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A geriatric horse is an equine that may show signs of physical and mental decline, which generally limits its ability to participate in most equestrian activities. The age at which a horse is considered geriatric can vary by breed and intended use, with older age being reached more quickly in Thoroughbred sport horses than in more robust ponies. Common signs of geriatric horses include dental changes, graying of certain areas on the head, a pronounced arch in the back, and stiffness in movement. Additionally, these animals may become more sensitive to seasonal changes.

From the 18th and 19th centuries onward, the practice of hippophagy, or horse meat consumption, became less restricted by religious prohibitions in Europe, leading to older horses being sold to knackers or slaughtered for their meat. As horses have increasingly gained the status of pets, alternative retirement options have emerged for them at the end of their lives. Such retirements are now more common, and geriatric horses can often be engaged in gentle activities, such as leisure riding. However, geriatric horses can present economic and ethical challenges, as owners may not always anticipate the longevity of their animals or the long-term costs associated with their care. This situation may contribute to concerns about fraud and ethical practices related to the resale of horses for slaughter.

Longevity

Taxidermized head of Old Billy, the world's oldest horse, at the Manchester Museum

The life expectancy of domesticated horses has increased due to improved management of their diet and care, as well as a growing bond between humans and these animals.^[1] The average lifespan of a horse tends to range from 25 to 30 years, with variations based on breed and purpose.^[2] Ponies generally have a longer lifespan than horses, often exceeding 30 years.^[3]^[4] Draft horses, as well as Arabian and Iberian breeds, tend to live significantly longer than trotters and Thoroughbreds.^[5]

Pierre Enoff suggests that horses can live up to 50 years in the wild;^[6] however, this assertion is contradicted by studies of prehistoric equine remains, which indicate that wild horses typically did not exceed ages of 15 to 20 years.^[7] Wild horses face various challenges that contribute to higher mortality rates, including scarcity of food and water, as well as predation.

The oldest known horse, Old Billy (1760-1822), lived to the age of 62 and gained significant attention in Manchester. He was a working horse of the Shire/Cob type.^[8] Longevity records for horses include individuals reaching 37 years, such as Bayou, a French horse of unknown origin;^[9] 42 years, exemplified by Tango Duke (1935–1978), an Australian Thoroughbred;^[10] and 51 years, as seen in Badger, a Welsh/Arabian cross (1953–2004), and Shayne, an Irish Trait (1962–2013).^[11] The record for ponies belongs to Sancho, another Welsh/Arabian cross, who died at the age of 54 in 2003, previously held by Steady Teddy, an American pony who lived to 53.^[12]^[13]

The age of death is a subjective measure influenced by various factors,^[14] including diet, genetic inheritance, care, and environment. In 2000, experts suggested that the age defining a ‘geriatric horse’ could be 16, 18, or 20 years.^[15] William Martin-Rosset notes that after three years, a horse's age can be multiplied by three to approximate its human equivalent; thus, a 20-year-old horse would be roughly equivalent to a 60-year-old human.^[14] Historically, horses were often considered ‘geriatric’ after 15 years;^[3] however, it is now common for horses over this age to remain actively working. Although establishing a precise age for geriatric classification is challenging, veterinarians indicate that around 70% of horses over 20 require special care.^[16] Exceptions exist, as some horses aged 25 and older can still be ridden and maintained like younger horses. The classification of a geriatric horse is more closely linked to health issues, such as osteoarthritis, and observable signs of aging rather than to age alone.^[14]^[16] Remarkably, some geriatric horses can still compete at high levels in selective events; for instance, Nobby became the world endurance champion at the age of 16.^[3]

Signs of geriatric horses

There are several unmistakable signs that indicate a horse may be geriatric. Historically, determining a horse's age through observation was crucial, especially during a time when horses played a vital role in daily life For example, Le Nouveau Parfait Maréchal (18th century) advised observing specific features such as the teeth, tail, forelock (which becomes hollow in older horses),^[15] lower jaw (more pronounced in geriatric horses), and the appearance of white eyebrow hairs, among other characteristics. Traditionally, horses between the ages of 5 and 8 were valued the most, with their worth typically decreasing after 8 years. The presence of a nearly white coat color, which is uncommon in younger horses, served as an indicator of an age exceeding 8 years.^[15]

As horses age, certain physical changes become apparent: the back tends to arch, withers, and pelvic bones become more prominent, and movement becomes stiffer.^[14] Signs of geriatric status may include poor physical condition (such as thinness or a rounded belly), loss of muscle mass, and very sloping pasterns due to the aging of tendons and ligaments.^[15] The changes extend beyond the physical; older horses often exhibit altered eating habits and may become indifferent to their environment and social interactions, including interactions with humans.^[14] Their overall rhythm of life slows down, leading to increased sleep and energy conservation to cope with climate and disease.^[17] Most signs that impede a geriatric horse's performance typically emerge between the ages of 16 and 20, with a significant and frequent issue being a loss of locomotion, often indicative of osteoarthritis.^[15]^[18] In addition to visible signs, the decline in the horse's five senses and the deterioration of various organs, including the respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems, are also notable concerns.^[3]

Mouth and teeth

The mouth and teeth of horses undergo notable changes with age. Canine teeth become dull, worn, and yellow due to the effects of biting. Additionally, teeth may appear longer and more pronounced around the gums, while incisors can tilt forward as they emerge almost horizontally from the mouth.^[15] The palate also becomes gaunt, and the grooves in the teeth fade in geriatric horses. Historically, it was believed that one could determine a horse's age by pulling back its lip and counting the creases, with the number of creases supposedly correlating to the horse's age. More reliably, the lower lip of geriatric horses tends to sag.^[15] Observing the teeth remains the most dependable method for assessing age in the absence of identification documents, giving rise to the expression, "don't look a gift horse in the mouth".^[19] However, estimating a horse's age based on its teeth becomes challenging once the horse exceeds 15 years of age.^[3]

Coat

Coat changes are another indicator of a horse's age. The presence of white hairs around the eyes, muzzle, and occasionally on the body—similar to the graying of human hair—can signal that a horse is geriatric.^[15]^[14] The texture of the coat may also become rougher. Notably, a dark horse exhibiting white eyebrow hairs is typically over 15 years old. Older horses may also display variations in the growth of their winter coat, such as growing it unusually abundantly, either early or slowly.^[15]^[20]

Management

The management of older horses is increasingly relevant as the relationship between horses and humans evolves, particularly in Europe and the United States, where horses are often viewed as family leisure animals.^[21] Historically, reselling a horse for slaughter or exploiting it until it was no longer profitable did not raise significant ethical concerns, as the animal's value was primarily economic.^[14]^[22] However, since the 1990s, there has been a growing trend to offer retirement options for horses at the end of their working lives, either with their owners or in specialized retirement facilities.^[2]^[20]^[23] While it is challenging to quantify the population of older or retired horses,^[24] estimates from the University of Nevada in Reno, suggest that approximately 10% of the horse population in the United States is over 20 years old.^[15]

Like all horses, geriatric horses require access to plenty of water, pasture, shelter, and mineral supplements. However, they necessitate additional precautions that are sometimes overlooked.^[25]^[26] In particular, it is essential to monitor their diet and ensure they receive regular vaccinations, dental care—typically with a consultation from an equine dentist at least once a year—deworming,^[27] and appropriate farriery.^[16] According to American veterinarians,^[28] farriery can constitute 25% to 50% of annual costs. Maintaining social interactions with other horses is also important for their overall well-being, enabling them to live their later years in good condition.^[1]^[14] Geriatric horses often experience health challenges, including osteoarthritis, dental issues, and digestive problems. They become more sensitive to seasonal changes and may suffer significant weight loss as a result. Ensuring proper care and management for these animals is critical to maintaining their quality of life in their senior years.^[29]^[30]

Retirement

Saddling, arching of the back, affects geriatric horses that have been ridden and causes pain when ridden.

Horses are retired from a variety of activities, including riding schools, competitive sports (such as show jumping and dressage), showmanship, military service, and laboratory research.^[31] Racehorses often experience multiple career phases, as the racing industry is highly selective.^[32] A common solution for older horses is to limit their activities to recreational riding. In the United States, these horses are frequently kept within families to serve as mounts for children.^[1] Additionally, therapeutic riding centers in the U.S. often accept geriatric horses at no cost from private owners to assist individuals with disabilities.^[33] Some geriatric horses may be sent to riding schools to help teach beginners. However, there inevitably comes a point when these animals can no longer be ridden. Reduced activity can lead to muscle loss, which is exacerbated by aging. It is not advisable to leave older horses completely inactive, as this can weaken their muscles and skeletal structure. Furthermore, a sudden transition from intense physical activity to complete rest is detrimental; horses adapt better to gradual reductions in activity levels. Similarly, horses accustomed to living in stalls cannot quickly adjust to outdoor life without a transition period. Regular exercise is essential to keep geriatric horses active and engaged.^[34]^[35]

There are numerous accommodation centers for retired equines, analogous to "retirement homes" for horses. In France, one of the oldest and most renowned centers is Pech Petit, located in the Lot region, which was founded in July 1970 with the aim of sheltering geriatric horses that are at risk of being sent to slaughterhouses.^[36] Many similar organizations exist in countries such as Canada, Belgium and Switzerland.^[37] Some individuals may choose to retire their horses for economic reasons, family circumstances (such as divorce or death), or psychological reasons, as they may struggle with the prospect of witnessing their horse's decline and the eventual need for euthanasia.^[32] Consequently, boarding and retirement services for older horses are likely to expand in the coming years.^[38]

Feed

Skinny geriatric horse at the end of winter

A geriatric horse's diet should be well-balanced, easy to chew, and easily digestible. Recommended feed options include semi-dried silage, high-quality hay,^[26]^[39] wheat bran, linseed,^[26] flakes, or mueslis. High levels of fiber and straw are generally not advisable, nor should there be excessive amounts of alfalfa^[15] or apples, as these can have a laxative effect when consumed in large quantities.^[26] The Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (National Institute of Agricultural Research, INRA) suggests a dry matter nitrogen content of 10–12%.^[26] Pasture alone is typically insufficient to meet the dietary needs of geriatric horses, necessitating the inclusion of supplements.^[15] Manufacturers are increasingly providing rations specifically formulated for geriatric horses,^[40]^[16] as their energy needs decline while their mineral requirements may increase.^[35] These horses may also experience reduced hunger and thirst.^[41]

Geriatric horses often face dental issues such as wear, malocclusion, and periodontitis, which can hinder their ability to chew properly.^[1]^[18] In such cases, hay should be chopped before feeding.^[26] Digestion can become less efficient, leading to slowed or even halted intestinal transit, which can be observed through changes in droppings.^[14]^[42] Geriatric horses may drink less frequently, which can result in dehydration in extreme cases.^[14] Additionally, if the liver and kidneys are impaired, urine may appear dark and foul-smelling.^[35]

