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Coordinates: 40°46′46″N 73°58′09″W / 40.779447°N 73.96906°W / 40.779447; -73.96906
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{{Short description|Folly in New York City's Central Park}}
{{Short description|Folly in New York City's Central Park}}
{{distinguish|Fort Belvedere, Surrey|Schloss Belvedere|Belvédère Castle|Belvedere House and Gardens}}
{{distinguish|Fort Belvedere, Surrey|Schloss Belvedere|Belvédère Castle|Belvedere House and Gardens}}
{{Infobox building
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[[File:Belvedere Castle, Central Park.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Belvedere Castle in September 2005]]
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'''Belvedere Castle''' is a [[folly]] in [[Central Park]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. It contains exhibit rooms and an [[observation deck]], and since 1919, has also housed the official Central Park weather station.
'''Belvedere Castle''' is a [[folly]] in [[Central Park]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. It contains exhibit rooms, an [[observation deck]], and since 1919 has housed Central Park’s official weather station.


Belvedere Castle was designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and [[Calvert Vaux]] in 1867–1869. An architectural hybrid of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] styles, Vaux's design called for a [[Manhattan schist]] and [[granite]] structure with a corner tower with conical cap, with the existing lookout over parapet walls between them.<ref>The design, published in a lithograph, is illustrated in {{harvnb|Rosenzweig|Blackmar|1992|p=203}}.</ref> Its name comes from [[Belvedere (structure)|belvedere]], which means "beautiful view" [[wikt:belvedere|in Italian]].<ref name="Miller 2003">{{cite book|title=Central Park : an American masterpiece|url=https://archive.org/details/centralparkameri0000mill|url-access=registration|last=Miller|first=Sara|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Publishers in association with the Central Park Conservancy|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8109-3946-2|publication-place=New York|oclc=50773395}}</ref>{{Rp|162}}
Belvedere Castle was designed by [[Calvert Vaux]] and [[Jacob Wrey Mould]] in 1867.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Brenwall|first=Cynthia S.|title=The Central Park: Original Designs for New York's Greatest Treasure|publisher=Abrams|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4197-3232-4|location=New York|pages=140–141}}</ref> An architectural hybrid of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] styles, the design called for a [[Manhattan#Geology|Manhattan schist]] and [[granite]] structure with a corner tower and conical cap, a lookout over parapet walls beneath it.<ref>The design, published in a lithograph, is illustrated in {{harvnb|Rosenzweig|Blackmar|1992|p=203}}.</ref> Its name comes from [[Belvedere (structure)|belvedere]], which means "beautiful view" [[wikt:belvedere|in Italian]].<ref name="Miller 2003">{{cite book|title=Central Park : an American masterpiece|url=https://archive.org/details/centralparkameri0000mill|url-access=registration|last=Miller|first=Sara|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Publishers in association with the Central Park Conservancy|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8109-3946-2|publication-place=New York|oclc=50773395}}</ref>{{Rp|162}}


==Design==
==Design==
[[File:Belvedere Castle Corner Tower 2176px.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The tower in February 2005; note the [[anemometer]] and [[wind vane]] on the top; these instruments record the official wind speed and direction for Central Park]]
[[File:Belvedere Castle Corner Tower 2176px.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The tower in February 2005; note the [[anemometer]] and [[wind vane]] on the top; these instruments record the official wind speed and direction for Central Park]]


Belvedere Castle was originally built as a shell with open doorway and window openings.<ref name="Miller 2003" />{{Rp|162}} The main tower was given a more medieval design, with a weather antenna on top, but during the castle's 1983 renovation, the tower was restored to a German style with a [[flag]], a [[weather vane]], and an [[anemometer]] on top. The two fanciful [[Stick style|half-timbered]] wooden [[pavilion]]s deteriorated without painting and upkeep and were removed before 1900.<ref>Ca. 1900 photograph in {{harvnb|Rogers|1987|page=114}} illustration.</ref>
Belvedere Castle was built as a shell with doors and windows open to the weather.<ref name="Miller 2003" />{{Rp|162}} Originally, the main tower had a more medieval design, with a weather antenna on top, but during the castle's 1983 renovation, the tower was restored in a German style with a [[flag]], a [[weather vane]], and an [[anemometer]] on top. The two fanciful [[Stick style|half-timbered]] wooden [[pavilion]]s deteriorated without painting and upkeep and were removed before 1900, but restored in the 1980s.<ref>Ca. 1900 photograph in {{harvnb|Rogers|1987|page=114}} illustration.</ref>


