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{{Short description|Commercial motorcycles common in West Africa}} |
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{{For| the town located in the Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria|Okada (Nigeria)}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=October 2009}} |
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An '''okada''' (also '''achaba''', '''going''', '''inaga'''<ref name="Nation">{{cite web |url= http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/7018/1/The-impact-of-Inaga-ban-on-students/Page1.html|title= The impact of Inaga ban on students|accessdate=2009-12-27 |work= thenationonlineng.com |publisher=The Nation (Lagos), Thursday, 18 June 2009}}</ref>) is a [[motorcycle taxi]] commonly used in [[Nigeria]] and other African countries.<ref name="nyt-grs-tech-ceo">{{cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Rashbaum |first2=William K. |last3=Slotnik |first3=Daniel E. |title=Dismemberment Killing of Tech C.E.O. 'Looks Like Professional Job' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/nyregion/fahim-saleh-lower-east-side-murder.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=16 July 2020 |date=15 July 2020 |quote=Motorcycle taxis, called okada in Nigeria, have long been popular in Lagos and many other African cities as a way to circumvent traffic jams. }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Motorcycle taxis or okadas are also commonly used in some other West African countries,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ezeibe, Nzeadibe, Ali, Udeogu, Nwankwo and Ogbodo|year=2017|title=Work on wheels: collective organising of motorcycle taxis in Nigerian cities|journal= International Development Planning Review|volume=39|issue=3|pages=249–273|doi=10.3828/idpr.2017.10}}</ref> including [[Togo]] (''oléyia''), [[Benin]] (''[[zémidjan]]s''), [[Burkina Faso]], [[Liberia]] (''phen-phen''), [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Annang |first1=Evans |title=NPP govt will never legalize okada in Ghana - Dr. Bawumia |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/npp-govt-will-never-legalize-okada-in-ghana-dr-bawumia/szd4y2v|website=Pulse Ghana |date=17 September 2020 |accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> and [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Mbella Mouelle |first1=Stephanie Laura |year=2014 |title=Complex Causality between Transportation and Human Security: A Special Focus on the City of Douala, Cameroon |id={{ProQuest|1625048725}} }}</ref> |
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In [[Nigeria]], an '''okada''' (also: '''achaba''', '''going''', '''inaga'''<ref name="Nation">{{cite web |url= http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/7018/1/The-impact-of-Inaga-ban-on-students/Page1.html|title= The impact of Inaga ban on students|accessdate=2009-12-27 |work= www.thenationonlineng.com |publisher=The Nation (Lagos), Thursday, 18 June 2009}}</ref>) is a [[motorcycle taxi]]. The name was borrowed from [[Okada Air]], a Nigerian local airline, now defunct. |
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| ⚫ | Motorcycle taxis or |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Commercial motorcycles were nicknamed after [[Okada Air]] (a now defunct Nigerian airline, itself named after the hometown of its owner, Chief [[Gabriel Igbinedion]]) because they could manoeuvre through the heavy traffic of [[Lagos]] and take passengers to their destinations in a timely manner, in the same way as the airline. The ironic humour of an airline's name being used for commercial motorcyclists, as well as the local familiarity with Okada Air, caused the nickname of ''okada'' to outlive the airline from which it originated, which many Nigerians no longer remember. In January 2020, the word "okada" was added to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] January updates, along with 28 other widely used Nigerian words.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Okada', 'Kannywood', 27 other Nigerian words added to Oxford Dictionaries | url = https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/373729-okada-kannywood-27-other-nigerian-words-added-to-oxford-dictionaries.html |website=premiumtimesng.com/ - Premium Times News |access-date = 2020-02-15|first = Jayne |last = Augoye| date = 21 January 2020}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The use of motorcycle taxis in Nigeria predates the [[Babangida]] administration: they were known in the [[Cross River (state)|Cross River State]] in the 1970s while Achaba or motorcycle taxis were also present in parts of [[Yola, Adamawa|Yola]] |
The use of motorcycle taxis in Nigeria predates the [[Ibrahim Babangida|Babangida]] administration: they were known in the [[Cross River (state)|Cross River State]] in the 1970s while Achaba or motorcycle taxis were also present in parts of [[Yola, Adamawa|Yola]]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} and [[Gongola State]] (now [[Adamawa (state)|Adamawa State]]) in the late 1970s and spread to Lagos through a group of individuals in the Agege Local Government Area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajay |title=Understanding the Emerging Role of Motorcycles in African Cities : A Political Economy Perspective |date=April 2011 |hdl=10986/17804 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Okadas began to spread in the 1980s and became more popular in the late 1980s following an economic downturn in Nigeria, which was partly a consequence of the adoption of a liberal economic policy in the form of a [[Structural adjustment|structural adjustment program]] combined with rapid urbanization, unemployment, and inadequate intra-city public transportation.