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{{Short description|Edible-pod pea}}
{{Infobox Cultivar | name = Snap pea
{{Infobox Cultivar | name = Snap pea
| image = Sugar Snap Pea.JPG
| image = Sugar Snap Pea.JPG
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}}
}}


The '''snap pea''' (''Pisum sativum'' var. ''macrocarpon''), also known as the '''sugar snap pea''', is a [[cultivar group]] of [[Pod vegetable|edible-podded]] [[pea]]s. The snap pea differs from the [[snow pea]] in that their pods are rounded as opposed to flat and thicker. The name '''mangetout''' ([[French language|French]] for "eat all") can apply both to snap peas and snow peas.
The '''snap pea''', also known as the '''sugar snap pea''', is an [[edible-pod pea]] with rounded pods and thick pod walls, in contrast to [[snow pea]] pods, which are flat with thin walls.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Myers|first1=James R.|title=Origin, History, and Genetic Improvement of the Snap Pea ( Pisum sativum L.)|date=2010-06-22|work=Plant Breeding Reviews|pages=93–138|editor-last=Janick|editor-first=Jules|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470650196.ch3|isbn=978-0-470-65019-6|last2=Baggett|first2=James R.|last3=Lamborn|first3=Calvin}}</ref> The name '''mangetout''' ([[French language|French]] for "eat all") can apply to snap peas and snow peas.


While snow peas had been grown in Europe in the 19th century,<ref name=hen>{{cite web|title=Snow Peas - A Delicious Oriental Treat|url=http://hendry.ifas.ufl.edu/HCHortNews_SnowPeas.htm|website=hendry.ifas.ufl.edu|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref> sugar snap peas were only first developed in 1952 by cross-breeding snow pea with a mutant shell pea plant. Researchers hoped that the cross might counteract twisting and buckling seen in varieties at the time. With this cross, Dr Calvin Lamborn and Dr M.C. Parker of [[Twin Falls, Idaho]], had developed a new class of snow pea.<ref>{{cite web|title=HONORING PLANT BREEDER Calvin Lamborn|url=http://www.fedcoseeds.com/seeds/articles/breeder_Lamborn.htm|website=Fedco Seeds|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A Midwest Gardener's Cookbook | first = Marian K. | last = Towne | page = 32 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-21056-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hUzB70owB1wC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=sugarsnap+peas&source=web&ots=76_XTs8H0W&sig=IdO2Pitybms-_6Yx2WM_TdTmXBc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=38&ct=result}}</ref>
A snap pea named "butter pea" was described in French literature in the 19th century, but the old snap pea was lost in cultivation by the mid-20th century. The present snap pea originated from Calvin Lamborn's cross between a shelling pea mutant found in 1952 by Dr. M.C. Parker and a snow pea cultivar. Researchers at [[Twin Falls, Idaho]] hoped that the cross might counteract twisting and buckling seen in varieties at the time. With this cross, snap pea was recreated and the first new snap pea was released in 1979 under the name 'Sugar Snap'.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=HONORING PLANT BREEDER Calvin Lamborn|url=http://www.fedcoseeds.com/seeds/articles/breeder_Lamborn.htm|website=Fedco Seeds|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A Midwest Gardener's Cookbook | first = Marian K. | last = Towne | year = 1996 | page = 32 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-21056-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hUzB70owB1wC&q=sugarsnap+peas&pg=PA32}}</ref>


Snap peas, like all other peas, are pod fruits. An edible-podded pea is similar to a garden, or English, pea, but the pod is less fibrous, and edible when young. Pods of the edible-podded pea, including snap peas, do not have a membrane and do not open when ripe. At maturity, the pods grow to around 4–8&nbsp;cm in length, Pods contain three to eight peas per pod. The plants are climbing, and pea sticks or a trellis or other support system is required for optimal growth. Some cultivars are capable of climbing to 2 m high but are more commonly around 1–1.3 m for ease of harvest and cultivation.
Snap peas, like all other peas, are pod fruits. An edible-podded pea is similar to a garden, or English, pea, but the pod is less fibrous, and is edible when young. Pods of the edible-podded pea, including snap peas, do not have a membrane and do not open when ripe. At maturity, the pods grow to around {{convert|4|to|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=off}} in length. Pods contain three to nine peas. The plants are climbing, and pea sticks or a trellis or other support system is required for optimal growth. Some cultivars are capable of climbing to {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} high but plants are more commonly around {{convert|1|to|1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} high, for ease of harvest and cultivation.