Weight loss and loss of body fat are common in geriatric horses,^[14] which may necessitate larger quantities of feed or higher-quality rations.^[1] This weight loss can arise from various factors, including deficiencies, dental issues, lack of appetite, and digestive problems,^[43] ultimately increasing the risk of mortality. While it can be challenging to help a geriatric horse regain weight,^[30] one approach is to add vegetable fats, such as corn oil, to their feed.^[44] Conversely, there is also the risk of overfeeding inactive horses, which can lead to obesity and subsequent damage to their legs and hooves.^[25] This presents a challenge for owners, who may face unfounded suspicions of animal neglect in cases of weight loss.^[1]

Pasturing

In the context of group feeding, geriatric horses may struggle to assert themselves and could be denied access to food due to dominance issues with their pasture mates.^[1] It is recommended that geriatric horses be kept in pairs, provided they coexist harmoniously, rather than in larger herds.^[45] Pairs of geriatric horses often form strong bonds of companionship; however, if they are separated or if one horse passes away, the remaining horse may experience significant distress and a decline in health.^[17]

Health

Shaggy horse with equine Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease is a common condition in geriatric horses, characterized by elevated levels of cortisone in the blood. Symptoms include a shaggy coat, excessive sweating, and increased urination. While there is no cure for Cushing's disease, it can be effectively managed. Another related condition, Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS), can lead to obesity and laminitis. Management strategies for EMS include carbohydrate restriction and increased exercise.^[46]

The risk of colic also increases with age, and geriatric horses are statistically more susceptible to surgical colic. Sustained activity, proper pasturing, and regular deworming can help mitigate this risk.^[47]^[48] Osteoarthritis, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage with periods of crisis and remission, is a significant source of pain and discomfort for geriatric horses, often leading to euthanasia.^[49]^[50] Aging affects the structure of cartilage and exacerbates the condition, particularly in the absence of appropriate hoof care.^[51] Pain relief can be achieved through anti-inflammatory medications, and it is advisable to walk and trot the horse to enhance muscle temperature and blood circulation.^[34]^[52] However, some very geriatric horses may become unable to stand or lie down independently.^[49]^[20]

Additionally, geriatric horses may suffer from osteoporosis and various eyesight issues, leading to increased special needs and a general decline in immune function.^[15] Injuries in these horses are more likely to result in infectious complications.^[14]

Mortality

It is very rare for a horse to die solely of old age. A survey conducted among French-speaking veterinarians in 1997 indicated that only 0.6% of cases involved death from old age.^[53] The leading cause of mortality in horses is colic. Other significant causes of death in horses over fifteen years of age include locomotion disorders such as osteoarthritis and fractures, reproductive system,^[4] cardiac arrest and failure,^[54] respiratory disorders and various tumors or cancers.^[4] In geriatric horses, colic can be exacerbated by fatty tumors, specifically pedunculated lipomas, which may lead to torsion and obstruction during digestion. Mortality associated with reproductive system disorders is often linked to late breeding, resulting in complications such as the rupture of the uterine artery during parturition. Cancers, lymphomas, and tumors are increasingly recognized as major causes of mortality in older horses. Infectious diseases account for only 10–15% of equine deaths.^[55] Cardiac arrest is particularly common among older sport horses,^[56] while respiratory conditions, such as pulmonary emphysema, are more prevalent in horses retired from riding activities.^[57] In many countries, deceased horses are still sent to knackers; however, the establishment of horse cemeteries is gaining popularity.^[23]

Economic aspects

Managing horses at the end of their lives presents various economic challenges.^[58] In 1990, sociologist and demographer Vérène Chevalier expressed concerns regarding the retirement of horses, arguing that it negatively impacts the equine industry as a whole. She suggested that it encourages owners to allocate funds towards maintaining an aging horse rather than investing in a new one or opting for humane euthanasia.^[59]^[60] Similarly, the High Council for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas (Conseil général de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et des espaces ruraux, CGAAER)^[61] and the INRA have argued that reducing the number of horses sent to slaughter in favor of retirement could result in a loss of valuable red meat resources. They contend that the emotional bond between rider and horse often acts as a barrier to euthanasia.^[62]

Cost

Geriatric horses can become difficult to sell and costly to manage. A common scenario involves horses that cannot be resold within the breeding industry and thus lack commercial value. For owners who wish to prevent their horses from being sent to slaughter, it is essential to consider the ongoing costs of care and the potential expenses associated with euthanasia.^[25]^[33] In some cases, geriatric horses suffering from conditions such as colic may go untreated due to financial constraints.^[48] Owners who can no longer afford to care for their horses may choose to donate them to charitable organizations that specialize in equine welfare.^[33]^[31]

Frauds and scams

The existence of frauds and scams involving older horses is a well-documented issue. Various organizations and individuals, often posing as charities that promise a happy retirement for these animals, seek to acquire horses at no cost. They subsequently resell these horses to slaughterhouses, profiting from the sale of the meat.^[25]^[63]^[64] In the United States, some unethical therapeutic riding centers have been reported to euthanize donated horses that are deemed too old to ride or to sell them to slaughterhouses.^[33] This fraudulent activity has reportedly intensified during economic downturns^[65] In France, concerns about "retirement fraud" began to surface around 2011 and became widely recognized in 2013.^[66] The issue gained significant attention in August 2013 following the discovery of falsified identification papers for horses in Belgium,^[63] which posed health risks to consumers.^[67] This situation underscored substantial disagreements among stakeholders in the equine industry and the breeding institutions that represent them. In response, the French National Horse Federation quickly defended the horse meat industry.^[68] Subsequently, France has implemented stricter regulations regarding horse slaughter, mandating the presentation of the animal's medication record.^[58]

In culture

Old horses are referenced in various literary and cinematic works, often symbolizing themes of aging, sacrifice, and the bond between humans and animals. In Nils Holgersson's The Wonderful Adventures of Nils,^[69] and George Orwell's Animal Farm, the draft horse Malabar is exploited by the pigs, who deceitfully promise to send him to a hospital but instead sell him to the knacker for a case of whisky. Alexandre Dumas's The Three Musketeers mentions D'Artagnan's 13-year-old horse, which his father entrusts to him with a letter advising against selling it, urging instead that the horse should be allowed to die peacefully of old age. However, D'Artagnan, seeking to improve his standing in Paris, chooses to sell the horse for three écus.^[70] In the children’s book Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer, two children fulfill their old horse's wish to see the sea one last time.^[71]

In contrast, geriatric horses can also play heroic roles in storytelling. In the Wolof oral tale Le Cheval enchanté, the horse Samba Bingi Bangi, described as "older than God himself," sacrifices its life to save a young girl who is trapped in a marriage to a lion.^[72]

In cinema, Béla Tarr's 2011 film The Turin Horse opens with a portrayal of an old coachman and his horse, inspired by an episode from Friedrich Nietzsche's life, in which he embraced an old carriage horse in Turin before succumbing to madness. The film explores the horse's story prior to its encounter with Nietzsche.^[73] Similarly, the French film Heureux qui comme Ulysse, featuring Fernandel, tells the story of a 28-year-old Camargue horse destined for death in the arena, which Antonin (played by Fernandel) ultimately frees in the Camargue.

References

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^ ^a ^b Corbin 2001, p. 3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Laurent (2011)
^ ^a ^b ^c Corbin 2001, p. 9.
^ Corbin 2001, pp. 42–43.
^ Enoff, Pierre (2009). "Le désespoir des chevaux ! L'espérance de vie et la longévité du cheval". Planète Cheval au Naturel (in French).
^ Bignon, Olivier (2008). Chasser les chevaux à la fin du Paléolithique dans le Bassin parisien : stratégie cynégétique et mode de vie au Magdalénien et à l'Azilien ancien (in French). Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4073-0189-1.
^ Seyd, Edmund (1973). Old Billy, 1760–1822 : The World's Oldest Horse. Manchester Museum. p. 12. ISBN 0-904630-01-3.
^ "À 37 ans, Bayou le cheval défie le record de longévité". Le Dauphiné.com. 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ Matthews, Peter (1995). The Guinness Book of Records. Guinness Superlatives. p. 31.
^ Molnar, Lazlo (2012). "A 51 ans, « Shayne » est le plus vieux cheval en vie". Le Matin (in French). Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ The Guinness Book of Records. 1996. p. 27.
^ Folkard; Guinness World Records Limited; Masson; Freshfield; Dimery (2004). Guinness world records 2005. Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 73. ISBN 0-85112-192-6.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Cirelli, Al (2000). "Care Of The Geriatric Horse" (PDF). University of Nevada. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gibbs et al., p. 2)
^ ^a ^b Deutsch, Julie (2006). Le comportement du cheval. Les Équiguides (in French). éditions Artemis. p. 127. ISBN 2-84416-640-7.
^ ^a ^b Couroucé-Malblanc (2010, p. 294)
^ Carius, Manuel (2005). Le droit du cheval et de l'équitation (in French). Paris: France Agricole Éditions. p. 238. ISBN 2-85557-127-8.
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^ Digard (2007, p. 187)
^ Corbin 2001, p. 41.
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^ Corbin 2001, p. 74.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Valren, Amélie (2014). "Prenez soin de votre vieux cheval" [Take care of your old horse]. Cheval Magazine [fr] (in French). No. 507. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Martin-Rosset (2012, p. 314)
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^ Ralston, Sarah. "Management of geriatric horses". Cook College, Rutgers University.
^ ^a ^b Gibbs et al., p. 4)
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pavia, Audrey; Posnikoff, Janice; D.V.M. (2005). Horses For Dummies (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 230. ISBN 0-471-78124-X.
^ ^a ^b Gibbs et al., p. 6-7)
^ ^a ^b ^c Martin-Rosset (2012, p. 313)
^ Corbin 2001, p. 30.
^ ""Centres de retraite pour chevaux" : 31 sites enregistrés". Equids (in French). Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ Dornier et al. (2015, p. 6)
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^ Ralston, Sarah. "Management of geriatric horses". Cook College, Rutgers University: 394.
^ Wolter (1999, p. 407)
^ Wolter (1999, p. 409)
^ Couroucé-Malblanc (2010, p. 296)
^ Gibbs et al., p. 5)
^ Lambert-Lefranc & Laurent (2011)
^ Connally, Bruce. "Managing the geriatric horse". Colorado State University: 2.
^ Corbin 2001, pp. 26–27.
^ ^a ^b Corbin 2001, pp. 24–25.
^ ^a ^b Couroucé-Malblanc 2010, p. 300.
^ Corbin 2001, p. 14.
^ Corbin 2001, pp. 16–20.
^ Ralston, Sarah. "Management of geriatric horses". Cook College, Rutgers University: 395.
^ Corbin 2001, p. 8.
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^ Corbin 2001, p. 10.
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^ ^a ^b Dornier et al. (2015, p. 1)
^ Chevalier, V. (1990). "Les pratiquants de l'équitation : une population et ses mouvements". Population. 45 (3): 661–666. doi:10.2307/1533543. JSTOR 1533543. S2CID 142863365.
^ Digard, Jean-Pierre (1993). "Cheval, mon amour". Des sports (in French). Éditions MSH. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9782110889287.
^ Valren, Amélie (2015). "Fin de vie du cheval : un rapport sort de l'ombre" [End of life of the horse: a report comes out of the shadows]. Cheval Savoir (in French). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.
^ Valren, Amélie (2015). "Fin de vie des chevaux : vers l'adoption de « facilités » d'abattage…" [End of life of horses: towards the adoption of slaughter "facilities"]. Cheval Savoir (in French). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Valren, Amélie (2013). "Chevaux à l'abattoir : la «fraude à la retraite»" [Horses to the slaughterhouse: the "retirement fraud"]. Cheval Savoir (in French). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
^ Maillard, Bernard (2013). "Des pâturages mosellans à l'abattoir dans le Gard". Le Républicain lorrain. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Lasseret, Vincent (2013). "Protection... rapprochée". Cheval Magazine (in French) (500): 67.
^ Vincent, Christiane (2011). "Narbonne : Il envoie sa jument à la retraite, il la retrouve à l'abattoir !". Midi libre. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ "Enquête autour d'un possible nouveau trafic de viande de cheval". BFM TV. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Valren, Amélie (2013). "Fraudes sur la retraite des chevaux : les réactions de la FNC et de la FNSEA" [Fraud on horse retirement: reactions from the FNC and the FNSEA]. Cheval Savoir (in French). Archived from the original on September 12, 2013.
^ Lagerlöf, Selma (2011). Le Merveilleux Voyage de Nils Holgersson à travers la Suède (in French). Le Livre de Poche. p. 640. ISBN 978-2-253-15938-4.
^ Houppermans, Sjef (2003). Samuel Beckett et Compagnie (in French). Rodopi. pp. 43–44. ISBN 90-420-0975-6.
^ Lhote, Olivier (2011). Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer. Cheval et Compagnie (in French). Champigny-sur-Marne. p. 28. ISBN 978-2-244-44241-9.
^ Baumgardt, Ursula; Ugochukwu, Françoise; Derive, Jean (2005). Approches littéraires de l'oralité africaine. Tradition orale (in French). Karthala éditions. p. 119. ISBN 2-8111-3971-0.
^ Morice, Jacques (2011). "Le Cheval de Turin". Télérama. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

