Q Planes: Difference between revisions
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| name = Q Planes |
| name = Q Planes |
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| image = Q Planes film poster.jpg |
| image = Q Planes film poster.jpg |
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| image_size = |
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| caption = [[Film poster|British quad cinema lobby card poster]] |
| caption = [[Film poster|British quad cinema lobby card poster]] |
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| director = [[Tim Whelan]]<br />[[Arthur B. Woods]] |
| director = [[Tim Whelan]]<br />[[Arthur B. Woods]] |
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| editing = [[Hugh Stewart (film editor)|Hugh Stewart]] |
| editing = [[Hugh Stewart (film editor)|Hugh Stewart]] |
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| color_process = [[Black and white]] |
| color_process = [[Black and white]] |
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| studio = Irving Asher Productions |
| studio = Irving Asher Productions{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=76}} |
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| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]<br />(UK, US) |
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]<br />(UK, US) |
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| released = {{Film date|df=y|1939|03|02}} |
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1939|03|02}} |
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| runtime = 82 minutes |
| runtime = 82 minutes |
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| country = United Kingdom |
| country = United Kingdom |
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| language = English |
| language = English |
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| budget = |
| budget =£67,502{{sfn|Chapman|2022|p=477}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Q Planes''''' (known as '''''Clouds Over Europe''''' in the United States) is a 1939 British [[comedy film|comedy]] [[spy film]] starring [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Valerie Hobson]]. Olivier and Richardson were a decade into their fifty-year friendship and were in the process of staging a theatrical version of ''[[Othello]]'', with Richardson in the title role and Olivier as Iago, when this film was made. |
'''''Q Planes''''' (known as '''''Clouds Over Europe''''' in the United States) is a 1939 British [[comedy film|comedy]] [[spy film]] starring [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Valerie Hobson]]. Olivier and Richardson were a decade into their fifty-year friendship and were in the process of staging a theatrical version of ''[[Othello]]'', with Richardson in the title role and Olivier as Iago, when this film was made.{{sfn|Olivier|1982|p=68}} |
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''Q Planes'' was produced by [[Irving Asher]], an American, with British film impresario [[Alexander Korda]] as executive producer.{{sfn|Aldgate|Richards|1994|p=79}} The film was directed by an American, [[Tim Whelan]] (''[[Sidewalks of London]]'', and later in 1940, co-director of ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]''), who had lived in Britain since 1932, working for Korda at [[Denham Studios]]. |
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{{TOC limit|2}} |
{{TOC limit|2}} |
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==Plot== |
==Plot== |
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In September 1938, advanced British aircraft prototypes carrying experimental and secret equipment are vanishing with their crews on test flights. No one can fathom why, not even spymaster Major Hammond ([[Ralph Richardson]]) or his sister Kay ([[Valerie Hobson]]), a newspaper reporter, who is working undercover in the works canteen at the Barrett & Ward Aircraft Company. |
In September 1938, advanced British aircraft prototypes carrying experimental and secret equipment are vanishing with their crews on test flights. No one can fathom why, not even spymaster Major Hammond ([[Ralph Richardson]]) or his sister Kay ([[Valerie Hobson]]), a newspaper reporter, who is working undercover in the works canteen at the Barrett & Ward Aircraft Company.{{sfn|Holland|1939|p=2}} |
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At first, Major Hammond is seen as an outsider at the aircraft factory, especially by Mr. Barrett, the owner ([[George Merritt (actor)|George Merritt]]), who is working under a government contract. Hammond soon finds a friend in star pilot, Tony McVane ([[Laurence Olivier]]), who helps him try to solve the case. Hammond becomes convinced that Jenkins ([[George Curzon (actor)|George Curzon]]), the company secretary at the factory, is a |