== Cultivation ==
== Cultivation ==
The snap pea is a cool season legume or fruit. It may be planted in spring as early as the soil can be worked. Seeds should be planted one to one-and-a-half inches (2,5–4&nbsp;cm) deep. It tolerates light frost when young; it also has a wider adaptation and tolerance of higher temperatures than some other pea cultivars. Snap peas may grow to two metres (6.56 feet) or more, but more typically are about 1.3 metres (about four feet). They have a vining habit and require a trellis or similar support structure. They should get 4–6 hours of sunlight each day.
The snap pea is a cool season legume. It may be planted in spring as early as the soil can be worked. Seeds should be planted {{convert|1|-|1+1/2|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} apart and {{convert|1/2|-|1|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} deep in a {{convert|3|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}} band.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Growing Peas: Planting, Spacing, Care & Diseases {{!}} Johnny's Selected Seeds|url=https://www.johnnyseeds.com/growers-library/vegetables/peas/peas-key-growing-information.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=www.johnnyseeds.com}}</ref> It tolerates light frost when young; it also has a wider adaptation and tolerance of higher temperatures than some other pea cultivars. Snap peas may grow to {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} or more, but more typically are about {{convert|1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. They have a vining habit and require a trellis or similar support structure. They should get 4–6 hours of sunlight each day. Plant pea seeds in soil with a pH of between 5.8 and 7.0 for best results. <ref>{{cite web|title= A Gardener's Guide to Peas |url=https://extension.psu.edu/a-gardeners-guide-to-peas |date= 21 March 2021 |publisher= Penn State University}}</ref>


=== Cultivars ===
=== Cultivars ===
Below is a list of several snap pea [[cultivar]]s currently available, ordered by days to maturity. Days to maturity is from germination to edible pod stage; add about 7 days to estimate shell pea stage. ''Amish Snap'' is the only true heirloom snap pea. ''PMR'' indicates some degree of [[powdery mildew]] resistance; ''afila'' types, also called semi-leafless, maintain an erect, interlocked, plant habit that allows good air movement through the canopy and reduces risk from lodging and mold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/content/peas-edible-pod|title= Oregon Vegetables / Peas, Edible-Pod|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref>
Below is a list of several snap pea [[cultivar]]s currently available, ordered by days to maturity. Days to maturity is from germination to edible pod stage; add about 7 days to estimate shell pea stage. ''Amish Snap'' is the only true heirloom snap pea. ''PMR'' indicates some degree of [[powdery mildew]] resistance; ''afila'' types, also called semi-leafless, maintain an erect, interlocked, plant habit that allows good air movement through the canopy and reduces risk from lodging and mold.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/oregon-vegetables/peas-edible-pod|title= Oregon Vegetables / Peas, Edible-Pod|date= 20 July 2010|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref>


{{columns-list|2|
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Sugar Ann, 52 days, 1984 [[All-America Selections|AAS]] winner<ref name=aas>{{cite web|title= AAS winners 1933 to present|url= http://www.all-americaselections.org/AAS_Winners.asp?Sort1=Year_Won&Sort2=DESC||accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* Sugar Ann, 52 days, 1984 [[All-America Selections|AAS]] winner<ref name=aas>{{cite web|title= AAS winners 1933 to present|url= http://www.all-americaselections.org/AAS_Winners.asp?Sort1=Year_Won&Sort2=DESC|access-date= 2011-10-24|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100204220637/http://www.all-americaselections.org/AAS_Winners.asp?Sort1=Year_Won&Sort2=DESC|archive-date= 2010-02-04}}</ref>
* Sugar Bon, 56 days
* Sugar Bon, 56 days
* Amish Snap, 60 days, tall climber, [[Heirloom plant|heirloom]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Amish Snap Pea|url = http://www.seedsavers.org/onlinestore/pea/Pea-Amish-Snap.html | accessdate=2013-02-25}}</ref>
* Amish Snap, 60 days, tall climber, [[Heirloom plant|heirloom]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Amish Snap Pea|url = http://www.seedsavers.org/onlinestore/pea/Pea-Amish-Snap.html | accessdate=2013-02-25}}</ref>
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* Super Sugar Snap, 60 days, PMR, tall climber
* Super Sugar Snap, 60 days, PMR, tall climber
* Sugar Snap, 62 days, tall climber, 1979 AAS winner<ref name=aas/>
* Sugar Snap, 62 days, tall climber, 1979 AAS winner<ref name=aas/>
* Super Snappy, 65 days, PMR
* Sugar Lace II, 68 days, PMR, afila
* Sugar Lace II, 68 days, PMR, afila
}}
}}


