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{{short description|Linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts}} |
{{short description|Linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts}} |
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[[File:Volcano q.jpg|thumb|A volcanic fissure and lava channel]] |
[[File:Volcano q.jpg|thumb|A volcanic fissure and lava channel with [[lava fountain]]]] |
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[[File:Lava channel with overflows edit 4.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Lava channel with overflows edit 4.jpg|thumb|Channel of lava erupted during a fissure eruption of [[Kīlauea]] volcano, Hawaii, 2007]] |
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[[File:Bárðarbunga Volcano, September 4 2014 - 15145866372.jpg|thumb|Eruption fissure with spatter cones, Holuhraun, Iceland, 2014]] |
[[File:Bárðarbunga Volcano, September 4 2014 - 15145866372.jpg|thumb|Eruption fissure with spatter cones, Holuhraun, Iceland, 2014]] |
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[[File:Mauna Loa from the air May 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Mauna Loa]] with different lava flows and fissure vent]] |
[[File:Mauna Loa from the air May 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Mauna Loa]] with different lava flows and fissure vent]] |
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[[File:PSM V20 D063 Fissure on etna during eruption of 1865.jpg|thumb|Cinder cones on Etna]] |
[[File:PSM V20 D063 Fissure on etna during eruption of 1865.jpg|thumb|Cinder cones on Etna]] |
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A '''fissure vent''', also known as a '''volcanic fissure''', '''eruption fissure''' or simply a fissure, is a linear [[volcanic vent]] through which [[lava]] erupts, usually without any [[explosive eruption|explosive activity]]. The vent is often a few metres wide and may be many kilometres long. Fissure vents can cause large [[flood basalt]]s which run first in [[lava channel]]s and later in [[lava tube]]s. After some time, the eruption tends to become focused at one or more [[spatter cone]]s. Small fissure vents may not be easily discernible from the air, but the crater rows (see [[Laki]]) or the canyons (see [[Eldgjá]]) built up by some of them are. |
A '''fissure vent''', also known as a '''volcanic fissure''', '''eruption fissure''' or simply a fissure, is a linear [[volcanic vent]] through which [[lava]] erupts, usually without any [[explosive eruption|explosive activity]]. The vent is often a few metres wide and may be many kilometres long. Fissure vents can cause large [[flood basalt]]s which run first in [[lava channel]]s and later in [[lava tube]]s. After some time, the eruption tends to become focused at one or more [[spatter cone]]s. [[Volcanic cone]]s and their craters that are aligned along a fissure form a '''crater row'''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Local stresses, dyke arrest and surface deformation in volcanic edifices and rift zones | last1=Gudmundsson | first1=A. | last2=Brenner | first2=S.L. | journal=Annals of Geophysics | year=2004 | volume=47 | issue=4 | pages=1433–1454 | doi=10.4401/ag-3352}}</ref> Small fissure vents may not be easily discernible from the air, but the crater rows (see [[Laki]]) or the canyons (see [[Eldgjá]]) built up by some of them are. |
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The [[Dike (geology)#Magmatic dikes|dikes]] that feed fissures reach the surface from depths of a few kilometers and connect them to deeper [[magma chamber|magma reservoirs]], often under volcanic centers. Fissures are usually found in or along [[rift]]s and [[rift zone]]s, such as [[Iceland]] and the [[East African Rift]]. Fissure vents are often part of the structure of [[shield volcano]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/index.html |title=V. Camp, Dept. of Geologic Sciences, Univ. of San Diego: How volcanoes work. Eruption types. Fissure eruptions. |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2018-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228090151/http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=www.volcanodiscovery.com|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/geology/glossary/fissure-vent.html|title=Geology glossary|access-date=September 25, 2001}}</ref> |
The [[Dike (geology)#Magmatic dikes|dikes]] that feed fissures reach the surface from depths of a few kilometers and connect them to deeper [[magma chamber|magma reservoirs]], often under volcanic centers. Fissures are usually found in or along [[rift]]s and [[rift zone]]s, such as [[Iceland]] and the [[East African Rift]]. Fissure vents are often part of the structure of [[shield volcano]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/index.html |title=V. Camp, Dept. of Geologic Sciences, Univ. of San Diego: How volcanoes work. Eruption types. Fissure eruptions. |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2018-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228090151/http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=www.volcanodiscovery.com|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/geology/glossary/fissure-vent.html|title=Geology glossary|access-date=September 25, 2001}}</ref> |
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==Iceland== |
==Iceland== |