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the advantages of the use of motorcycle taxis for intra-city commercial transport are that they are readily available,<ref name=":0" /> and can easily navigate through narrow roads, rough terrain, and remote areas and meander through the hectic urban traffic, thereby meeting the unmet transport needs of some urban residents. Unemployed youths began to use motorcycles to earn money by transporting passengers swiftly to their doorsteps and sometimes on narrow or poorly maintained roads.<ref name=":0" /> This type of transportation quickly became popular, and acceptance of it increased steadily. Okadas are now one of the primary modes of transportation in Nigeria, and constitute a cheap and adaptable transportation system, the most popular informal one in the country. Even in remote villages, they arrive at regular intervals. It has become a means of transportation regularly used by people of all ages, men and women alike. Unfortunately, the rise in okada usage has been accompanied by increased occurrences of risky driving and accidents on Nigerian roads. As a result, okadas have come under heavy criticism, resulting in legislation intended to restrict or prohibit their operation in some Nigerian cities, notably [[Lagos]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Will Lagos Authorities Reverse Okada Restriction?| url = https://www.naij.com/280422-lagos-state-okada-restriction.html|website = Naij.com - Nigeria news |access-date = 2016-02-15|first = Bamidele|last = Olowosagba| date = 24 August 2014}}</ref> |
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== |
==Nigerian society== |
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[[Image:Okadas.jpg|thumb|Okadas in Kano, Nigeria]] |
[[Image:Okadas.jpg|thumb|Okadas in Kano, Nigeria]] |
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Taxicab and bus service in Nigeria is inadequate, and congestion and poorly maintained roads are widespread. Okadas are used in cities such as Lagos by businessmen, government workers, and students to overcome traffic congestion, and can navigate roads that are inaccessible to automobiles and buses, particularly in villages and urban slums. Contributing to the flourishing of okadas is their low purchase price for operators, and their superior fuel efficiency, which is particularly important during petrol shortages in Nigeria. |
Taxicab and bus service in Nigeria is inadequate, and congestion and poorly maintained roads are widespread. Okadas are used in cities such as Lagos by businessmen, government workers, and students to overcome traffic congestion, and can navigate roads that are inaccessible to automobiles and buses, particularly in villages and urban slums. Contributing to the flourishing of okadas is their low purchase price for operators, and their superior fuel efficiency, which is particularly important during petrol shortages in Nigeria. |
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Concerted efforts have been made in certain cities in Nigeria such as Abuja where an outright ban is in place to partial in Lagos.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Odumuyiwa |first1=Fisayo |title=CAN supports Lagos okada ban |url=https://punchng.com/can-supports-lagos-okada-ban/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |publisher=PUNCH NIGERIA |date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alvin Terhile |first1=Alvin Terhile |title=ABUJA REPORTSFCTA Intensifies Crackdown on Okada to Boost Security in Abuja |url=https://abujacityjournal.com/livenews/2024/03/06/fcta-intensifies-crackdown-on-okada-to-boost-security-in-abuja/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=Abuja City Journal |date=6 March 2024}}</ref> |
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Okada fares are usually higher than those of public transit. Riding on an okada has been described as "a unique experience" by both tourists and local users.<ref name="cerv">Cervero, R: "Informal Transport in the Developing World", 2005</ref> |
Okada fares are usually higher than those of public transit. Riding on an okada has been described as "a unique experience" by both tourists and local users.<ref name="cerv">Cervero, R: "Informal Transport in the Developing World", 2005</ref> |
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==Demographics of |
==Demographics of drivers and passengers== |
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[[File:Okada Lagos.jpg|thumb|Okadas in Lagos, Nigeria]] |
[[File:Okada Lagos.jpg|thumb|Okadas in Lagos, Nigeria]] |
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A study carried out in 1993 in [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], a medium-sized city that is the capital of the northeastern state of [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]], Nigeria, provides additional insight into the okada business. The study showed that about 88% of the okada drivers were between 18 and 30 years old, and only 47% had received any type of formal education. The survey also elicited information from 106 passengers. Customers generally were male (65%); were young adults between 18 and 30 years of age (57%); had completed at least secondary school (83%); were unemployed but in the job market (59%); and had low to moderate incomes (45%). They valued okadas mainly because they were fast and readily available. Reasons that customers disliked them were that they considered them to be unsafe (this was stated by 67% of the respondents) and expensive (stated by 43% of the respondents). A survey of okada customers in [[Akure]] also revealed customer concerns over safety—61% felt operators drove too fast |