At first, Major Hammond is seen as an outsider at the aircraft factory, especially by Mr. Barrett, the owner ([[George Merritt (actor)|George Merritt]]), who is working under a government contract. Hammond soon finds a friend in star pilot, Tony McVane ([[Laurence Olivier]]), who helps him try to solve the case. Hammond becomes convinced that Jenkins ([[George Curzon (actor)|George Curzon]]), the company secretary at the factory, is a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] but Jenkins is killed by a gunman firing from a moving car before he can give up the names of his contacts.{{sfn|Holland|1939|pp=2–3}} |
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Tony returns to the aircraft factory, determined to make the next test flight. His aircraft, like the others, is brought down by a powerful ray from a mysterious salvage ship, S.S. ''Viking''.{{sfn|Holland|1939|pp=3–4}} (Although the nationality of the crew and agents aboard the ship is only implied, it was understood by audiences that "All of the crew speak with German accents and little doubt is left who the villains are", wrote ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.)<ref name="Variety"/> |
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The aircraft, |
The aircraft, Tony and the crew are taken on board ''Viking'', where he discovers many other missing airmen who have suffered the same fate. Escaping from their prison, Tony leads them in an attempt to take control of the ship, gathering up weapons as they go. In London, Major Hammond learns the truth and directs a [[Royal Navy]] ship ({{HMS|Echo|H23|6}}) to go to their rescue. Kay and Tony form a relationship, while Hammond, who because of his job, has repeatedly cancelled plans with his lady friend, eventually meets her only to learn that she has married someone else.{{sfn|Holland|1939|p=4}} |
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==Cast== |
==Cast== |
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* [[Gus McNaughton]] as Bleinkinsop |
* [[Gus McNaughton]] as Bleinkinsop |
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* [[David Tree]] as R. MacKenzie |
* [[David Tree]] as R. MacKenzie |
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* Sandra Storme as Daphne |
* [[Sandra Storme]] as Daphne |
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* [[Hay Petrie]] as Stage Door Keeper |
* [[Hay Petrie]] as Stage Door Keeper |
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* Frank Fox as Karl |
* Frank Fox as Karl |
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* [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]] as SS ''Viking'' Mate |
* [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]] as SS ''Viking'' Mate |
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* [[John Laurie]] as Newspaper Editor |
* [[John Laurie]] as Newspaper Editor |
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* [[Raymond Lovell]] as Company Manager |
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* [[Leslie Bradley]] as Assistant |
* [[Leslie Bradley]] as Assistant |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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[[File:Q Planes.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Intertitle for ''Q Planes''}}]] |
[[File:Q Planes.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Intertitle for ''Q Planes''}}]] |
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The film's working title was ''Foreign Sabotage''.<ref name="AFI">[http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4344 "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]([[American Film Institute]])''. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Period airports and aircraft including the [[Airspeed Envoy]], [[de Havilland Dragon Rapide]] and [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]] are featured in the aerial scenes. The [[Brooklands]] racetrack, which also |
The film's working title was ''Foreign Sabotage''.<ref name="AFI">[http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4344 "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]([[American Film Institute]])''. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Period airports and aircraft including the [[Airspeed Envoy]], [[de Havilland Dragon Rapide]] and [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]] are featured in the aerial scenes. The [[Brooklands]] racetrack, which was also an important airfield, was used as a backdrop for the sequences on the ground.<ref>Santoir, Christian. [http://www.aeromovies.fr/articles.php?lng=en&pg=657&tconfig=0 "Review: Secret Weapons; Vo. Q Planes."] ''Aeromovies'' Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