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In Iceland, volcanic vents, which can be long fissures, often open parallel to the rift zones where the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] and the [[North American Plate|North American]] [[lithosphere|lithospheric]] [[plate tectonics|plates]] are diverging, a system which is part of the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jardvis.hi.is/sites/jardvis.hi.is/files/Pdf_skjol/Jokull58_pdf/jokull58-einarsson.pdf |first1=Páll |last1=Einarsson |title=Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland |journal=Jökull |volume=58 |issue=12 |year=2008 |pages=35–58 |doi=10.33799/jokull2008.58.035 |s2cid=55021384 }}</ref> Renewed eruptions generally occur from new parallel fractures offset by a few hundred to thousands of metres from the earlier fissures. This distribution of vents and sometimes voluminous eruptions of fluid basaltic lava usually builds up a thick lava plateau, rather than a single volcanic edifice. But there are also the [[central volcano]]es, [[composite volcano]]es, often with [[caldera]]s, which have been formed during thousands of years, and eruptions with one or more magma reservoirs underneath controlling their respective fissure system.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers2/Thordarson%20and%20Hoskuldsson%202008%20Postglacial%20volcanism.pdf |first1=Thorvaldur |last1=Thordarson |first2=Ármann |last2=Höskuldsson |title=Postglacial volcanism in Iceland |journal=Jökull |volume=58 |issue=198 |year=2008 |pages=e228 |doi=10.33799/jokull2008.58.197 |s2cid=53446884 }}</ref> |
In Iceland, volcanic vents, which can be long fissures, often open parallel to the rift zones where the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] and the [[North American Plate|North American]] [[lithosphere|lithospheric]] [[plate tectonics|plates]] are diverging, a system which is part of the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jardvis.hi.is/sites/jardvis.hi.is/files/Pdf_skjol/Jokull58_pdf/jokull58-einarsson.pdf |first1=Páll |last1=Einarsson |title=Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland |journal=Jökull |volume=58 |issue=12 |year=2008 |pages=35–58 |doi=10.33799/jokull2008.58.035 |s2cid=55021384 |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118113203/http://jardvis.hi.is/sites/jardvis.hi.is/files/Pdf_skjol/Jokull58_pdf/jokull58-einarsson.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Renewed eruptions generally occur from new parallel fractures offset by a few hundred to thousands of metres from the earlier fissures. This distribution of vents and sometimes voluminous eruptions of fluid basaltic lava usually builds up a thick lava plateau, rather than a single volcanic edifice. But there are also the [[central volcano]]es, [[composite volcano]]es, often with [[caldera]]s, which have been formed during thousands of years, and eruptions with one or more magma reservoirs underneath controlling their respective fissure system.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers2/Thordarson%20and%20Hoskuldsson%202008%20Postglacial%20volcanism.pdf |first1=Thorvaldur |last1=Thordarson |first2=Ármann |last2=Höskuldsson |title=Postglacial volcanism in Iceland |journal=Jökull |volume=58 |issue=198 |year=2008 |pages=e228 |doi=10.33799/jokull2008.58.197 |s2cid=53446884 }}</ref> |
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The [[Laki]] fissures, part of the [[Grímsvötn]] volcanic system, produced one of the biggest [[effusive eruption]]s on earth in historical times, in the form of a flood basalt of 12–14 km<sup>3</sup> of lava in 1783.<ref> |
The [[Laki]] fissures, part of the [[Grímsvötn]] volcanic system, produced one of the biggest [[effusive eruption]]s on earth in historical times, in the form of a flood basalt of 12–14 km<sup>3</sup> of lava in 1783.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://earthice.hi.is/grimsvotn_volcano |title=Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Grímsvötn. Received 9/24, 2014. |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2018-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514052657/http://earthice.hi.is/grimsvotn_volcano |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the [[Eldgjá]] eruption A.D. 934–40, another very big effusive fissure eruption in the volcanic system of [[Katla volcano|Katla]] in South Iceland, ~{{convert|18|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of lava were released.<ref>[http://earthice.hi.is/katla_volcano Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Katla. Received 9/24, 2014.]</ref> In September 2014, a fissure eruption was ongoing on the site of the 18th century lava field Holuhraun. The eruption is part of an eruption series in the [[Bárðarbunga]] volcanic system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 |title=Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Bardarbunga 2014 |access-date=2014-09-24 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415105100/http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Hawaii== |
==Hawaii== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[File:Grindavik Eruption March 2024.png|thumb|219x219px|Fissure vent and multiple spatter cones at [[Sundhnúkur]], Iceland]] |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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Latest revision as of 16:54, 21 December 2024
A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is often a few metres wide and may be many kilometres long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts which run first in lava channels and later in lava tubes. After some time, the eruption tends to become focused at one or more spatter cones. Volcanic cones and their craters that are aligned along a fissure form a crater row.[1] Small fissure vents may not be easily discernible from the air, but the crater rows (see Laki) or the canyons (see Eldgjá) built up by some of them are.