A study carried out in 1993 in [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], a medium-sized city that is also the capital of the northeastern state of [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]], Nigeria, provides additional insight into the okada business. The study showed that about 88% of the okada drivers were between 18 and 30 years old, and only 47% had received any type of formal education. The survey also elicited information from 106 passengers. Customers generally were male (65%); were young adults between 18 and 30 years of age (57%); had completed at least secondary school (83%); were unemployed but in the job market (59%); and had low to moderate incomes (45%). They valued okadas mainly because they were fast and readily available. Reasons that customers disliked them were that they considered them to be unsafe (this was stated by 67% of the respondents) and expensive (stated by 43% of the respondents). A survey of okada customers in [[Akure]] also revealed customer concerns over safety—61% felt operators drove too fast and 31% said that they drove too recklessly.<ref name="cerv"/> Left with few transportation options, however, many continue to patronize okadas despite knowing well the significant risks involved.<ref name="cerv"/> |
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== In literature == |
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In her travel book, ''[[Looking for Transwonderland]],'' writer [[Noo Saro-Wiwa]] uses the transport frequently and delights in chaotic organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-16 |title=Looking for Transwonderland: Travels in Nigeria, By Noo Saro-Wiwa |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/looking-for-transwonderland-travels-in-nigeria-by-noo-sarowiwa-6988524.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001, Fatal Single Vehicle Motorcycle Crashes. |
*US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001, Fatal Single Vehicle Motorcycle Crashes. |
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*US National Technical Information Service, 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140823225106/http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/NHTSA/013695.pdf Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures] (The [[Hurt Report]]). |
*US National Technical Information Service, 1981, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140823225106/http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/NHTSA/013695.pdf Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures] (The [[Hurt Report]]). |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}} |
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[[Category:Transport in Nigeria]] |
[[Category:Transport in Nigeria]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:19, 21 December 2024
An okada (also achaba, going, inaga[1]) is a motorcycle taxi commonly used in Nigeria and other African countries.[2]
Motorcycle taxis or okadas are also commonly used in some other West African countries,[3] including Togo (oléyia), Benin (zémidjans), Burkina Faso, Liberia (phen-phen), Ghana[4] and Sierra Leone.[5]
Etymology
[edit]Commercial motorcycles were nicknamed after Okada Air (a now defunct Nigerian airline, itself named after the hometown of its owner, Chief Gabriel Igbinedion) because they could manoeuvre through the heavy traffic of Lagos and take passengers to their destinations in a timely manner, in the same way as the airline. The ironic humour of an airline's name being used for commercial motorcyclists, as well as the local familiarity with Okada Air, caused the nickname of okada to outlive the airline from which it originated, which many Nigerians no longer remember. In January 2020, the word "okada" was added to the Oxford English Dictionary January updates, along with 28 other widely used Nigerian words.[6]
History
[edit]The use of motorcycle taxis in Nigeria predates the Babangida administration: they were known in the Cross River State in the 1970s while Achaba or motorcycle taxis were also present in parts of Yola[citation needed] and Gongola State (now Adamawa State) in the late 1970s and spread to Lagos through a group of individuals in the Agege Local Government Area.[7][3] Okadas began to spread in the 1980s and became more popular in the late 1980s following an economic downturn in Nigeria, which was partly a consequence of the adoption of a liberal economic policy in the form of a structural adjustment program combined with rapid urbanization, unemployment, and inadequate intra-city public transportation.[3] Some of the advantages of the use of motorcycle taxis for intra-city commercial transport are that they are readily available,[3] and can easily navigate through narrow roads, rough terrain, and remote areas and meander through the hectic urban traffic, thereby meeting the unmet transport needs of some urban residents. Unemployed youths began to use motorcycles to earn money by transporting passengers swiftly to their doorsteps and sometimes on narrow or poorly maintained roads.[3] This type of transportation quickly became popular, and acceptance of it increased steadily. Okadas are now one of the primary modes of transportation in Nigeria, and constitute a cheap and adaptable transportation system, the most popular informal one in the country. Even in remote villages, they arrive at regular intervals. It has become a means of transportation regularly used by people of all ages, men and women alike. Unfortunately, the rise in okada usage has been accompanied by increased occurrences of risky driving and accidents on Nigerian roads. As a result, okadas have come under heavy criticism, resulting in legislation intended to restrict or prohibit their operation in some Nigerian cities, notably Lagos in 2012.[8]
Nigerian society
[edit]
Taxicab and bus service in Nigeria is inadequate, and congestion and poorly maintained roads are widespread. Okadas are used in cities such as Lagos by businessmen, government workers, and students to overcome traffic congestion, and can navigate roads that are inaccessible to automobiles and buses, particularly in villages and urban slums. Contributing to the flourishing of okadas is their low purchase price for operators, and their superior fuel efficiency, which is particularly important during petrol shortages in Nigeria.