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⚫ | <!--According to Richard Edwards, a film historian, the plot and budget were inspired by true events. In 1938, a prototype [[Vickers Wellesley]] a revolutionary bomber, which used the [[Fuselage|geodesic]] construction invented by [[Barnes Wallis]], disappeared over the English Channel during a test flight.<ref>Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2012/08/11/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma/ "Alexander Korda’s Real Life Spy Enigma".] ''richardedwards.info'', 11 August 2012. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> "The Air Ministry asked Lord Vansittart of Denham, chief of the British secret service, to initiate a search for the lost aircraft", wrote Richard Edwards on his film blog. "Part of the Wellesley's wreckage was supposedly found in a garage in Kiel and it was suggested that the ill-fated plane had been shot down by a German U-boat".<ref name= "Edwards">Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2015/04/14/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma-2/ "Alexander Korda's 1939 film 'Q Planes' caught up in a real life pre-war spy enigma."] ''richardedwards.info'', 14 April 2015. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> The British secret service were so sure of this, that they put money into the film to let the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} know they had discovered this. Lord Vansittart was, after all, a friend of executive producer Alexander Korda. After searching and finding pieces of the missing prototype, Vansittart asked Korda to make this film and provided Secret Service funds to help him do so.<ref name= "Edwards"/>fanciful-->Written and produced in September 1938, ''Q Planes'' was a quick project for Olivier, already bound for America and the filming of [[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|''Wuthering Heights'']] (1939). Richardson, who had encouraged Olivier to take the role of Heathcliff with his famous advice, "Bit of fame. Good.", was always better at comedy and dominates much of the screen, with a sardonic performance as a spy, either working for [[Scotland Yard]] or British [[Military Intelligence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Olivier|1y=1986|1p=261|2a1=Holden|2y=1990|2p=137|3a1=O'Connor|3y=1985|3p=106}} ''Q Planes'' is historically interesting for its contrast to later British war films and to Olivier's later film career. The film might be called the last of the "neutral Britain" spy comedies, which Hitchcock had pioneered in [[The 39 Steps (1935 film)|''The 39 Steps'']] (1935) and ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'' (1938). The tone of ''Q Planes'' blends a spy thriller with high-tech villains, sophisticated romance and rapid-fire comedy. The British later excelled at this genre in the James Bond films from the 1960s (Jack Whittington co-wrote [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']] [1965]) but here the comedic aspects are in contrast to the ardent, patriotic, sombre films that the British made once the [[Second World War]] began and the Germans, under Hitler, began to conquer Europe.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/britains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html#gallery "Britain's World War II films were more than just propaganda."] ''independent.co'', 22 October 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
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According to one film historian, the plot and budget were inspired by true events. In 1938, a revolutionary bomber, the [[Vickers Wellesley]] bomber prototype, which used the [[Fuselage|geodesic]] construction invented by [[Barnes Wallis]], disappeared over the English Channel during a test flight.<ref>Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2012/08/11/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma/ "Alexander Korda’s Real Life Spy Enigma".] ''richardedwards.info'', 11 August 2012. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> "The Air Ministry asked Lord Vansittart of Denham, chief of the British secret service, to initiate a search for the lost aircraft", wrote Richard Edwards on his film blog. "Part of the Wellesley's wreckage was supposedly found in a garage in Kiel and it was suggested that the ill-fated plane had been shot down by a German U-boat".<ref name= "Edwards">Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2015/04/14/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma-2/ "Alexander Korda's 1939 film 'Q Planes' caught up in a real life pre-war spy enigma."] ''richardedwards.info'', 14 April 2015. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> The British secret service were so sure of this, that they partially funded this film to let the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' know they had figured it out. Lord Vansittart was, after all, a friend of executive producer Alexander Korda. After searching and finding pieces of the missing prototype, Vansittart asked Korda to make this film and provided Secret Service funds to help him do so.<ref name= "Edwards"/> |
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⚫ | Written and produced in September 1938, ''Q Planes'' was a |