===Production===
===Production===
Commercial snap peas for export are produced in [[Peru]], [[Guatemala]], [[Colombia]], [[Kenya]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurofresh-distribution.com/news/guatemala%E2%80%99s-snow-pea-peace-crop|title=Guatemala’s snow pea: the peace crop|publisher=Eurofresh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/article/149422/How-El-Ni%C3%B1o-affects-sugar-snap-production-in-Peru-and-Guatemala|title=How El Niño affects sugar snap production in Peru and Guatemala|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/article/156537/China-Start-of-sugar-snap,-snow-pea-export-season-to-Europe|title=China: Start of sugar snap, snow pea export season to Europe|publisher=}}</ref>
Commercial snap peas for export are produced in [[Peru]], [[Guatemala]], [[Colombia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Kenya]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurofresh-distribution.com/news/guatemala%E2%80%99s-snow-pea-peace-crop|title=Guatemala's snow pea: the peace crop|publisher=Eurofresh|access-date=2017-04-04|archive-date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170230/http://www.eurofresh-distribution.com/news/guatemala%E2%80%99s-snow-pea-peace-crop|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/article/149422/How-El-Ni%C3%B1o-affects-sugar-snap-production-in-Peru-and-Guatemala|title=How El Niño affects sugar snap production in Peru and Guatemala|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/article/156537/China-Start-of-sugar-snap,-snow-pea-export-season-to-Europe|title=China: Start of sugar snap, snow pea export season to Europe|date=15 April 2016 |publisher=}}</ref>


== Preparation ==
== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
Snap peas are often served in salads or eaten whole. They may also be stir-fried or steamed. Before being eaten, mature snap pea pods may need to be "stringed," which means the membranous string running along the top of the pod from base to tip is removed. Over-cooking the pods will make them come apart.
Snap peas are often served in salads or eaten whole. They may also be stir-fried or steamed. Before being eaten, mature snap pea pods may need to be "stringed," which means the membranous string running along the top of the pod from base to tip is removed. Over-cooking the pods will make them come apart.


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.veggiegardeningtips.com/snap-pea-supports/ veggiegardeningtips site]
* [http://www.veggiegardeningtips.com/snap-pea-supports/ veggiegardeningtips site]
* [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV109 Florida site]
* [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV109 Florida site]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://tekoafarms.co.il/index.php/en/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D/item/40-%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94.html Tekoa Farms site]
* [http://tekoafarms.co.il/index.php/en/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D/item/40-%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94.html Tekoa Farms site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720053610/http://tekoafarms.co.il/index.php/en/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D/item/40-%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94.html |date=2014-07-20 }}


[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
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[[id:Kapri]]
[[nl:Peultjes]]
[[ja:スナップエンドウ]]
[[sv:Sockerärtor]]
[[sv:Sockerärtor]]

Latest revision as of 22:00, 21 December 2024

Snap pea
SpeciesPisum sativum
Cultivar groupMacrocarpon Group
Cultivar group membersMany; see text.
Peas, edible-podded, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy176 kJ (42 kcal)
7.55 g
Sugars4.0 g
Dietary fiber2.6 g
0.39 g
Saturated0.0039 g
Monounsaturated0.021 g
Polyunsaturated0.089 g
2.8 g
Tryptophan0.027 g
Threonine0.099 g
Isoleucine0.161 g
Leucine0.228 g
Lysine0.202 g
Methionine0.011 g
Cystine0.032 g
Phenylalanine0.090 g
Tyrosine0.099 g
Valine0.273 g
Arginine0.134 g
Histidine0.017 g
Alanine0.058 g
Aspartic acid0.228 g
Glutamic acid0.448 g
Glycine0.072 g
Proline0.063 g
Serine0.125 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
6%
54 μg
6%
630 μg
740 μg
Vitamin A1087 IU
Thiamine (B1)
13%
0.15 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
6%
0.08 mg
Niacin (B3)
4%
0.6 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
15%
0.75 mg
Vitamin B6
9%
0.16 mg
Folate (B9)
11%
42 μg
Choline
3%
17.4 mg
Vitamin C
67%
60 mg
Vitamin E
3%
0.39 mg
Vitamin K
21%
25 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
43 mg
Copper
9%
0.079 mg
Iron
12%
2.08 mg
Magnesium
6%
24 mg
Manganese
11%
0.244 mg
Phosphorus
4%
53 mg
Potassium
7%
200 mg
Sodium
0%
4 mg
Zinc
2%
0.27 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water88.89 g
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2]

The snap pea, also known as the sugar snap pea, is an edible-pod pea with rounded pods and thick pod walls, in contrast to snow pea pods, which are flat with thin walls.[3] The name mangetout (French for "eat all") can apply to snap peas and snow peas.