Sources

Corbin, Christelle (2001). Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit [Pathology of the old horse: study of a population of retired horses in Pech Petit] (PDF) (Thesis) (in French). École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon. OCLC 970039873.
Couroucé-Malblanc, Anne (2010). "Les maladies du vieux cheval". Maladies des chevaux (in French). France Agricole Editions. ISBN 978-2855571683.
Digard, Jean-Pierre (2007). "Le xxe siècle ou le cheval de divertissement - jusqu'où ?". Une histoire du cheval : art, technique, société. Nature (in French). Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2742764839.
Dornier, Xavier; Decouty, Aline; Anguelu, Émilie; Heydemann, Pascale (2015). Gestion de la fin de vie des équidés : Quelles sont les pratiques actuelles et leurs impacts économiques? (in French). Équ’idée.
Gibbs, Pete; Potter, G.; Scrutchfield, W.; Martin, M. Mature, senior and geriatric horses: Management, Care and Us. AgriLife extension (in French). Texas A&M University. p. 18.
Lambert-Lefranc, Dominique; Laurent, Jacques (2011). La gestion du cheval âgé (in French). Cheval Savoir.
Laurent, Jacques (2011). Les mécanismes du vieillissement chez le cheval (in French). Cheval Savoir.
Martin-Rosset, William (2012). "Le cheval âgé". Nutrition et alimentation des chevaux (in French). Éditions Quae. ISBN 978-2759216680.
Wolter, Roger (1999). "Alimentation du cheval dénutri, stressé ou âgé". Alimentation du cheval. Produire mieux (in French). France Agricole Editions. ISBN 2855570522.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Characteristics and care of old horses}}
+{{Short description|Characteristics and care of old horses}}[[File:Vieux Cheval-Ile de Batz.JPG|thumb|Horse showing many geriatric signs, including white hair on head, shaggy coat and arched back.]]
+A '''geriatric horse''' is an [[Horse|equine]] that may show signs of physical and mental decline, which generally limits its ability to participate in most [[Equestrianism|equestrian activities]]. The age at which a horse is considered geriatric can vary by breed and intended use, with older age being reached more quickly in [[Thoroughbred]] [[sport horse]]s than in more robust [[Pony|ponies]]. Common signs of geriatric horses include dental changes, graying of certain areas on the head, a pronounced arch in the [[Back (horse)|back]], and stiffness in movement. Additionally, these animals may become more sensitive to seasonal changes.
-{{Multiple issues|
-{{Cleanup|reason=Needs thorough checking after slack translation from French-wiki|date=July 2024}}
-}}
-[[File:Vieux Cheval-Ile de Batz.JPG|thumb|Horse showing many geriatric signs, including white hair on head, shaggy coat and arched back.]]
-A '''geriatric horse''' is an [[Horse|equine]] that has a physical and mental decline, which generally prevents it from being used for most [[Equestrianism|equestrian activities]]. The age of a geriatric horse could vary according to breed and riding use, with old age occurring more rapidly in [[Thoroughbred]] [[sport horse]]s than in hardy [[Pony|ponies]]. Geriatric horse signs include [[tooth eruption]], whitening of certain areas of the head, arching of the [[Back (horse)|back]] and stiffness of locomotion. The animal also becomes more sensitive to the passing of the seasons.
-From the 18th and 19th centuries onwards, the practice of [[Horse meat|hippophagy]] was no longer a religious prohibition in Europe, and older animals were sold to [[knacker]]s or slaughtered for their meat. The gradual acquisition of pet status has led to other retirement options for these animals at the end of their lives. Retirements are more frequent, and geriatric horses can also be oriented towards gentle activities such as riding. A geriatric horse can pose an economic and [[Ethics|ethical]] problem, as owners don't always anticipate their animal's longevity or the cost of maintaining it over the long term. This problem is at the root of frauds and swindles involving resale at the [[slaughterhouse]].
+From the 18th and 19th centuries onward, the practice of [[Horse meat|hippophagy]], or horse meat consumption, became less restricted by religious prohibitions in Europe, leading to older horses being sold to [[knacker]]s or slaughtered for their meat. As horses have increasingly gained the status of pets, alternative retirement options have emerged for them at the end of their lives. Such retirements are now more common, and geriatric horses can often be engaged in gentle activities, such as leisure riding. However, geriatric horses can present economic and [[Ethics|ethical]] challenges, as owners may not always anticipate the longevity of their animals or the long-term costs associated with their care. This situation may contribute to concerns about fraud and ethical practices related to the resale of horses for slaughter.
 == Longevity ==
 [[File:BillyBedfordMuseum.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Taxidermy|Taxidermized]] head of [[Old Billy]], the world's oldest horse, at the Manchester Museum]]
 [[File:Arabian costume.JPG|thumb|This Arabian stallion is 28-years-old.]]
-The life expectancy of the domesticated horse has increased thanks to better management of its diet and care,<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=3 |language=fr}}</ref> and a growing attachment to the animal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Connally |first=Bruce |title=Managing the geriatric horse |url=https://vetmedbiosci.colostate.edu |access-date=23 April 2014 |website=Colorado State University |page=1}}</ref> The average longevity of a horse is now between 25 and 30 years,<ref name=":19" /> with differences depending on breed and occupation. Ponies enjoy a significantly longer lifespan than horses, often exceeding 30 years old.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Laurent|2011}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=9 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Draft horse]]s, [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] and [[Iberian horse|Iberian breeds]] live significantly longer than trotters and Thoroughbreds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=42–43 |language=fr}}</ref>
+The life expectancy of domesticated horses has increased due to improved management of their diet and care, as well as a growing bond between humans and these animals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Connally |first=Bruce |title=Managing the geriatric horse |url=https://vetmedbiosci.colostate.edu |access-date=23 April 2014 |website=Colorado State University |page=1}}</ref> The average lifespan of a horse tends to range from 25 to 30 years, with variations based on breed and purpose.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=3}} Ponies generally have a longer lifespan than horses, often exceeding 30 years.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Laurent|2011}}</ref>{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=9}} [[Draft horse]]s, as well as [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] and [[Iberian horse|Iberian breeds]], tend to live significantly longer than trotters and Thoroughbreds.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|pp=42–43}}
-Pierre Enoff claims that horses can live up to 50 years in the wild,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enoff |first=Pierre |date=2009 |title=Le désespoir des chevaux ! L'espérance de vie et la longévité du cheval |url=https://equi-libre.fr/?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=1 |website=Planète Cheval au Naturel |language=fr}}</ref> a claim contradicted by studies of prehistoric equine bones, which show that they never exceed 15 to 20 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bignon |first=Olivier |title=Chasser les chevaux à la fin du Paléolithique dans le Bassin parisien : stratégie cynégétique et mode de vie au Magdalénien et à l'Azilien ancien |publisher=Archaeopress |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4073-0189-1 |location=Oxford |pages=169 |language=fr}}</ref> Wild horses are subject to a variety of pressures that induce high mortality (hunger, thirst, predator attacks, etc.).
+Pierre Enoff suggests that horses can live up to 50 years in the wild;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enoff |first=Pierre |date=2009 |title=Le désespoir des chevaux ! L'espérance de vie et la longévité du cheval |url=https://equi-libre.fr/?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=1 |website=Planète Cheval au Naturel |language=fr}}</ref> however, this assertion is contradicted by studies of prehistoric equine remains, which indicate that wild horses typically did not exceed ages of 15 to 20 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bignon |first=Olivier |title=Chasser les chevaux à la fin du Paléolithique dans le Bassin parisien : stratégie cynégétique et mode de vie au Magdalénien et à l'Azilien ancien |publisher=Archaeopress |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4073-0189-1 |location=Oxford |pages=169 |language=fr}}</ref> Wild horses face various challenges that contribute to higher mortality rates, including scarcity of food and water, as well as predation.
-The oldest known horse, [[Old Billy]] (1760-1822), died at the age of 62 and made the headlines in [[Manchester]]. He was a working horse of the [[Shire horse|Shire]]/[[Cob (horse)|Cob]] type.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seyd |first=Edmund |title=Old Billy, 1760–1822 : The World's Oldest Horse |publisher=Manchester Museum |year=1973 |isbn=0-904630-01-3 |pages=12}}</ref> Longevity records are regularly reported for horses reaching 37 years (such as Bayou, a French horse of unknown origin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=À 37 ans, Bayou le cheval défie le record de longévité |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/savoie/2012/04/19/a-37-ans-bayou-le-cheval-defie-le-record-de-longevite |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Le Dauphiné.com}}</ref>), 42 years (such as Tango Duke, 1935–1978, an Australian Thoroughbred record-holder for this breed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthews |first=Peter |title=The Guinness Book of Records |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |year=1995 |pages=31}}</ref>) or 51 years (such as Badger, a [[Welsh Pony and Cob|Welsh]]/Arabian cross, 1953–2004; and Shayne, an [[Irish Horse|Irish Trait]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Molnar |first=Lazlo |date=2012 |title=A 51 ans, « Shayne » est le plus vieux cheval en vie |language=fr |work=Le Matin |url=https://www.lematin.ch/story/a-51-ans-shayne-est-le-plus-vieux-cheval-en-vie-663021996602 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> 1962–2013). The pony record belongs to Sancho, another Welsh/Arabian cross who died at 54, in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Folkard |title=Guinness world records 2005 |last2=Guinness World Records Limited |last3=Masson |last4=Freshfield |last5=Dimery |publisher=Guinness World Records Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=0-85112-192-6 |pages=73}}</ref> It was previously held by Steady Teddy, an American pony who died at 53.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1996 |pages=27}}</ref>
+The oldest known horse, [[Old Billy]] (1760-1822), lived to the age of 62 and gained significant attention in [[Manchester]]. He was a working horse of the [[Shire horse|Shire]]/[[Cob (horse)|Cob]] type.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seyd |first=Edmund |title=Old Billy, 1760–1822 : The World's Oldest Horse |publisher=Manchester Museum |year=1973 |isbn=0-904630-01-3 |pages=12}}</ref> Longevity records for horses include individuals reaching 37 years, such as Bayou, a French horse of unknown origin;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=À 37 ans, Bayou le cheval défie le record de longévité |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/savoie/2012/04/19/a-37-ans-bayou-le-cheval-defie-le-record-de-longevite |access-date=21 April 2014 |website=Le Dauphiné.com}}</ref> 42 years, exemplified by Tango Duke (1935–1978), an Australian Thoroughbred;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthews |first=Peter |title=The Guinness Book of Records |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |year=1995 |pages=31}}</ref> and 51 years, as seen in Badger, a [[Welsh Pony and Cob|Welsh]]/Arabian cross (1953–2004), and Shayne, an [[Irish Horse|Irish Trait]] (1962–2013).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Molnar |first=Lazlo |date=2012 |title=A 51 ans, « Shayne » est le plus vieux cheval en vie |language=fr |work=Le Matin |url=https://www.lematin.ch/story/a-51-ans-shayne-est-le-plus-vieux-cheval-en-vie-663021996602 |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> The record for ponies belongs to Sancho, another Welsh/Arabian cross, who died at the age of 54 in 2003, previously held by Steady Teddy, an American pony who lived to 53.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1996 |pages=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Folkard |title=Guinness world records 2005 |last2=Guinness World Records Limited |last3=Masson |last4=Freshfield |last5=Dimery |publisher=Guinness World Records Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=0-85112-192-6 |pages=73}}</ref>