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==Reception== |
==Reception== |
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[[File:Airspeed AS.6 Envoy G-AHAC Private Charter RWY 1948 edited-2.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Airspeed Envoy}}]] |
[[File:Airspeed AS.6 Envoy G-AHAC Private Charter RWY 1948 edited-2.jpg|thumb|{{centre|[[Airspeed Envoy]]}}]] |
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''Q Planes'' was released in the U.S. as ''Clouds Over Europe'', on 30 June 1939.<ref name="AFI"/> Despite its subject, ''Q Planes'' is mainly a comedy, "a sort of [[The Thin Man (film)|''Thin Man'']] in an espionage setting", wrote ''[[Picturegoer]]''. The film received positive reviews, with much of its success due to Ralph Richardson, who cleverly held together the comedy and dramatic elements as Major Hammond. ''[[Kinematograph Weekly]]'' described ''Q Planes'' as "rousing espionage, romantic melodrama, staged in the best happy-go-lucky but pukka British tradition". |
''Q Planes'' was released in the U.S. as ''Clouds Over Europe'', on 30 June 1939.<ref name="AFI"/> Despite its subject, ''Q Planes'' is mainly a comedy, "a sort of [[The Thin Man (film)|''Thin Man'']] in an espionage setting", wrote ''[[Picturegoer]]''. The film received positive reviews, with much of its success due to Ralph Richardson, who cleverly held together the comedy and dramatic elements as Major Hammond. ''[[Kinematograph Weekly]]'' described ''Q Planes'' as "rousing espionage, romantic melodrama, staged in the best happy-go-lucky but pukka British tradition".{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=76}} [[C. A. Lejeune]] called the film "a bright, vigorous little picture, and Mr. Richardson's Major is the brightest thing in it. You should see it. You'll like it. It has savour". [[Leslie Halliwell]] called it a "lively, lovely thriller distinguished by a droll leading performance.{{sfn|Halliwell|Walker|Walker|2003|p=678}} |
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[[Dilys Powell]] wrote of Olivier that she recalled "being surprised that the actor made so slight an impression" and described him as "dashing but undistinguished". |
[[Dilys Powell]] wrote of Olivier that she recalled "being surprised that the actor made so slight an impression" and described him as "dashing but undistinguished".{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=22}} For Olivier scholars and fans, ''Q Planes'' shows the dramatic difference his subsequent American work with Wyler and Hitchcock made on his film acting. Here, Olivier is at the height of the glib, self-conscious acting style of the 15 pictures he had made before his work with Wyler.{{sfn|Spoto|1992|p=2,127}} Olivier wrote that it was only then that he learned to stop condescending to pictures as a mere paycheck between Shakespeare productions and instead master acting for the camera as its own form.{{sfn|Olivier|1986|pp=260–261}} |
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''[[The New York Times]]'' film critic [[Frank S. Nugent]] was initially put off by the film's new opening which, unlike the British release, reflected an ever-darkening scenario of war with Nazi Germany. Hoping to impress this on their reluctant American cousins, the executive producer Korda was Churchill's designated producer, in the filmic aspect of de-neutralising America. The film began with "shots of Commons, Parliament, the War Office, the India Office, No. 10 Downing Street and other imposing edifices", as described by Nugent. |
''[[The New York Times]]'' film critic [[Frank S. Nugent]] was initially put off by the film's new opening which, unlike the British release, reflected an ever-darkening scenario of war with Nazi Germany. Hoping to impress this on their reluctant American cousins, the executive producer Korda was Churchill's designated producer, in the filmic aspect of de-neutralising America. The film began with "shots of Commons, Parliament, the War Office, the India Office, No. 10 Downing Street and other imposing edifices", as described by Nugent.{{sfn|Korda|2002|pp=138–139}} "As an added touch of dignity and authority, a commentator's voice noted each building as it passed, spoke gravely of the burden of empire, of trade and population statistics, and of the might and wisdom of Britain's leaders …" Nugent expressed relief when this made-for-America preamble turns into the British comedy it originally was and praised it as "one of the wittiest and pleasantest comedies that have come a capering to the American screen this season".<ref>Nugent, Frank S. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE5DF1530E53ABC4E52DFB0668382629EDE "The Screen in Review: Comedy lifts its head again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 June 1939. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