Starting in 1919, Belvedere Castle housed the New York Meteorological Observatory, which had been taken over by the [[National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]]. The current weather station in Central Park, an [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)]], is located immediately south of the castle, though wind equipment is still located on the main tower.<ref name="Miller 2003" />{{Rp|162}}<ref name="nycparks">[http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956 "Belvedere Castle"], [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]</ref>
[[File:2024-05-24 17 49 58 View south across the Central Park Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) in Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, New York.jpg|thumb|right|The remainder of the current weather station for Central Park is located in the wooded area immediately south of the castle, protected by a chain link fence topped with barbed wire]]
Starting in 1869, Belvedere Castle housed the New York Meteorological Observatory, which had been taken over by the [[National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]]. The current weather station in Central Park, an [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)]], is located immediately south of the castle, though wind equipment is still located on the main tower.<ref name="Miller 2003" />{{Rp|162}}<ref name="nycparks">[http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956 "Belvedere Castle"], [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]</ref>


The castle caps Vista Rock, a {{Convert|130|ft|m|-tall|abbr=|adj=mid}} outcropping of schist and the park's second-highest natural elevation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/highlights/12391|title=Central Park Highlights|date=June 26, 1939|website=Vista Rock & Tunnel : NYC Parks|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralpark2000.com/database/vista_rock.html|title=Vista Rock|work=centralpark2000.com|access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref> (Summit Rock, at 83rd Street overlooking [[Central Park West]], is higher at {{convert|137.5|feet}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=12391 |title=Vista Rock & Tunnel – Historical Sign |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref>) Constructed of [[Manhattan schist]] quarried in the park and dressed with gray granite, it tops the natural-looking woodlands of [[The Ramble and Lake|The Ramble]], as seen from the formal [[Bethesda Fountain|Bethesda Terrace]]. The natural rock was tunneled through for the innovative sunken transverse roadway that still carries commercial and other traffic unobtrusively through the park.
The castle caps Vista Rock, a {{Convert|130|ft|m|-tall|abbr=|adj=mid}} outcropping of schist and the park's second-highest natural elevation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/highlights/12391|title=Central Park Highlights|date=June 26, 1939|website=Vista Rock & Tunnel : NYC Parks|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralpark2000.com/database/vista_rock.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021115231704/http://www.centralpark2000.com/database/vista_rock.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 15, 2002|title=Vista Rock|work=centralpark2000.com|access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref> (Summit Rock, at 83rd Street overlooking [[Central Park West]], is higher at {{convert|137.5|feet}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=12391 |title=Vista Rock & Tunnel – Historical Sign |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref>) Constructed of [[Manhattan schist]] quarried in the park and dressed with gray granite, it tops the natural-looking woodlands of [[The Ramble and Lake|The Ramble]], as seen from the formal [[Bethesda Fountain|Bethesda Terrace]]. The natural rock was tunneled through for the innovative sunken transverse roadway that still carries commercial and other traffic unobtrusively through the park.


The castle serves now as a visitor center and gift shop. Free family and community programs hosted at Belvedere Castle include birding and other Central Park Conservancy discovery programs for families as well as a variety of history and natural history programs led by NYC Urban Park Rangers, including stargazing/astronomy and wildlife-education events.
The castle serves now as a visitor center and gift shop. Free family and community programs hosted at Belvedere Castle include birding and other Central Park Conservancy discovery programs for families as well as a variety of history and natural history programs led by NYC Urban Park Rangers, including stargazing/astronomy and wildlife-education events.


The eastern elevation formerly faced a rectangular receiving reservoir that was part of the [[Croton Aqueduct]] system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 5, 2017|title=Meeting New York City's Demand for Water|url=https://www.centralparknyc.org/articles/water-central-park|url-status=live|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=Central Park Conservancy}}</ref> The reservoir was filled in with city building rubble, beginning with spoil from construction of the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] (now carrying the {{NYCS trains|Eighth center}}) in the 1930s. Today, the eastern elevation overlooks the [[Great Lawn and Turtle Pond]], which occupies the former site of the receiving reservoir.
The eastern elevation formerly faced a rectangular receiving reservoir that was part of the [[Croton Aqueduct]] system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 5, 2017|title=Meeting New York City's Demand for Water|url=https://www.centralparknyc.org/articles/water-central-park|url-status=live|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=Central Park Conservancy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022025917/https://www.centralparknyc.org/articles/water-central-park |archive-date=October 22, 2020 }}</ref> The reservoir was filled in with city building rubble, beginning with spoil from construction of the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] (now carrying the {{NYCS trains|Eighth center}}) in the 1930s. Today, the eastern elevation overlooks the [[Great Lawn and Turtle Pond]], which occupies the former site of the receiving reservoir.