-The age of death is only a subjective measure,<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Martin-Rosset|2012|p=312}}</ref> which depends on different factors including [[Equine nutrition|diet]], genetic inheritance, basic care and environment. In 2000, depending on the specialist, the age of a ‘geriatric horse’ could be 16, 18 or 20.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cirelli |first=Al. |date=2000 |title=Care Of The Geriatric Horse |url=https://extension.unr.edu/publications.aspx |journal=University of Nevada}}</ref> According to William Martin-Rosset, after 3 years, a horse's age can be multiplied by three to obtain a human equivalent. A 20-year-old horse would therefore be roughly equivalent to a 60-year-old human.<ref name=":2" /> In the past, a horse was often considered ‘geriatric’ after 15 years,<ref name=":1" /> but it is now common for animals over 15 to be actively working. Although the age at which a horse becomes ‘geriatric’ is difficult to establish, veterinarians note that around 70% of horses over the age of 20 require special care.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=2}}</ref> Exceptions still exist, as some horses aged 25 and over can still be ridden and fed in the same way as any other. The classification of a geriatric horse depends on the occurrence of a health problem (typically [[osteoarthritis]]) and outward signs of aging, rather than on its age per se.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=2}}</ref> Exceptionally, geriatric horses can remain competitive at high levels in particularly selective events. Nobby became world [[Endurance riding|endurance]] champion at the age of 16.<ref name=":1" />
+The age of death is a subjective measure influenced by various factors,<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Martin-Rosset|2012|p=312}}</ref> including [[Equine nutrition|diet]], genetic inheritance, care, and environment. In 2000, experts suggested that the age defining a ‘geriatric horse’ could be 16, 18, or 20 years.{{r|cirelli}} William Martin-Rosset notes that after three years, a horse's age can be multiplied by three to approximate its human equivalent; thus, a 20-year-old horse would be roughly equivalent to a 60-year-old human.<ref name=":2" /> Historically, horses were often considered ‘geriatric’ after 15 years;<ref name=":1" /> however, it is now common for horses over this age to remain actively working. Although establishing a precise age for geriatric classification is challenging, veterinarians indicate that around 70% of horses over 20 require special care.<ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=2}}</ref> Exceptions exist, as some horses aged 25 and older can still be ridden and maintained like younger horses. The classification of a geriatric horse is more closely linked to health issues, such as [[osteoarthritis]], and observable signs of aging rather than to age alone.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4"/> Remarkably, some geriatric horses can still compete at high levels in selective events; for instance, Nobby became the world [[Endurance riding|endurance]] champion at the age of 16.<ref name=":1" />
 == Signs of geriatric horses ==
 [[File:This is a very old pony.jpg|thumb|Geriatric pony with a lot of white hair on its head]]
-There are certain unmistakable signs of a geriatric horse. Determining a horse's age through observation was of vital importance at a time when horses were used for all aspects of daily life. For example, ''Le Nouveau Parfait Maréchal'' (18th century) recommends that to assess the animal age, it could be observed: the [[Horse teeth|teeth]], tail, [[forelock]] (hollow in old horses<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Cirelli |first=Al. |date=2000 |title=Care Of The Geriatric Horse |journal=University of Nevada |pages=2}}</ref>), lower jaw (more pronounced in geriatric horses) and white eyebrow hairs, among other things. Historically, horses between 5 and 8 years old were the most expensive, with the value of the animal gradually decreasing after 8 years.<ref name=":3" /> The presence of an almost [[Gray horse|white coat color]], rare in young horses, was thus a clue to recognizing a horse over 8 years old.
+There are several unmistakable signs that indicate a horse may be geriatric. Historically, determining a horse's age through observation was crucial, especially during a time when horses played a vital role in daily life For example, ''Le Nouveau Parfait Maréchal'' (18th century) advised observing specific features such as the [[Horse teeth|teeth]], tail, [[forelock]] (which becomes hollow in older horses),{{r|cirelli}} lower jaw (more pronounced in geriatric horses), and the appearance of white eyebrow hairs, among other characteristics. Traditionally, horses between the ages of 5 and 8 were valued the most, with their worth typically decreasing after 8 years. The presence of a nearly [[Gray horse|white coat color]], which is uncommon in younger horses, served as an indicator of an age exceeding 8 years.{{r|cirelli}}
-The back tends to arch, the [[withers]] and pelvic bones become more visible,<ref name=":2" /> and movements become stiffer as the horse gets older. Poor physical condition (thinness and/or round belly), lack of muscle and very sloping [[pastern]]s due to aging tendons and ligaments are all signs of a geriatric horse.<ref name=":5" /> The changes are not only physical, as the animal changes its eating habits and reactions to the environment, becoming indifferent to its fellow creatures and to human beings.<ref name=":2" /> Its whole rhythm of life slows down, it sleeps more and conserves its energy to resist climate and disease.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Deutsch |first=Julie |title=Le comportement du cheval |publisher=éditions Artemis |year=2006 |isbn=2-84416-640-7 |series=Les Équiguides |pages=127 |language=fr}}</ref> Most of the signs of a geriatric horse that prevent it from being used to its full potential occur between the ages of 16 and 20. The most disabling and most frequent is a loss of locomotion, often a sign of osteoarthritis.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=294}}</ref> In addition to the visible signs, the horse's [[Sense|five senses]] and its organs, including the [[Respiratory system|respiratory]], digestive and [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular systems]], also deteriorate.<ref name=":1" />
+As horses age, certain physical changes become apparent: the back tends to arch, [[withers]], and pelvic bones become more prominent, and movement becomes stiffer.<ref name=":2" /> Signs of geriatric status may include poor physical condition (such as thinness or a rounded belly), loss of muscle mass, and very sloping [[pastern]]s due to the aging of tendons and ligaments.{{r|cirelli}} The changes extend beyond the physical; older horses often exhibit altered eating habits and may become indifferent to their environment and social interactions, including interactions with humans.<ref name=":2" /> Their overall rhythm of life slows down, leading to increased sleep and energy conservation to cope with climate and disease.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Deutsch |first=Julie |title=Le comportement du cheval |publisher=éditions Artemis |year=2006 |isbn=2-84416-640-7 |series=Les Équiguides |pages=127 |language=fr}}</ref> Most signs that impede a geriatric horse's performance typically emerge between the ages of 16 and 20, with a significant and frequent issue being a loss of locomotion, often indicative of osteoarthritis.{{r|cirelli}}<ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=294}}</ref> In addition to visible signs, the decline in the horse's [[Sense|five senses]] and the deterioration of various organs, including the [[Respiratory system|respiratory]], digestive, and [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular systems]], are also notable concerns.<ref name=":1" />
 === Mouth and teeth ===
-The horse's mouth and teeth are well known to change with age. The [[Canine tooth|canines]] become dull, worn and yellow under the action of the bite. Teeth also appear longer and gaunt around the gums and claw incisors come forward<ref name=":5" /> as they emerge from the mouth almost horizontally. The [[palate]] becomes gaunt, and the grooves fade in geriatric horses. It used to be a popular belief that you could tell a horse's age by pushing out its [[lip]] and counting the creases, then the number of them supposedly being equal to its age. More scientifically, the lower lip of geriatric horses can be seen to sag.<ref name=":5" /> The observation of teeth is the most reliable criterion for assessing age in the absence of identification documents, and is the origin of the popular expression "don't look a gift horse in the mouth".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carius |first=Manuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkwozfIDk1EC |title=Le droit du cheval et de l'équitation |publisher=France Agricole Éditions |year=2005 |isbn=2-85557-127-8 |location=Paris |pages=238 |language=fr}}</ref> However, it becomes difficult to estimate a horse's age from its teeth if it is more than 15 years old.<ref name=":1" />
+The mouth and teeth of horses undergo notable changes with age. [[Canine tooth|Canine]] teeth become dull, worn, and yellow due to the effects of biting. Additionally, teeth may appear longer and more pronounced around the gums, while incisors can tilt forward as they emerge almost horizontally from the mouth.{{r|cirelli}} The [[palate]] also becomes gaunt, and the grooves in the teeth fade in geriatric horses. Historically, it was believed that one could determine a horse's age by pulling back its lip and counting the creases, with the number of creases supposedly correlating to the horse's age. More reliably, the lower lip of geriatric horses tends to sag.{{r|cirelli}} Observing the teeth remains the most dependable method for assessing age in the absence of identification documents, giving rise to the expression, "don't look a gift horse in the mouth".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carius |first=Manuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkwozfIDk1EC |title=Le droit du cheval et de l'équitation |publisher=France Agricole Éditions |year=2005 |isbn=2-85557-127-8 |location=Paris |pages=238 |language=fr}}</ref> However, estimating a horse's age based on its teeth becomes challenging once the horse exceeds 15 years of age.<ref name=":1" />
 === Coat ===
-The presence of white hair on the head (around the eyes and muzzle) and sometimes on the body,<ref name=":2" /> reminiscent of the whitening of human hair, is another geriatric horse sign, as is the rougher feel of the hair.<ref name=":5" /> A dark horse with white eyebrow hair is usually over 15 years old. Older horses sometimes grow winter hair unusually abundantly, early or slowly.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=12}}</ref>
+Coat changes are another indicator of a horse's age. The presence of white hairs around the eyes, muzzle, and occasionally on the body—similar to the graying of human hair—can signal that a horse is geriatric.{{r|cirelli}}<ref name=":2" /> The texture of the coat may also become rougher. Notably, a dark horse exhibiting white eyebrow hairs is typically over 15 years old. Older horses may also display variations in the growth of their winter coat, such as growing it unusually abundantly, either early or slowly.{{r|cirelli}}<ref name=":10">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=12}}</ref>
 == Management ==