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''Variety'' regarded the newsreel-style introduction as one of the film's "unusual, deft slants" and praised the film as an "excellent summer diversion.… Columbia has an easy winner in ''Clouds Over Europe'' which, despite the solemnity of its title, is strictly for comedy, albeit with a hint or two of anti-German propaganda tucked away". While noting the matinee value of Olivier, ''Variety'' reported that "the acting honors go — and at a gallop — to Ralph Richardson, playing a Scotland Yard eccentric". ''Variety'' reviewers also considered it had a "refreshing tongue-in-cheek attitude… Whole thing is bright, breezy and flavorsome".<ref name="Variety">[https://archive.org/stream/variety134-1939-06#page/n119/mode/1up "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Volume 135, issue 2, 21 June 1939, p. 16. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Less impressed was film critic [[John Mosher (writer)|John Mosher]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', who found in the film "a bigger allotment of very British small talk and that special brand of British whimsy which makes us here think at times that at least one of the clouds over England is this particular kind of humour".<ref>Mosher, John. [http://www.newyorker.com/ "The Current Cinema."] ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Volume XV, issue 18, 17 June 1939, p. 88. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
''Variety'' regarded the newsreel-style introduction as one of the film's "unusual, deft slants" and praised the film as an "excellent summer diversion.… Columbia has an easy winner in ''Clouds Over Europe'' which, despite the solemnity of its title, is strictly for comedy, albeit with a hint or two of anti-German propaganda tucked away". While noting the matinee value of Olivier, ''Variety'' reported that "the acting honors go — and at a gallop — to Ralph Richardson, playing a Scotland Yard eccentric". ''Variety'' reviewers also considered it had a "refreshing tongue-in-cheek attitude… Whole thing is bright, breezy and flavorsome".<ref name="Variety">[https://archive.org/stream/variety134-1939-06#page/n119/mode/1up "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Volume 135, issue 2, 21 June 1939, p. 16. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Less impressed was film critic [[John Mosher (writer)|John Mosher]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', who found in the film "a bigger allotment of very British small talk and that special brand of British whimsy which makes us here think at times that at least one of the clouds over England is this particular kind of humour".<ref>Mosher, John. [http://www.newyorker.com/ "The Current Cinema."] ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Volume XV, issue 18, 17 June 1939, p. 88. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
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==Influence== |
==Influence== |
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Richardson's dapper, insouciant secret agent was named, years later, as the model for the bowler-hatted upper-class British spy [[John Steed]] in the 1960s television series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', according to producer [[Brian Clemens]]. |
Richardson's dapper, insouciant secret agent was named, years later, as the model for the bowler-hatted upper-class British spy [[John Steed]] in the 1960s television series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', according to producer [[Brian Clemens]].{{sfn|Chapman|2002|p=61}} |
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==Home |
==Home media== |
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''Q Planes'' was released on video by Carlton Home Entertainment in 1991 and on [[DVD]] in April 2007.<ref>Q Planes, Alex J. [http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd "Q Planes comes to DVD."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044736/http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Cult TV'', 10 February 2014. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
''Q Planes'' was released on video by Carlton Home Entertainment in 1991 and on [[DVD]] in April 2007.<ref>Q Planes, Alex J. [http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd "Q Planes comes to DVD."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044736/http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Cult TV'', 10 February 2014. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* Aldgate |
* {{cite book |last1=Aldgate |first1=Anthony |last2=Richards |first2=Jeffrey |title=Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War |year=1994 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7486-0508-8}} |