==History==
==History==
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The castle was designed by the architects [[Calvert Vaux]] and [[Jacob Wrey Mould]] as an additional feature of the [[Greensward Plan]], created by Vaux and [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired to their positions in mid-1865 after quitting abruptly several years before.<ref name="Kinkead p. 71">{{cite book|last=Kinkead|first=Eugene|title=Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=1990|isbn=0-393-02531-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/71 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/71}}</ref><ref name="Heckscher"/>{{rp|58–59}} In 1867, Vaux decided to develop this area by building Belvedere Castle on the top of the rock, overlooking the Croton Reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956|title=Central Park Highlights – Belvedere Castle|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=12391 Vista Rock], New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</ref> The site already held a fire tower under the control of the Croton Aqueduct board, and so the fire tower was demolished.{{sfn|Rogers|1987|p=115}}
The castle was designed by the architects [[Calvert Vaux]] and [[Jacob Wrey Mould]] as an additional feature of the [[Greensward Plan]], created by Vaux and [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]. Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired to their positions in mid-1865 after quitting abruptly several years before.<ref name="Kinkead p. 71">{{cite book|last=Kinkead|first=Eugene|title=Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=1990|isbn=0-393-02531-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/71 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/71}}</ref><ref name="Heckscher"/>{{rp|58–59}} In 1867, Vaux decided to develop this area by building Belvedere Castle on the top of the rock, overlooking the Croton Reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956|title=Central Park Highlights – Belvedere Castle|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=12391 Vista Rock], New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</ref> The site already held a fire tower under the control of the Croton Aqueduct board, and so the fire tower was demolished.{{sfn|Rogers|1987|p=115}}


The original plans for Belvedere Castle called for two turreted stone towers: a larger structure on the eastern elevation and a smaller structure on the west side.<ref name="Heckscher">{{Cite book|last=Heckscher|first=Morrison H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17|title=Creating Central Park|date=2008|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-30013-669-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|60}} Under [[Tammany Hall]]'s leadership, it was revised in November 1870 to reduce costs and was completed as an open painted-wood pavilion.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|Blackmar|1992|pp=269f}} The eastern structure was completed by 1871, while the western structure was never built.<ref name="Heckscher" />{{rp|60}} As the plantings matured, the castle has been obscured from its original intended viewpoint. Its turret is the highest point in the park.<ref>[https://www.citylisten.com/our_tours/detail/2/new_york_city/2/central_park/ CityListen Audio Tours, Central Park: An Urban Marvel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205124257/https://www.citylisten.com/our_tours/detail/2/new_york_city/2/central_park/ |date=February 5, 2011 }}</ref>
The original plans for Belvedere Castle called for two turreted stone towers: a larger structure on the eastern elevation and a smaller structure on the west side.<ref name="Heckscher">{{Cite book|last=Heckscher|first=Morrison H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17|title=Creating Central Park|date=2008|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-30013-669-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|60}} Under [[Tammany Hall]]'s leadership, it was revised in November 1870 to reduce costs and was completed as an open painted-wood pavilion of Mould's design.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Rosenzweig|Blackmar|1992|pp=269f}} The eastern structure was completed by 1871, while the western structure was never built.<ref name="Heckscher" />{{rp|60}} As the plantings matured, the castle has been obscured from its original intended viewpoint. Its turret is the highest point in the park.<ref>[https://www.citylisten.com/our_tours/detail/2/new_york_city/2/central_park/ CityListen Audio Tours, Central Park: An Urban Marvel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205124257/https://www.citylisten.com/our_tours/detail/2/new_york_city/2/central_park/ |date=February 5, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Belvedere_Castle,_Central_Park.jpg|alt=Belvedere Castle with a pond in front and an American flag flying over the tower|thumb|Belvedere Castle, Central Park]]
After the New York Meteorological Observatory automated its equipment and moved its offices to [[Rockefeller Center]] in the 1960s, Belvedere Castle was closed to the public and became an object of much vandalism, neglect and deterioration.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|Blackmar|1992|p=502}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/18/archives/new-jersey-pages-decay-and-vandalism-besieging-belvedere-castle-in.html|title=Decay and Vandalism Besieging Belvedere Castle in Central Park|last=Kennedy|first=Shawn G.|date=January 18, 1975|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 17, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Central Park Conservancy]] launched a restoration effort and reopened the structure on May 1, 1983. The original turret was replaced, the pavilions were rebuilt, and the castle was converted into a visitor center.<ref name="nycparks" /> In 1995, the Conservancy's Historic Preservation Crew replaced the painted wooden [[loggia]] of the castle, working from the 1860s designs, on the granite piers and walls that had survived. The same year, a $340,000 grant was distributed toward restoring the castle as the Henry Luce Nature Center. That restoration was completed in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/realestate/postings-a-new-use-for-an-old-folly-a-learning-center-for-the-belvedere-castle.html|title=POSTINGS: A New Use for an Old Folly; A Learning Center for the Belvedere Castle|date=July 9, 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 17, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