-The question of how to manage older horses arises in the context of the horse's rapprochement with the pet and the proliferation of family leisure animals, particularly in Europe and the United States.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Digard|2007|p=187}}</ref> In the past, the resale of a horse for slaughter or its exploitation up to the point of knackering did not raise ethical or sentimental questions, as the horse had to prove profitable for its owner.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=41 |language=fr}}</ref> Since the 1990s, it has become more common to offer retirement to horses at the end of their careers, either with their owner or in a specialized center.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Harvtxt|Digard|2007|p=186}}</ref> The population of older and/or retired horses is difficult to quantify,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=74 |language=fr}}</ref> but the [[University of Nevada, Reno|University of Nevada]] in Reno, estimates that 10% of the US horse population is over 20 years old.<ref name=":3" />
+The management of older horses is increasingly relevant as the relationship between horses and humans evolves, particularly in Europe and the United States, where horses are often viewed as family leisure animals.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Digard|2007|p=187}}</ref> Historically, reselling a horse for slaughter or exploiting it until it was no longer profitable did not raise significant ethical concerns, as the animal's value was primarily economic.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=41}} However, since the 1990s, there has been a growing trend to offer retirement options for horses at the end of their working lives, either with their owners or in specialized retirement facilities.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=3}}<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Harvtxt|Digard|2007|p=186}}</ref> While it is challenging to quantify the population of older or retired horses,{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=74}} estimates from the [[University of Nevada, Reno|University of Nevada]] in Reno, suggest that approximately 10% of the horse population in the United States is over 20 years old.{{r|cirelli}}
-Just like any other horse, they should be provided with plenty of water, pasture shelter and a [[mineral lick]],<ref name=":12">{{Harvtxt|Martin-Rosset|2012|p=314}}</ref> but geriatric horses require precautions that are sometimes overlooked.<ref name=":13">{{Harvtxt|Valren|2014}}</ref> In addition to keeping an eye on its food, it is strongly recommended to continue vaccinations, teeth maintenance (the [[Equine dentistry|equine dentist]] should be consulted at least once a year, according to veterinarians<ref name=":4" />), [[deworming]]<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=8-9}}</ref> and [[farrier]]y (25 to 50% of annual costs according to American veterinarians<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=7-8}}</ref>) without isolating the animal, to enable him to end its life in good conditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Geriatric horses frequently suffer from osteoarthritis, and dental and digestive problems. They become more sensitive to the passing of the seasons and can suffer significant weight loss.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Sarah |title=Management of geriatric horses |journal=Cook College, Rutgers University}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=4}}</ref>
+Like all horses, geriatric horses require access to plenty of water, pasture, shelter, and mineral supplements. However, they necessitate additional precautions that are sometimes overlooked.<ref name="valren2014">{{Cite magazine |last=Valren |first=Amélie |url=https://www.chevalmag.com/chevalmag/Magazines/Sommaires/Cheval-Magazine/2014/n-507-fevrier/Soins/Prenez-soin-de-votre-vieux-cheval/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424201124/https://www.chevalmag.com/chevalmag/Magazines/Sommaires/Cheval-Magazine/2014/n-507-fevrier/Soins/Prenez-soin-de-votre-vieux-cheval/ |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |title=Prenez soin de votre vieux cheval |magazine={{Ill|Cheval Magazine|fr}} |trans-title=Take care of your old horse |year=2014 |language=fr |issue=507}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Harvtxt|Martin-Rosset|2012|p=314}}</ref> In particular, it is essential to monitor their diet and ensure they receive regular vaccinations, dental care—typically with a consultation from an [[Equine dentistry|equine dentist]] at least once a year—[[deworming]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=8-9}}</ref> and appropriate farriery.<ref name=":4" /> According to American veterinarians,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=7-8}}</ref> [[Farrier|farriery]] can constitute 25% to 50% of annual costs. Maintaining social interactions with other horses is also important for their overall well-being, enabling them to live their later years in good condition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Geriatric horses often experience health challenges, including osteoarthritis, dental issues, and digestive problems. They become more sensitive to seasonal changes and may suffer significant weight loss as a result. Ensuring proper care and management for these animals is critical to maintaining their quality of life in their senior years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Sarah |title=Management of geriatric horses |journal=Cook College, Rutgers University}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=4}}</ref>
 === Retirement ===
 [[File:Olderquartermaresideshot.jpg|thumb|Saddling, arching of the back, affects geriatric horses that have been ridden and causes pain when ridden.]]
-Horses are retired from a wide variety of activities, including [[riding hall]]s, sport ([[show jumping]], [[dressage]], etc.), [[Showmanship (performing)|showmanship]], the army and laboratory research.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=40 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Horse racing|Racehorses]] typically have several activities in their lives, as racing is highly selective.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=45 |language=fr}}</ref> A classic solution is to limit older horses to riding. In the United States, these animals are often kept in the family for the instruction of young children.<ref name=":0" /> There are also therapeutic riding centers in the U.S., which take in geriatric horses free of charge from private owners to saddle up the disabled.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Pavia |first1=Audrey |title=Horses For Dummies |last2=Posnikoff |first2=Janice |last3=D.V.M. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2005 |isbn=0-471-78124-X |edition=2nd |pages=230}}</ref> Other geriatric horses are sent to riding schools to teach riding to beginners, but there always comes a time when the animal can no longer be ridden at all. Reduced activity results in a loss of [[muscle mass]], which is aggravated by age. It is not advisable to leave older horses in total inactivity, as this weakens their muscles and skeleton. It is also not advisable to suddenly switch from intense physical activity to rest, as horses adapt better physically and mentally to gradual reductions in activity. Similarly, a horse used to living in a stall cannot adapt overnight to life outdoors. Regular exercise keeps geriatric horses active and useful.<ref name=":16">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=6-7}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Harvtxt|Martin-Rosset|2012|p=313}}</ref>
+Horses are retired from a variety of activities, including [[riding hall|riding school]]s, competitive sports (such as [[show jumping]] and [[dressage]]), [[Showmanship (performing)|showmanship]], military service, and laboratory research.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=40}} [[Horse racing|Racehorses]] often experience multiple career phases, as the racing industry is highly selective.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=45}} A common solution for older horses is to limit their activities to recreational riding. In the United States, these horses are frequently kept within families to serve as mounts for children.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, therapeutic riding centers in the U.S. often accept geriatric horses at no cost from private owners to assist individuals with disabilities.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Pavia |first1=Audrey |title=Horses For Dummies |last2=Posnikoff |first2=Janice |last3=D.V.M. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2005 |isbn=0-471-78124-X |edition=2nd |pages=230}}</ref> Some geriatric horses may be sent to riding schools to help teach beginners. However, there inevitably comes a point when these animals can no longer be ridden. Reduced activity can lead to muscle loss, which is exacerbated by aging. It is not advisable to leave older horses completely inactive, as this can weaken their muscles and skeletal structure. Furthermore, a sudden transition from intense physical activity to complete rest is detrimental; horses adapt better to gradual reductions in activity levels. Similarly, horses accustomed to living in stalls cannot quickly adjust to outdoor life without a transition period. Regular exercise is essential to keep geriatric horses active and engaged.<ref name=":16">{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=6-7}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Harvtxt|Martin-Rosset|2012|p=313}}</ref>
-There are a number of accommodation centers for retired equines, comparable to '[[retirement home]]s' for horses. In France, the oldest and one of the best-known is Pech Petit, in the [[Lot (department)|Lot]] region, founded in July 1970 whose objective is to shelter geriatric horses destined for slaughterhouses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=30 |language=fr}}</ref> Many other similar organizations exist in other countries, including France, Canada, [[Belgium]] and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Centres de retraite pour chevaux" : 31 sites enregistrés |url=https://www.equids.com/centres-retraite.php |access-date=19 May 2015 |website=Equids |language=fr}}</ref> Some individuals may decide to leave their horse for economic, family (divorce, death...) or even psychological reasons, to avoid seeing their animal age and having to make the decision to [[euthanize]] it.<ref name=":22" /> Boarding and retirement services for older horses are set to expand.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Dornier|Decouty|Anguelu|Heydemann|2015|p=6}}</ref>
+There are numerous accommodation centers for retired equines, analogous to "[[retirement home]]s" for horses. In France, one of the oldest and most renowned centers is Pech Petit, located in the [[Lot (department)|Lot]] region, which was founded in July 1970 with the aim of sheltering geriatric horses that are at risk of being sent to slaughterhouses.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=30}} Many similar organizations exist in countries such as Canada, [[Belgium]] and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Centres de retraite pour chevaux" : 31 sites enregistrés |url=https://www.equids.com/centres-retraite.php |access-date=19 May 2015 |website=Equids |language=fr |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520115958/http://www.equids.com/centres-retraite.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Some individuals may choose to retire their horses for economic reasons, family circumstances (such as divorce or death), or psychological reasons, as they may struggle with the prospect of witnessing their horse's decline and the eventual need for euthanasia.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=45}} Consequently, boarding and retirement services for older horses are likely to expand in the coming years.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Dornier|Decouty|Anguelu|Heydemann|2015|p=6}}</ref>
 === Feed ===
 {{See also|Equine nutrition}}
 [[File:Henneke3score.JPG|thumb|Skinny geriatric horse at the end of winter]]
-A geriatric horse's diet should be well-balanced, easy to chew and digest, with a preference for semi-dried [[silage]], high-quality [[hay]],<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=11 |language=fr}}</ref> wheat bran, [[Flax|linseed]],<ref name=":12" /> flakes or mueslis. High levels of fiber and [[straw]] are not recommended, nor is too much [[alfalfa]]<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Cirelli |first=Al. |date=2000 |title=Care Of The Geriatric Horse |journal=University of Nevada |pages=3}}</ref> or apples, which are [[laxative]] in high doses.<ref name=":12" /> The [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique]] (National Institute of Agricultural Research, INRA by its acronym in French) recommends 10–12% dry matter nitrogen.<ref name=":12" /> Pasture is generally not enough to achieve a balanced diet, and supplements are required.<ref name=":18" /> Manufacturers are increasingly offering rations adapted to geriatric horses, whose energy needs are decreasing,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Sarah |title=Management of geriatric horses |journal=Cook College, Rutgers University |pages=394}}</ref> while their mineral requirements seem to be increasing.<ref name=":17" /> They feel less hunger and thirst.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Wolter|1999|p=407}}</ref>