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* {{cite magazine |last=Chapman |first=Llewella |title=The highest salary ever paid to a human being: Creating a Database of Film Costs from the Bank of England |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jbctv.2022.0643 |access-date=11 November 2024 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |magazine=Journal of British Cinema and Television |year=2022 |volume=19 |number=4 |issn=1743-4521}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Halliwell |first1=Leslie |author-link1=Leslie Halliwell |last2=Walker |first2=John |last3=Walker |first3=Leslie |title=Halliwell's Film Guide |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=Harper/Collins |edition=18th |isbn=978-0-00-714412-9}} |
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* {{cite magazine |last=Holland |first=Eunice |magazine=Cinegram |number=78 |title=Q Planes |year=1939 |publisher=Pilot Press |location=London |oclc=559349626}} |
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* [[Leslie Halliwell|Halliwell]], Leslie and John Walker. ''Halliwell's Film Guide''. London: Harper/Collins. 18th Edition. 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-00-714412-9}}. |
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* Morley |
* {{cite book |last=Morley |first=Margaret |title=The Films of Laurence Olivier |year=1977 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-8065-0879-5}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=Confessions of an Actor: An Autobiography |year=1982 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-6714-1701-7}} |
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* Olivier |
* {{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=On Acting |year=1986 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster (Touchstone) |isbn=978-0-6716-4562-5}} |
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* Olivier, Laurence. ''On Acting''. New York: Simon & Schuster (Touchstone), 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-6716-4562-5}}. |
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{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
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==Further reading== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{IMDb title|id=0031831}} |
* {{IMDb title|id=0031831}} |
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* {{AFI film | 4344 | Clouds Over Europe }} |
* {{AFI film | 4344 | Clouds Over Europe }} |
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* {{ |
* {{TCMDb title|id=71112|title=Clouds Over Europe}} |
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* {{amg title|id=10049|title=Clouds Over Europe}} |
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{{Arthur B. Woods}} |
{{Arthur B. Woods}} |
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[[Category:1939 films]] |
[[Category:1939 films]] |
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[[Category:1930s spy comedy films]] |
[[Category:1930s spy comedy films]] |
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[[Category:English-language films]] |
[[Category:1930s English-language films]] |
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[[Category:British spy comedy films]] |
[[Category:British spy comedy films]] |
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[[Category:British aviation films]] |
[[Category:British aviation films]] |
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[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jack Whittingham]] |
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jack Whittingham]] |
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[[Category:1939 comedy films]] |
[[Category:1939 comedy films]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:30, 22 December 2024
Q Planes | |
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Directed by | Tim Whelan Arthur B. Woods |
Written by | Brock Williams Jack Whittingham Ian Dalrymple |
Produced by | Irving Asher Executive producer: Alexander Korda |
Starring | Ralph Richardson Laurence Olivier Valerie Hobson |
Cinematography | Harry Stradling Sr. |
Edited by | Hugh Stewart |
Music by | Muir Mathieson |
Color process | Black and white |
Production company | Irving Asher Productions[1] |
Distributed by | Columbia Pictures (UK, US) |
Release date |
|
Running time | 82 minutes |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Budget | £67,502[2] |
Q Planes (known as Clouds Over Europe in the United States) is a 1939 British comedy spy film starring Ralph Richardson, Laurence Olivier and Valerie Hobson. Olivier and Richardson were a decade into their fifty-year friendship and were in the process of staging a theatrical version of Othello, with Richardson in the title role and Olivier as Iago, when this film was made.[3]
Q Planes was produced by Irving Asher, an American, with British film impresario Alexander Korda as executive producer.[4] The film was directed by an American, Tim Whelan (Sidewalks of London, and later in 1940, co-director of The Thief of Bagdad), who had lived in Britain since 1932, working for Korda at Denham Studios.