In 2018, the Central Park Conservancy conducted a second renovation of Belvedere Castle. Plans included replacing existing doors and windows with double paned glass.<ref name=nycparks/> In addition the Conservancy proposed to construct a new access path to [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]] standards from the East Drive.<ref>Landmarks Preservation Commission, [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/presentation-materials/20170502/CPC_Belvedere_for%20website.pdf Presentation Materials], May 2, 2017.</ref> The access path − actually an elevated ramp with parapets − has been criticized as creating an unnecessary barrier in the otherwise naturalistic park.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/nyregion/plan-for-inclined-walk-central-park-preservationists.html|title=Plan for Inclined Path in Central Park Worries Preservationists|last=Barron|first=James|date=June 11, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 17, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Following the $12 million renovation, the castle reopened on June 28, 2019, complete with a geothermal heating and cooling system that was installed by the Central Park Conservancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/nyregion/central-park-belvedere-castle.html|title=Central Park's Castle Gets a $12 Million Fairy-Tale Makeover|last=Hu|first=Winnie|date=July 12, 2019|website=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/6/18/18683851/central-park-belvedere-castle-restoration-reopening-date|title=Central Park's Belvedere Castle will reopen June 28|last=Rosenberg|first=Zoe|date=June 18, 2019|website=Curbed NY|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gothamist.com/2019/06/18/belvedere_castle_2019.php|title=Central Park's Belvedere Castle Reopening After Restoration|last=Carlson|first=Jen|date=June 18, 2019|website=Gothamist|access-date=June 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618180137/https://gothamist.com/2019/06/18/belvedere_castle_2019.php|archive-date=June 18, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
After the New York Meteorological Observatory automated its equipment and moved its offices to [[Rockefeller Center]] in the 1960s, Belvedere Castle was closed to the public and became an object of much vandalism, neglect and deterioration.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|Blackmar|1992|p=502}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/18/archives/new-jersey-pages-decay-and-vandalism-besieging-belvedere-castle-in.html|title=Decay and Vandalism Besieging Belvedere Castle in Central Park|last=Kennedy|first=Shawn G.|date=January 18, 1975|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 17, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Central Park Conservancy]] launched a restoration effort and reopened the structure on May 1, 1983. The original turret was replaced, the pavilions were rebuilt, and the castle was converted into a visitor center.<ref name="nycparks" /> In 1995, the Conservancy's Historic Preservation Crew replaced the painted wooden [[loggia]] of the castle, working from Vaux's designs, on the granite piers and walls that had survived. The same year, a $340,000 grant was distributed toward restoring the castle as the Henry Luce Nature Center. That restoration was completed in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/realestate/postings-a-new-use-for-an-old-folly-a-learning-center-for-the-belvedere-castle.html|title=POSTINGS: A New Use for an Old Folly; A Learning Center for the Belvedere Castle|date=July 9, 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 17, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2018, the Central Park Conservancy conducted a second renovation of Belvedere Castle. Plans included replacing existing doors and windows with double paned glass.<ref name=nycparks/> In addition the Conservancy proposed to construct a new access path to [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]] standards from the East Drive.<ref>Landmarks Preservation Commission, [http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/lpc/downloads/pdf/presentation-materials/20170502/CPC_Belvedere_for%20website.pdf, Presentation Materials]{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, May 2, 2017.</ref> The access path − actually an elevated ramp with parapets − has been criticized as creating an unnecessary barrier in the otherwise naturalistic park.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/nyregion/plan-for-inclined-walk-central-park-preservationists.html|title=Plan for Inclined Path in Central Park Worries Preservationists|last=Barron|first=James|date=June 11, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 17, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Following the $12 million renovation, the castle reopened on June 28, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/nyregion/central-park-belvedere-castle.html|title=Central Park's Castle Gets a $12 Million Fairy-Tale Makeover|date=July 12, 2019|website=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/6/18/18683851/central-park-belvedere-castle-restoration-reopening-date|title=Central Park's Belvedere Castle will reopen June 28|last=Rosenberg|first=Zoe|date=June 18, 2019|website=Curbed NY|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gothamist.com/2019/06/18/belvedere_castle_2019.php|title=Central Park's Belvedere Castle Reopening After Restoration|date=June 18, 2019|website=Gothamist|access-date=June 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618180137/https://gothamist.com/2019/06/18/belvedere_castle_2019.php|archive-date=June 18, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Belvedere Castle}}
{{Commons category|Belvedere Castle}}
* {{Official website|http://www.centralparknyc.org/visit/things-to-see/great-lawn/belvedere-castle.html}}
* {{Official website|https://www.centralparknyc.org/locations/belvedere-castle}}