Concerted efforts have been made in certain cities in Nigeria such as Abuja where an outright ban is in place to partial in Lagos.[9][10]
Okada fares are usually higher than those of public transit. Riding on an okada has been described as "a unique experience" by both tourists and local users.[11]
Demographics of drivers and passengers
[edit]
A study carried out in 1993 in Yola, a medium-sized city that is also the capital of the northeastern state of Adamawa, Nigeria, provides additional insight into the okada business. The study showed that about 88% of the okada drivers were between 18 and 30 years old, and only 47% had received any type of formal education. The survey also elicited information from 106 passengers. Customers generally were male (65%); were young adults between 18 and 30 years of age (57%); had completed at least secondary school (83%); were unemployed but in the job market (59%); and had low to moderate incomes (45%). They valued okadas mainly because they were fast and readily available. Reasons that customers disliked them were that they considered them to be unsafe (this was stated by 67% of the respondents) and expensive (stated by 43% of the respondents). A survey of okada customers in Akure also revealed customer concerns over safety—61% felt operators drove too fast and 31% said that they drove too recklessly.[11] Left with few transportation options, however, many continue to patronize okadas despite knowing well the significant risks involved.[11]
In literature
[edit]In her travel book, Looking for Transwonderland, writer Noo Saro-Wiwa uses the transport frequently and delights in chaotic organisation.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The impact of Inaga ban on students". thenationonlineng.com. The Nation (Lagos), Thursday, 18 June 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
- ^ Gold, Michael; Rashbaum, William K.; Slotnik, Daniel E. (15 July 2020). "Dismemberment Killing of Tech C.E.O. 'Looks Like Professional Job'". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
Motorcycle taxis, called okada in Nigeria, have long been popular in Lagos and many other African cities as a way to circumvent traffic jams.
- ^ a b c d e Ezeibe, Nzeadibe, Ali, Udeogu, Nwankwo and Ogbodo (2017). "Work on wheels: collective organising of motorcycle taxis in Nigerian cities". International Development Planning Review. 39 (3): 249–273. doi:10.3828/idpr.2017.10.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Annang, Evans (17 September 2020). "NPP govt will never legalize okada in Ghana - Dr. Bawumia". Pulse Ghana. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ Mbella Mouelle, Stephanie Laura (2014). Complex Causality between Transportation and Human Security: A Special Focus on the City of Douala, Cameroon (Thesis). ProQuest 1625048725.
- ^ Augoye, Jayne (21 January 2020). "'Okada', 'Kannywood', 27 other Nigerian words added to Oxford Dictionaries". premiumtimesng.com/ - Premium Times News. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ Kumar, Ajay (April 2011). "Understanding the Emerging Role of Motorcycles in African Cities : A Political Economy Perspective". hdl:10986/17804.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Olowosagba, Bamidele (24 August 2014). "Will Lagos Authorities Reverse Okada Restriction?". Naij.com - Nigeria news. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^ Odumuyiwa, Fisayo (18 February 2020). "CAN supports Lagos okada ban". PUNCH NIGERIA. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ Alvin Terhile, Alvin Terhile (6 March 2024). "ABUJA REPORTSFCTA Intensifies Crackdown on Okada to Boost Security in Abuja". Abuja City Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
- ^ a b c Cervero, R: "Informal Transport in the Developing World", 2005
- ^ "Looking for Transwonderland: Travels in Nigeria, By Noo Saro-Wiwa". The Independent. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
Further reading
[edit]- Solagberu et al., 2006, Motorcycle injuries in a developing country and the vulnerability of riders, passengers, and pedestrians, Journal of Injury Prevention.
- Daan Beekers, 2008, Motorcycle fellowships: security, solidarity and subjectivity among okada riders, chapter 4 of 'Children of a "Fallen House": Lives and Livelihoods of Youth in Nigeria'. MPhil Thesis. Oxford. [1]
- The WHO newsletter on road safety, 2004, Road Safety Is No Accident.
- The UK Department for Transport, 2004, In-Depth Study of Motorcycle Accidents.
- US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2001, Fatal Single Vehicle Motorcycle Crashes.
- US National Technical Information Service, 1981, Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures (The Hurt Report).