The dikes that feed fissures reach the surface from depths of a few kilometers and connect them to deeper magma reservoirs, often under volcanic centers. Fissures are usually found in or along rifts and rift zones, such as Iceland and the East African Rift. Fissure vents are often part of the structure of shield volcanoes.[2][3]
Iceland
[edit]In Iceland, volcanic vents, which can be long fissures, often open parallel to the rift zones where the Eurasian and the North American lithospheric plates are diverging, a system which is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[4] Renewed eruptions generally occur from new parallel fractures offset by a few hundred to thousands of metres from the earlier fissures. This distribution of vents and sometimes voluminous eruptions of fluid basaltic lava usually builds up a thick lava plateau, rather than a single volcanic edifice. But there are also the central volcanoes, composite volcanoes, often with calderas, which have been formed during thousands of years, and eruptions with one or more magma reservoirs underneath controlling their respective fissure system.[5]
The Laki fissures, part of the Grímsvötn volcanic system, produced one of the biggest effusive eruptions on earth in historical times, in the form of a flood basalt of 12–14 km3 of lava in 1783.[6] During the Eldgjá eruption A.D. 934–40, another very big effusive fissure eruption in the volcanic system of Katla in South Iceland, ~18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of lava were released.[7] In September 2014, a fissure eruption was ongoing on the site of the 18th century lava field Holuhraun. The eruption is part of an eruption series in the Bárðarbunga volcanic system.[8]
Hawaii
[edit]The radial fissure vents of Hawaiian volcanoes also produce "curtains of fire" as lava fountains erupting along a portion of a fissure. These vents build up low ramparts of basaltic spatter on both sides of the fissure. More isolated lava fountains along the fissure produce crater rows of small spatter and cinder cones. The fragments that form a spatter cone are hot and plastic enough to weld together, while the fragments that form a cinder cone remain separate because of their lower temperature.
List of fissure vents
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References
[edit]- ^ Gudmundsson, A.; Brenner, S.L. (2004). "Local stresses, dyke arrest and surface deformation in volcanic edifices and rift zones". Annals of Geophysics. 47 (4): 1433–1454. doi:10.4401/ag-3352.
- ^ "V. Camp, Dept. of Geologic Sciences, Univ. of San Diego: How volcanoes work. Eruption types. Fissure eruptions". Archived from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ^ "Geology glossary". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved September 25, 2001.
- ^ Einarsson, Páll (2008). "Plate boundaries, rifts and transforms in Iceland" (PDF). Jökull. 58 (12): 35–58. doi:10.33799/jokull2008.58.035. S2CID 55021384. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ^ Thordarson, Thorvaldur; Höskuldsson, Ármann (2008). "Postglacial volcanism in Iceland" (PDF). Jökull. 58 (198): e228. doi:10.33799/jokull2008.58.197. S2CID 53446884.
- ^ "Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Grímsvötn. Received 9/24, 2014". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ^ Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Katla. Received 9/24, 2014.
- ^ "Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Bardarbunga 2014". Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
- ^ Kerr, A. C; Khan, M; McDonald, I (2010). "Eruption of basaltic magma at Tor Zawar, Balochistan, Pakistan on 27 January 2010: Geochemical and petrological constraints on petrogenesis". Mineralogical Magazine. 74 (6): 1027–36. Bibcode:2010MinM...74.1027K. doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.6.1027. S2CID 129864863.
External links
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Media related to Fissure vents at Wikimedia Commons- Detailed list and KML files for Fissure Vents
- Volcanolive.com Page on Fissure Vents