{{Central Park}}
{{Central Park}}
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[[Category:1869 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:1869 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New York City]]
[[Category:Castles in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Castles in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Central Park]]
[[Category:Central Park]]

Latest revision as of 17:40, 21 December 2024

Not to be confused with Fort Belvedere, Surrey; Schloss Belvedere; Belvédère Castle; or Belvedere House and Gardens.
Belvedere Castle
View of Belvedere Castle from across Turtle Pond
Map
General information
Architectural styleHybrid of Gothic and Romanesque
Coordinates40°46′46″N 73°58′09″W / 40.779447°N 73.96906°W / 40.779447; -73.96906
Construction started1867
Completed1869
Design and construction
Architect(s)Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould

Belvedere Castle is a folly in Central Park in Manhattan, New York City. It contains exhibit rooms, an observation deck, and since 1919 has housed Central Park’s official weather station.

Belvedere Castle was designed by Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould in 1867.[1] An architectural hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic styles, the design called for a Manhattan schist and granite structure with a corner tower and conical cap, a lookout over parapet walls beneath it.[2] Its name comes from belvedere, which means "beautiful view" in Italian.[3]: 162 

Design

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The tower in February 2005; note the anemometer and wind vane on the top; these instruments record the official wind speed and direction for Central Park

Belvedere Castle was built as a shell with doors and windows open to the weather.[3]: 162  Originally, the main tower had a more medieval design, with a weather antenna on top, but during the castle's 1983 renovation, the tower was restored in a German style with a flag, a weather vane, and an anemometer on top. The two fanciful half-timbered wooden pavilions deteriorated without painting and upkeep and were removed before 1900, but restored in the 1980s.[4]

The remainder of the current weather station for Central Park is located in the wooded area immediately south of the castle, protected by a chain link fence topped with barbed wire

Starting in 1869, Belvedere Castle housed the New York Meteorological Observatory, which had been taken over by the United States Weather Bureau. The current weather station in Central Park, an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), is located immediately south of the castle, though wind equipment is still located on the main tower.[3]: 162 [5]

The castle caps Vista Rock, a 130-foot-tall (40 m) outcropping of schist and the park's second-highest natural elevation.[6][7] (Summit Rock, at 83rd Street overlooking Central Park West, is higher at 137.5 feet (41.9 m).[8]) Constructed of Manhattan schist quarried in the park and dressed with gray granite, it tops the natural-looking woodlands of The Ramble, as seen from the formal Bethesda Terrace. The natural rock was tunneled through for the innovative sunken transverse roadway that still carries commercial and other traffic unobtrusively through the park.

The castle serves now as a visitor center and gift shop. Free family and community programs hosted at Belvedere Castle include birding and other Central Park Conservancy discovery programs for families as well as a variety of history and natural history programs led by NYC Urban Park Rangers, including stargazing/astronomy and wildlife-education events.

The eastern elevation formerly faced a rectangular receiving reservoir that was part of the Croton Aqueduct system.[9] The reservoir was filled in with city building rubble, beginning with spoil from construction of the New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line (now carrying the A, ​B, ​C, and ​D trains) in the 1930s. Today, the eastern elevation overlooks the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, which occupies the former site of the receiving reservoir.