+A geriatric horse's diet should be well-balanced, easy to chew, and easily digestible. Recommended feed options include semi-dried [[silage]], high-quality [[hay]],<ref name=":12" />{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=11}} wheat bran, [[Flax|linseed]],<ref name=":12" /> flakes, or mueslis. High levels of fiber and [[straw]] are generally not advisable, nor should there be excessive amounts of [[alfalfa]]{{r|cirelli}} or apples, as these can have a [[laxative]] effect when consumed in large quantities.<ref name=":12" /> The [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique|Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique]] (National Institute of Agricultural Research, INRA) suggests a dry matter nitrogen content of 10–12%.<ref name=":12" /> Pasture alone is typically insufficient to meet the dietary needs of geriatric horses, necessitating the inclusion of supplements.{{r|cirelli}} Manufacturers are increasingly providing rations specifically formulated for geriatric horses,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Sarah |title=Management of geriatric horses |journal=Cook College, Rutgers University |pages=394}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> as their energy needs decline while their mineral requirements may increase.<ref name=":17" /> These horses may also experience reduced hunger and thirst.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Wolter|1999|p=407}}</ref>
-Their teeth may be badly worn, or suffer from [[malocclusion]] and [[Periodontal disease|periodontitis]], preventing them from chewing properly.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> In such cases, hay should be chopped before feeding.<ref name=":12" /> Digestion can become less efficient, with [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestinal transit]] slowing or even stopping, as evidenced by the horse's [[Feces|droppings]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Wolter|1999|p=409}}</ref> Geriatric horses drink less often, leading in extreme cases to [[dehydration]].<ref name=":2" /> If the [[liver]] and [[kidney]]s are impaired, urine becomes dark and foul-smelling.<ref name=":17" />
+Geriatric horses often face dental issues such as wear, [[malocclusion]], and [[Periodontal disease|periodontitis]], which can hinder their ability to chew properly.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /> In such cases, hay should be chopped before feeding.<ref name=":12" /> Digestion can become less efficient, leading to slowed or even halted [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestinal transit]], which can be observed through changes in [[Feces|droppings]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Wolter|1999|p=409}}</ref> Geriatric horses may drink less frequently, which can result in dehydration in extreme cases.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, if the [[liver]] and [[kidney]]s are impaired, urine may appear dark and foul-smelling.<ref name=":17" />
-Geriatric horses tend to lose weight and body fat,<ref name=":2" /> which may mean they need to be given larger quantities of feed or a higher-quality ration.<ref name=":0" /> Weight loss is frequent, and can have multiple causes (deficiencies, dental problems, lack of appetite, digestive problems, etc.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=296}}</ref>), making mortality more likely. It's tricky to get a geriatric horse to put on weight again,<ref name=":14" /> but one possibility is to add vegetable fat (such as [[corn oil]]) to their feed.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=5}}</ref> This problem of weight loss can cause problems for owners, who are sometimes wrongly suspected of [[Cruelty to animals|animal abuse]].<ref name=":13" /> The opposite problem also exists: overfed, inactive horses can become obese, damaging their legs and [[Hoof|hooves]].<ref name=":0" />
+Weight loss and loss of body fat are common in geriatric horses,<ref name=":2" /> which may necessitate larger quantities of feed or higher-quality rations.<ref name=":0" /> This weight loss can arise from various factors, including deficiencies, dental issues, lack of appetite, and digestive problems,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=296}}</ref> ultimately increasing the risk of mortality. While it can be challenging to help a geriatric horse regain weight,<ref name=":14" /> one approach is to add vegetable fats, such as [[corn oil]], to their feed.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Gibbs|Potter|Scrutchfield|Martin|p=5}}</ref> Conversely, there is also the risk of overfeeding inactive horses, which can lead to obesity and subsequent damage to their legs and hooves.{{r|valren2014}} This presents a challenge for owners, who may face unfounded suspicions of animal neglect in cases of weight loss.<ref name=":0" />
 === Pasturing ===
-In the case of group feeding, geriatric horses may not be able to resolve dominance issues with their pasture mates and may be denied access to food.<ref name=":0" /> Geriatric horses should be kept in pairs if they get on well, rather than in a herd.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lambert-Lefranc|Laurent|2011}}</ref> Two geriatric horses sharing the same [[meadow]] or [[paddock]] often develop strong bonds of friendship. However, if they are separated, or if one of them dies, the separation can cause the animal left alone to wither away.<ref name=":7" />
+In the context of group feeding, geriatric horses may struggle to assert themselves and could be denied access to food due to dominance issues with their pasture mates.<ref name=":0" /> It is recommended that geriatric horses be kept in pairs, provided they coexist harmoniously, rather than in larger herds.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lambert-Lefranc|Laurent|2011}}</ref> Pairs of geriatric horses often form strong bonds of companionship; however, if they are separated or if one horse passes away, the remaining horse may experience significant distress and a decline in health.<ref name=":7" />
 === Health ===
 {{See also|Cushing's disease|Horse colic}}
 [[File:Hirsutisme.png|thumb|Shaggy horse with equine [[Cushing's disease]]]]
-A typical disease in geriatric horses is [[Cushing's disease]], caused by an increase in [[cortisone]] in the blood. It can be detected by a shaggy coat, [[perspiration]] and excessive [[urination]]. Without a cure, however, the disease can be controlled. The closely related Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is another typical disease causing obesity and [[laminitis]]. Carbohydrate restriction and exercise can alleviate the condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connally |first=Bruce |title=Managing the geriatric horse |journal=Colorado State University |pages=2}}</ref>
+[[Cushing's disease]] is a common condition in geriatric horses, characterized by elevated levels of [[cortisone]] in the blood. Symptoms include a shaggy coat, excessive sweating, and increased [[urination]]. While there is no cure for Cushing's disease, it can be effectively managed. Another related condition, Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS), can lead to obesity and [[laminitis]]. Management strategies for EMS include carbohydrate restriction and increased exercise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connally |first=Bruce |title=Managing the geriatric horse |journal=Colorado State University |pages=2}}</ref>
-The risk of [[colic]] increases with age, with geriatric horses statistically more prone to surgical colic. The absence of sustained activity reduces this risk, as do pasturing<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=24–25 |language=fr}}</ref> and deworming.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=26–27 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Osteoarthritis]], the damage of articular cartilage with phases of crisis and remission, causes great suffering in geriatric horses. It is a major cause of horse euthanasia.<ref name=":24">{{Harvtxt|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=14 |language=fr}}</ref> Age alters the structure of the cartilage and increases the severity of the condition, which becomes more serious in the absence of appropriate hoof care.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=16–20 |language=fr}}</ref> Pain can be relieved by administering an [[anti-inflammatory]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Sarah |title=Management of geriatric horses |journal=Cook College, Rutgers University |pages=395}}</ref> It is also advisable to walk and trot the animal to raise muscle temperature and activate blood circulation.<ref name=":16" /> However, very geriatric horses may become unable to stand or lie down on their own.<ref name=":10" /> The hooves are more fragile, with a greater risk of laminitis.<ref name=":24" />
+The risk of [[colic]] also increases with age, and geriatric horses are statistically more susceptible to surgical colic. Sustained activity, proper pasturing, and regular deworming can help mitigate this risk.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|pp=26–27}}{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|pp=24–25}} [[Osteoarthritis]], characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage with periods of crisis and remission, is a significant source of pain and discomfort for geriatric horses, often leading to euthanasia.{{Sfn|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=300}}{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=14}} Aging affects the structure of cartilage and exacerbates the condition, particularly in the absence of appropriate hoof care.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|pp=16–20}} Pain relief can be achieved through [[anti-inflammatory]] medications, and it is advisable to walk and trot the horse to enhance muscle temperature and blood circulation.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralston |first=Sarah |title=Management of geriatric horses |journal=Cook College, Rutgers University |pages=395}}</ref> However, some very geriatric horses may become unable to stand or lie down independently.{{Sfn|Couroucé-Malblanc|2010|p=300}}<ref name=":10" />
-Geriatric horses may also suffer from [[osteoporosis]] and eyesight problems, leading to special needs, and a general lowering of immunity to disease.<ref name=":5" /> When they injure themselves, [[Infection|infectious complications]] are more frequent.<ref name=":2" />
+Additionally, geriatric horses may suffer from [[osteoporosis]] and various eyesight issues, leading to increased special needs and a general decline in immune function.{{r|cirelli}} Injuries in these horses are more likely to result in infectious complications.<ref name=":2" />
 === Mortality ===
 [[File:Charles Cottet - Old Horse in the Wasteland - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|1898 [[Charles Cottet]] painting titled ''Old horse in a vacant lot'']]
-It's very rare for a horse to actually die of old age: a survey of French-speaking veterinarians in 1997 found only 0.6 % of cases.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=8 |language=fr}}</ref> The leading cause of death is colic. Other causes of death in horses over fifteen years of age include locomotion disorders (osteoarthritis, [[fracture]]s), disorders of the [[reproductive system]],<ref name=":20" /> cardiac arrest and failure,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Wolter|1999|p=413}}</ref> respiratory disorders and [[tumors]] or cancers of all kinds.<ref name=":20" /> Colic is aggravated in geriatric horses by fatty tumors, pedunculated [[lipoma]]s, which cause torsion and obstruction during digestion. Mortality due to diseases of the reproductive system is generally caused by late breeding, resulting in rupture of the [[uterine artery]] during [[Birth|parturition]]. Cancers, [[lymphoma]]s and tumors are becoming a major cause of mortality in geriatric horses. Infectious diseases account for only 10–15% of deaths.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=10 |language=fr}}</ref> Cardiac arrest is typical of older sport horses,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=76 |language=fr}}</ref> while respiratory ailments ([[Emphysema|pulmonary emphysema]], etc.) mainly affect horses retired from riding halls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon |year=2001 |pages=78 |language=fr}}</ref> In most countries, dead horses are still sent to knackers, but the idea of horse cemeteries is increasing.<ref name=":11" />