A snap pea named "butter pea" was described in French literature in the 19th century, but the old snap pea was lost in cultivation by the mid-20th century. The present snap pea originated from Calvin Lamborn's cross between a shelling pea mutant found in 1952 by Dr. M.C. Parker and a snow pea cultivar. Researchers at Twin Falls, Idaho hoped that the cross might counteract twisting and buckling seen in varieties at the time. With this cross, snap pea was recreated and the first new snap pea was released in 1979 under the name 'Sugar Snap'.[3][4][5]

Snap peas, like all other peas, are pod fruits. An edible-podded pea is similar to a garden, or English, pea, but the pod is less fibrous, and is edible when young. Pods of the edible-podded pea, including snap peas, do not have a membrane and do not open when ripe. At maturity, the pods grow to around 4 to 8 centimetres (1+1⁄2 to 3 inches) in length. Pods contain three to nine peas. The plants are climbing, and pea sticks or a trellis or other support system is required for optimal growth. Some cultivars are capable of climbing to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high but plants are more commonly around 1 to 1.3 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 3 in) high, for ease of harvest and cultivation.

Cultivation

[edit]

The snap pea is a cool season legume. It may be planted in spring as early as the soil can be worked. Seeds should be planted 25–40 mm (1–1+1⁄2 in) apart and 15–25 mm (1⁄2–1 in) deep in a 75 mm (3 in) band.[6] It tolerates light frost when young; it also has a wider adaptation and tolerance of higher temperatures than some other pea cultivars. Snap peas may grow to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) or more, but more typically are about 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in). They have a vining habit and require a trellis or similar support structure. They should get 4–6 hours of sunlight each day. Plant pea seeds in soil with a pH of between 5.8 and 7.0 for best results. [7]

Cultivars

[edit]

Below is a list of several snap pea cultivars currently available, ordered by days to maturity. Days to maturity is from germination to edible pod stage; add about 7 days to estimate shell pea stage. Amish Snap is the only true heirloom snap pea. PMR indicates some degree of powdery mildew resistance; afila types, also called semi-leafless, maintain an erect, interlocked, plant habit that allows good air movement through the canopy and reduces risk from lodging and mold.[8]

  • Sugar Ann, 52 days, 1984 AAS winner[9]
  • Sugar Bon, 56 days
  • Amish Snap, 60 days, tall climber, heirloom[10]
  • Cascadia, 60 days, PMR
  • Sugar Daddy, 60 days
  • Super Sugar Snap, 60 days, PMR, tall climber
  • Sugar Snap, 62 days, tall climber, 1979 AAS winner[9]
  • Super Snappy, 65 days, PMR
  • Sugar Lace II, 68 days, PMR, afila

Production

[edit]

Commercial snap peas for export are produced in Peru, Guatemala, Colombia, Zimbabwe, Kenya and China.[11][12][13]

Uses

[edit]

Culinary

[edit]

Snap peas are often served in salads or eaten whole. They may also be stir-fried or steamed. Before being eaten, mature snap pea pods may need to be "stringed," which means the membranous string running along the top of the pod from base to tip is removed. Over-cooking the pods will make them come apart.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  2. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  3. ^ a b Myers, James R.; Baggett, James R.; Lamborn, Calvin (2010-06-22), Janick, Jules (ed.), "Origin, History, and Genetic Improvement of the Snap Pea ( Pisum sativum L.)", Plant Breeding Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 93–138, doi:10.1002/9780470650196.ch3, ISBN 978-0-470-65019-6
  4. ^ "HONORING PLANT BREEDER Calvin Lamborn". Fedco Seeds. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  5. ^ Towne, Marian K. (1996). A Midwest Gardener's Cookbook. Indiana University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-253-21056-9.
  6. ^ "Growing Peas: Planting, Spacing, Care & Diseases | Johnny's Selected Seeds". www.johnnyseeds.com. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  7. ^ "A Gardener's Guide to Peas". Penn State University. 21 March 2021.
  8. ^ "Oregon Vegetables / Peas, Edible-Pod". Oregon State University. 20 July 2010.
  9. ^ a b "AAS winners 1933 to present". Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  10. ^ "Amish Snap Pea". Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  11. ^ "Guatemala's snow pea: the peace crop". Eurofresh. Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
  12. ^ "How El Niño affects sugar snap production in Peru and Guatemala".
  13. ^ "China: Start of sugar snap, snow pea export season to Europe". 15 April 2016.
[edit]
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