History

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Mould's bronze cockatrice, part of a transom over a doorway of the Castle in 2004

The castle was designed by the architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould as an additional feature of the Greensward Plan, created by Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired to their positions in mid-1865 after quitting abruptly several years before.[10][11]: 58–59  In 1867, Vaux decided to develop this area by building Belvedere Castle on the top of the rock, overlooking the Croton Reservoir.[12][13] The site already held a fire tower under the control of the Croton Aqueduct board, and so the fire tower was demolished.[14]

The original plans for Belvedere Castle called for two turreted stone towers: a larger structure on the eastern elevation and a smaller structure on the west side.[11]: 60  Under Tammany Hall's leadership, it was revised in November 1870 to reduce costs and was completed as an open painted-wood pavilion of Mould's design.[1][15] The eastern structure was completed by 1871, while the western structure was never built.[11]: 60  As the plantings matured, the castle has been obscured from its original intended viewpoint. Its turret is the highest point in the park.[16]

Belvedere Castle with a pond in front and an American flag flying over the tower
Belvedere Castle, Central Park

After the New York Meteorological Observatory automated its equipment and moved its offices to Rockefeller Center in the 1960s, Belvedere Castle was closed to the public and became an object of much vandalism, neglect and deterioration.[17][18] The Central Park Conservancy launched a restoration effort and reopened the structure on May 1, 1983. The original turret was replaced, the pavilions were rebuilt, and the castle was converted into a visitor center.[5] In 1995, the Conservancy's Historic Preservation Crew replaced the painted wooden loggia of the castle, working from the 1860s designs, on the granite piers and walls that had survived. The same year, a $340,000 grant was distributed toward restoring the castle as the Henry Luce Nature Center. That restoration was completed in 1996.[19]

In 2018, the Central Park Conservancy conducted a second renovation of Belvedere Castle. Plans included replacing existing doors and windows with double paned glass.[5] In addition the Conservancy proposed to construct a new access path to ADA standards from the East Drive.[20] The access path − actually an elevated ramp with parapets − has been criticized as creating an unnecessary barrier in the otherwise naturalistic park.[21] Following the $12 million renovation, the castle reopened on June 28, 2019, complete with a geothermal heating and cooling system that was installed by the Central Park Conservancy.[22][23][24]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Brenwall, Cynthia S. (2019). The Central Park: Original Designs for New York's Greatest Treasure. New York: Abrams. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-4197-3232-4.
  2. ^ The design, published in a lithograph, is illustrated in Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 203.
  3. ^ a b c Miller, Sara (2003). Central Park : an American masterpiece. New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers in association with the Central Park Conservancy. ISBN 978-0-8109-3946-2. OCLC 50773395.
  4. ^ Ca. 1900 photograph in Rogers 1987, p. 114 illustration.
  5. ^ a b c "Belvedere Castle", New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
  6. ^ "Central Park Highlights". Vista Rock & Tunnel : NYC Parks. June 26, 1939. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  7. ^ "Vista Rock". centralpark2000.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2002. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  8. ^ "Vista Rock & Tunnel – Historical Sign". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  9. ^ "Meeting New York City's Demand for Water". Central Park Conservancy. October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  10. ^ Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. New York: Norton. p. 71. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.
  11. ^ a b c Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.
  12. ^ "Central Park Highlights – Belvedere Castle". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  13. ^ Vista Rock, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
  14. ^ Rogers 1987, p. 115.
  15. ^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 269f.
  16. ^ CityListen Audio Tours, Central Park: An Urban Marvel Archived February 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 502.
  18. ^ Kennedy, Shawn G. (January 18, 1975). "Decay and Vandalism Besieging Belvedere Castle in Central Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  19. ^ "POSTINGS: A New Use for an Old Folly; A Learning Center for the Belvedere Castle". The New York Times. July 9, 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  20. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission, Presentation Materials, May 2, 2017.
  21. ^ Barron, James (June 11, 2017). "Plan for Inclined Path in Central Park Worries Preservationists". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  22. ^ Hu, Winnie (July 12, 2019). "Central Park's Castle Gets a $12 Million Fairy-Tale Makeover". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  23. ^ Rosenberg, Zoe (June 18, 2019). "Central Park's Belvedere Castle will reopen June 28". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  24. ^ Carlson, Jen (June 18, 2019). "Central Park's Belvedere Castle Reopening After Restoration". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.

Sources

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