+It is very rare for a horse to die solely of old age. A survey conducted among French-speaking veterinarians in 1997 indicated that only 0.6% of cases involved death from old age.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=8}} The leading cause of mortality in horses is colic. Other significant causes of death in horses over fifteen years of age include locomotion disorders such as osteoarthritis and fractures, [[reproductive system]],{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=9}} cardiac arrest and failure,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Wolter|1999|p=413}}</ref> respiratory disorders and various [[tumors]] or cancers.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=9}} In geriatric horses, colic can be exacerbated by fatty tumors, specifically pedunculated [[lipoma]]s, which may lead to torsion and obstruction during digestion. Mortality associated with reproductive system disorders is often linked to late breeding, resulting in complications such as the rupture of the [[uterine artery]] during [[Birth|parturition]]. Cancers, [[lymphoma]]s, and tumors are increasingly recognized as major causes of mortality in older horses. Infectious diseases account for only 10–15% of equine deaths.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=10}} Cardiac arrest is particularly common among older sport horses,{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=76}} while respiratory conditions, such as [[Emphysema|pulmonary emphysema]], are more prevalent in horses retired from riding activities.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=78}} In many countries, deceased horses are still sent to knackers; however, the establishment of horse cemeteries is gaining popularity.<ref name=":11" />
 == Economic aspects ==
 [[File:30ans - no watermark.jpg|thumb|The famous French trotter [[Ourasi]], celebrating its 30th birthday.]]
-Managing horses at the end of their lives raises economic issues.<ref name=":25">{{Harvtxt|Dornier|Decouty|Anguelu|Heydemann|2015|p=1}}</ref> In 1990, sociologist and demographer Vérène Chevalier spoke out against the retirement of horses, arguing that it damages the economy of the entire equine industry, pushing owners to spend their money on maintaining a useless horse instead of buying a new one and sending the old one to the slaughterhouse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chevalier |first=V. |date=1990 |title=Les pratiquants de l'équitation : une population et ses mouvements |journal=Population |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=661–666|doi=10.2307/1533543 |jstor=1533543 |s2cid=142863365 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Digard |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Des sports |publisher=Éditions MSH |year=1993 |isbn=9782110889287 |pages=59–60 |language=fr |chapter=Cheval, mon amour}}</ref> Similarly, the High Council for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas (Conseil général de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et des espaces ruraux, CGAAER<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2015 |title=Fin de vie du cheval : un rapport sort de l'ombre… |url=https://www.cheval-savoir.com |journal=Cheval Savoir |language=fr |issue=60}}</ref> by its acronym in French) and the [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique|INRA]] believe that knackery should be reduced and slaughtering increased, as retiring geriatric horses would mean "wasting" a "significant proportion of the availability of quality [[red meat]]". The emotional bond between rider and horse is seen as a "brake" on slaughter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2015 |title=Fin de vie des chevaux : vers l'adoption de « facilités » d'abattage… |url=https://www.cheval-savoir.com |journal=Cheval Savoir |issue=63}}</ref>
+Managing horses at the end of their lives presents various economic challenges.<ref name=":25">{{Harvtxt|Dornier|Decouty|Anguelu|Heydemann|2015|p=1}}</ref> In 1990, sociologist and demographer Vérène Chevalier expressed concerns regarding the retirement of horses, arguing that it negatively impacts the equine industry as a whole. She suggested that it encourages owners to allocate funds towards maintaining an aging horse rather than investing in a new one or opting for humane euthanasia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chevalier |first=V. |date=1990 |title=Les pratiquants de l'équitation : une population et ses mouvements |journal=Population |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=661–666|doi=10.2307/1533543 |jstor=1533543 |s2cid=142863365 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Digard |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Des sports |publisher=Éditions MSH |year=1993 |isbn=9782110889287 |pages=59–60 |language=fr |chapter=Cheval, mon amour}}</ref> Similarly, the High Council for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas (Conseil général de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et des espaces ruraux, CGAAER)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2015 |title=Fin de vie du cheval : un rapport sort de l'ombre |url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1875-fin-de-vie-cheval-rapport-sorti-de-ombre |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704012754/http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1875-fin-de-vie-cheval-rapport-sorti-de-ombre |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |website=Cheval Savoir |language=fr |trans-title=End of life of the horse: a report comes out of the shadows |issue=60}}</ref> and the [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique|INRA]] have argued that reducing the number of horses sent to slaughter in favor of retirement could result in a loss of valuable [[red meat]] resources. They contend that the emotional bond between rider and horse often acts as a barrier to euthanasia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2015 |title=Fin de vie des chevaux : vers l'adoption de « facilités » d'abattage… |language=fr |trans-title=End of life of horses: towards the adoption of slaughter "facilities" |url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1933-fin-de-vie-chevaux-vers-adoption-facilites-abattage |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704011519/http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1933-fin-de-vie-chevaux-vers-adoption-facilites-abattage |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |website=Cheval Savoir |issue=63}}</ref>
 === Cost ===
-A geriatric horse can become impossible to sell, and expensive to manage. The classic example is the horse that is not allowed to be resold in the horse-breeding industry, and has no commercial value. For owners wishing to keep their animals out of slaughterhouses, the cost of maintaining them and paying the knacker must be taken into account.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15" /> Some geriatric horses suffering from ailments or illnesses such as colic are not treated for economic reasons.<ref name=":23" /> Owners who can no longer afford to maintain their horse can entrust it to a charity.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":21" />
+Geriatric horses can become difficult to sell and costly to manage. A common scenario involves horses that cannot be resold within the breeding industry and thus lack commercial value. For owners who wish to prevent their horses from being sent to slaughter, it is essential to consider the ongoing costs of care and the potential expenses associated with euthanasia.{{r|valren2014}}<ref name=":15" /> In some cases, geriatric horses suffering from conditions such as colic may go untreated due to financial constraints.{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|pp=24–25}} Owners who can no longer afford to care for their horses may choose to donate them to charitable organizations that specialize in equine welfare.<ref name=":15" />{{Sfn|Corbin|2001|p=40}}
 === Frauds and scams ===
 {{See also|Horse meat scandal}}
-The existence of [[fraud]]s and [[Confidence trick|scams]] involving old horses is well known. They involve various organizations and individuals who, under the guise of being charities and offering horses a happy retirement, actually seek to obtain animals free of charge, which they then resell to a slaughterhouse, pocketing the profit corresponding to the price of the meat.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2013 |title=Chevaux à l'abattoir : la «fraude à la retraite» |url=https://www.cheval-savoir.com |journal=Cheval Savoir |issue=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maillard |first=Bernard |date=2013 |title=Des pâturages mosellans à l'abattoir dans le Gard |work=Le Républicain lorrain |url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/07/07/des-paturages-mosellans-a-l-abattoir-dans-le-gard |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> In the USA, some unscrupulous therapeutic riding centers euthanize donated horses that are too old to be ridden, or sell them to the slaughterhouse.<ref name=":15" /> This scam has grown with the economic crisis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lasseret |first=Vincent |date=2013 |title=Protection... rapprochée |journal=Cheval Magazine |language=fr |issue=500 |pages=67}}</ref> Documented since 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Christiane |date=2011 |title=Narbonne : Il envoie sa jument à la retraite, il la retrouve à l'abattoir ! |url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2011/12/08/la-jument-retraitee-retrouvee-aux-abattoirs,427416.php |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Midi libre}}</ref> and suspected since at least the beginning of 2013 in France, this 'retirement fraud' was publicly revealed at the end of August, after the discovery of falsified identification papers for horses in Belgium,<ref name=":26" /> posing a health risk to consumers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013 |title=Enquête autour d'un possible nouveau trafic de viande de cheval |work=BFM TV |url=https://rmc.bfmtv.com/info/515262/enquete-autour-dun-possible-nouveau-trafic-viande-cheval/ |access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> It highlighted major differences of opinion between the various players in the horse world and the breeding institutions representing them. The French National Horse Federation was quick to defend the horse meat industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2013 |title=Fraudes sur la retraite des chevaux : les réactions de la FNC et de la FNSEA |url=https://www.cheval-savoir.com |journal=Cheval Savoir |issue=45}}</ref> In response, France has tightened regulations on horse slaughter, making it compulsory to present the animal's medication record.<ref name=":25" />
