH - Gabungan untuk Pilihanraya Bersil dan Adil". dapmalaysia.org. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
[edit]
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