+The existence of [[fraud]]s and [[Confidence trick|scams]] involving older horses is a well-documented issue. Various organizations and individuals, often posing as charities that promise a happy retirement for these animals, seek to acquire horses at no cost. They subsequently resell these horses to slaughterhouses, profiting from the sale of the meat.{{r|valren2014}}<ref name="valren2013">{{Cite web |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2013 |title=Chevaux à l'abattoir : la «fraude à la retraite» |language=fr |trans-title=Horses to the slaughterhouse: the "retirement fraud" |url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1460-chevaux-abattoir-fraude-retraite |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203191100/http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1460-chevaux-abattoir-fraude-retraite |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |website=Cheval Savoir |issue=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maillard |first=Bernard |date=2013 |title=Des pâturages mosellans à l'abattoir dans le Gard |work=Le Républicain lorrain |url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/07/07/des-paturages-mosellans-a-l-abattoir-dans-le-gard |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125314/http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/07/07/des-paturages-mosellans-a-l-abattoir-dans-le-gard |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States, some unethical therapeutic riding centers have been reported to euthanize donated horses that are deemed too old to ride or to sell them to slaughterhouses.<ref name=":15" /> This fraudulent activity has reportedly intensified during economic downturns<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lasseret |first=Vincent |date=2013 |title=Protection... rapprochée |journal=Cheval Magazine |language=fr |issue=500 |pages=67}}</ref> In France, concerns about "retirement fraud" began to surface around 2011 and became widely recognized in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Christiane |date=2011 |title=Narbonne : Il envoie sa jument à la retraite, il la retrouve à l'abattoir ! |url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2011/12/08/la-jument-retraitee-retrouvee-aux-abattoirs,427416.php |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Midi libre |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424130900/http://www.midilibre.fr/2011/12/08/la-jument-retraitee-retrouvee-aux-abattoirs,427416.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The issue gained significant attention in August 2013 following the discovery of falsified identification papers for horses in Belgium,{{r|valren2013}} which posed health risks to consumers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013 |title=Enquête autour d'un possible nouveau trafic de viande de cheval |work=BFM TV |url=https://rmc.bfmtv.com/info/515262/enquete-autour-dun-possible-nouveau-trafic-viande-cheval/ |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424131436/http://rmc.bfmtv.com/info/515262/enquete-autour-dun-possible-nouveau-trafic-viande-cheval/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This situation underscored substantial disagreements among stakeholders in the equine industry and the breeding institutions that represent them. In response, the French National Horse Federation quickly defended the horse meat industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valren |first=Amélie |date=2013 |title=Fraudes sur la retraite des chevaux : les réactions de la FNC et de la FNSEA |language=fr |trans-title=Fraud on horse retirement: reactions from the FNC and the FNSEA |url=http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1466-fraudes-retraite-chevaux-reactions-fnc-fnsea |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912053936/http://www.cheval-savoir.com/1466-fraudes-retraite-chevaux-reactions-fnc-fnsea |archive-date=September 12, 2013 |website=Cheval Savoir |issue=45}}</ref> Subsequently, France has implemented stricter regulations regarding horse slaughter, mandating the presentation of the animal's medication record.<ref name=":25" />
 == In culture ==
 [[File:Nils Holgersson band 2-Den gamla hästen.jpg|thumb|''Den gamla hästen'' (The old horse), drawing by [[Märta Améen]] (1871–1940) for a [[The Wonderful Adventures of Nils|''Nils Holgersson'']] edition.]]
-Old horses are mentioned in a number of works, including Nils Holgersson's ''[[The Wonderful Adventures of Nils]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerlöf |first=Selma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YcnBPDdP2IC |title=Le Merveilleux Voyage de Nils Holgersson à travers la Suède |publisher=Le Livre de Poche |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-253-15938-4 |pages=640 |language=fr}}</ref> and ''[[Animal Farm]]'', where the draft horse Malabar, exhausted from building a mill, is the victim of the greed of pigs who pretend to send him to hospital, but actually sell him to the knacker's yard to buy a case of [[whisky]]. In ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'', Alexandre Dumas refers to [[Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan|D'Artagnan]]'s mount as a 13-year-old horse. His father entrusts it to him, along with a letter recommending that he never sell the animal, but rather let it die quietly and honorably of old age. However, D'Artagnan, disgraced in Paris by such a horse, prefers to sell it for three ''écus''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houppermans |first=Sjef |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhU0ohpI0qMC |title=Samuel Beckett et Compagnie |publisher=Rodopi |year=2003 |isbn=90-420-0975-6 |pages=43–44 |language=fr}}</ref> In the children's book ''Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer'', two children allow their oldest horse to see the sea one last time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lhote |first=Olivier |title=Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer |publisher=Champigny-sur-Marne |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-244-44241-9 |series=Cheval et Compagnie |pages=28 |language=fr}}</ref>
+Old horses are referenced in various literary and cinematic works, often symbolizing themes of aging, sacrifice, and the bond between humans and animals. In Nils Holgersson's ''[[The Wonderful Adventures of Nils]],''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerlöf |first=Selma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YcnBPDdP2IC |title=Le Merveilleux Voyage de Nils Holgersson à travers la Suède |publisher=Le Livre de Poche |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-253-15938-4 |pages=640 |language=fr}}</ref> and George Orwell's ''[[Animal Farm]]'', the draft horse Malabar is exploited by the pigs, who deceitfully promise to send him to a hospital but instead sell him to the knacker for a case of whisky. Alexandre Dumas's ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'' mentions [[Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan|D'Artagnan]]'s 13-year-old horse, which his father entrusts to him with a letter advising against selling it, urging instead that the horse should be allowed to die peacefully of old age. However, D'Artagnan, seeking to improve his standing in Paris, chooses to sell the horse for three ''écus''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houppermans |first=Sjef |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhU0ohpI0qMC |title=Samuel Beckett et Compagnie |publisher=Rodopi |year=2003 |isbn=90-420-0975-6 |pages=43–44 |language=fr}}</ref> In the children’s book ''Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer'', two children fulfill their old horse's wish to see the sea one last time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lhote |first=Olivier |title=Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer |publisher=Champigny-sur-Marne |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-244-44241-9 |series=Cheval et Compagnie |pages=28 |language=fr}}</ref>
-Geriatric horses can play a more valorizing role in storytelling. In the [[Wolof language|Wolof]] oral tale ''Le Cheval enchanté'', the horse Samba Bingi Bangi, "older than God himself", saves the life of the young girl to whom it is given as a wedding present. The imprudent girl has married a lion against her will. Samba Bingi Bangi gives its life to save her from the trap.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baumgardt |first1=Ursula |title=Approches littéraires de l'oralité africaine |last2=Ugochukwu |first2=Françoise |last3=Derive |first3=Jean |publisher=Karthala éditions |year=2005 |isbn=2-8111-3971-0 |series=Tradition orale |pages=119 |language=fr}}</ref>
+In contrast, geriatric horses can also play heroic roles in storytelling. In the [[Wolof language|Wolof]] oral tale ''Le Cheval enchanté'', the horse Samba Bingi Bangi, described as "older than God himself," sacrifices its life to save a young girl who is trapped in a marriage to a lion.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baumgardt |first1=Ursula |title=Approches littéraires de l'oralité africaine |last2=Ugochukwu |first2=Françoise |last3=Derive |first3=Jean |publisher=Karthala éditions |year=2005 |isbn=2-8111-3971-0 |series=Tradition orale |pages=119 |language=fr}}</ref>
-In cinema, [[Béla Tarr]]'s [[The Turin Horse]], released in 2011, opens with a vision of an old coachman and his horse, inspired by an episode in the life of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] who, in 1889, embraced an old carriage horse in [[Turin]] before giving in to madness. The film tells the story of this horse before his encounter with Nietzsche.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morice |first=Jacques |date=2011 |title=Le Cheval de Turin |url=https://www.telerama.fr/cinema |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=Télérama}}</ref> The French film ''Heureux qui comme Ulysse'', starring [[Fernandel]], tells the story of a 28-year-old [[Camargue horse]] destined to die in the arena. However, Antonin (Fernandel) sets him free in the [[Camargue]].
+In cinema, [[Béla Tarr]]'s 2011 film ''[[The Turin Horse]]'' opens with a portrayal of an old coachman and his horse, inspired by an episode from [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s life, in which he embraced an old carriage horse in Turin before succumbing to madness. The film explores the horse's story prior to its encounter with Nietzsche.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morice |first=Jacques |date=2011 |title=Le Cheval de Turin |url=https://www.telerama.fr/cinema |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=Télérama |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825073748/https://www.telerama.fr/cinema/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, the French film ''Heureux qui comme Ulysse'', featuring [[Fernandel]], tells the story of a 28-year-old [[Camargue horse]] destined for death in the arena, which Antonin (played by Fernandel) ultimately frees in the [[Camargue]].
 == See also ==
@@ Line 93: / Line 89: @@
 * [[Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction|Cushing's disease]]
 * [[Horse colic]]
-* [[2013 horse meat scandal]]
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="cirelli">{{Cite journal |last=Cirelli |first=Al |date=2000 |title=Care Of The Geriatric Horse |url=http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/2000/fs0009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105618/http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/2000/fs0009.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2015|journal=University of Nevada}}</ref>
+}}
 === Sources ===
+* {{Cite thesis |last=Corbin |first=Christelle |title=Pathologie du vieux cheval : étude d'une population de chevaux en retraite à Pech Petit |publisher=[[École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon]] |year=2001 |language=fr |trans-title=Pathology of the old horse: study of a population of retired horses in Pech Petit |oclc=970039873 |url=https://www2.vetagro-sup.fr/bib/fondoc/th_sout/dl.php?file=2001lyon077.pdf}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Couroucé-Malblanc |first=Anne |title=Maladies des chevaux |publisher=France Agricole Editions |year=2010 |isbn=978-2855571683 |language=fr |chapter=Les maladies du vieux cheval}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Digard |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Une histoire du cheval : art, technique, société |publisher=Actes Sud |year=2007 |isbn=978-2742764839 |series=Nature |language=fr |chapter=Le xxe siècle ou le cheval de divertissement - jusqu'où ?}}
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 * {{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=Jacques |url=https://www.cheval-savoir.com |title=Les mécanismes du vieillissement chez le cheval |publisher=Cheval Savoir |year=2011 |language=fr |issue=25}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Martin-Rosset |first=William |title=Nutrition et alimentation des chevaux |publisher=Éditions Quae |year=2012 |isbn=978-2759216680 |language=fr |chapter=Le cheval âgé}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Valren |first=Amélie |url=https://www.chevalmag.com/chevalmag/Magazines/Sommaires/Cheval-Magazine/2014/n-507-fevrier/Soins/Prenez-soin-de-votre-vieux-cheval/ |title=Prenez soin de votre vieux cheval |publisher=Cheval Magazine |year=2014 |language=fr |issue=507}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Wolter |first=Roger |title=Alimentation du cheval |publisher=France Agricole Editions |year=1999 |isbn=2855570522 |series=Produire mieux |language=fr |chapter=Alimentation du cheval dénutri, stressé ou âgé}}
@@ Line 114: / Line 113: @@
 * {{Cite book |last=Lux |first=Claude |title=Votre vieux cheval |publisher=Vigot Maloine |year=2001 |isbn=2-7114-1509-0 |series=Cheval pratique |location=Paris |pages=119 |language=fr}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Pilley-Mirande |first=Nathalie |title=Comment s'occuper d'un cheval âgé : Toutes les réponses pour maintenir son vieux cheval en pleine forme |publisher=Zulma |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-84304-586-8 |series=L’équitation autrement |location=Paris |language=fr}}
+{{Horse topics}}
 [[Category:Breed registries]]

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