Plot
[edit]In September 1938, advanced British aircraft prototypes carrying experimental and secret equipment are vanishing with their crews on test flights. No one can fathom why, not even spymaster Major Hammond (Ralph Richardson) or his sister Kay (Valerie Hobson), a newspaper reporter, who is working undercover in the works canteen at the Barrett & Ward Aircraft Company.[5]
At first, Major Hammond is seen as an outsider at the aircraft factory, especially by Mr. Barrett, the owner (George Merritt), who is working under a government contract. Hammond soon finds a friend in star pilot, Tony McVane (Laurence Olivier), who helps him try to solve the case. Hammond becomes convinced that Jenkins (George Curzon), the company secretary at the factory, is a mole but Jenkins is killed by a gunman firing from a moving car before he can give up the names of his contacts.[6]
Tony returns to the aircraft factory, determined to make the next test flight. His aircraft, like the others, is brought down by a powerful ray from a mysterious salvage ship, S.S. Viking.[7] (Although the nationality of the crew and agents aboard the ship is only implied, it was understood by audiences that "All of the crew speak with German accents and little doubt is left who the villains are", wrote Variety.)[8]
The aircraft, Tony and the crew are taken on board Viking, where he discovers many other missing airmen who have suffered the same fate. Escaping from their prison, Tony leads them in an attempt to take control of the ship, gathering up weapons as they go. In London, Major Hammond learns the truth and directs a Royal Navy ship (HMS Echo) to go to their rescue. Kay and Tony form a relationship, while Hammond, who because of his job, has repeatedly cancelled plans with his lady friend, eventually meets her only to learn that she has married someone else.[9]
Cast
[edit]Film roles identified by order in the credits.[10][11]
- Laurence Olivier as Tony McVane
- Ralph Richardson as Major Charles Hammond
- Valerie Hobson as Kay Hammond
- George Curzon as Jenkins
- George Merritt as Barrett
- Gus McNaughton as Bleinkinsop
- David Tree as R. MacKenzie
- Sandra Storme as Daphne
- Hay Petrie as Stage Door Keeper
- Frank Fox as Karl
- George Butler as Sir Marshall Gosport
- Gordon McLeod as The Baron
- John Longden as John Peters
- Ronald Adam as Pollock, Airline Designer
- Ian Fleming as Air Minister
- Reginald Purdell as Pilot
- Roy Emerton as SS Viking First Mate
- David Farrar as SS Viking Mate
- John Laurie as Newspaper Editor
- Raymond Lovell as Company Manager
- Leslie Bradley as Assistant
Production
[edit]The film's working title was Foreign Sabotage.[10] Period airports and aircraft including the Airspeed Envoy, de Havilland Dragon Rapide and de Havilland Tiger Moth are featured in the aerial scenes. The Brooklands racetrack, which was also an important airfield, was used as a backdrop for the sequences on the ground.[12] Written and produced in September 1938, Q Planes was a quick project for Olivier, already bound for America and the filming of Wuthering Heights (1939). Richardson, who had encouraged Olivier to take the role of Heathcliff with his famous advice, "Bit of fame. Good.", was always better at comedy and dominates much of the screen, with a sardonic performance as a spy, either working for Scotland Yard or British Military Intelligence.[13] Q Planes is historically interesting for its contrast to later British war films and to Olivier's later film career. The film might be called the last of the "neutral Britain" spy comedies, which Hitchcock had pioneered in The 39 Steps (1935) and The Lady Vanishes (1938). The tone of Q Planes blends a spy thriller with high-tech villains, sophisticated romance and rapid-fire comedy. The British later excelled at this genre in the James Bond films from the 1960s (Jack Whittington co-wrote Thunderball [1965]) but here the comedic aspects are in contrast to the ardent, patriotic, sombre films that the British made once the Second World War began and the Germans, under Hitler, began to conquer Europe.[14]
Reception
[edit]Q Planes was released in the U.S. as Clouds Over Europe, on 30 June 1939.[10] Despite its subject, Q Planes is mainly a comedy, "a sort of Thin Man in an espionage setting", wrote Picturegoer. The film received positive reviews, with much of its success due to Ralph Richardson, who cleverly held together the comedy and dramatic elements as Major Hammond. Kinematograph Weekly described Q Planes as "rousing espionage, romantic melodrama, staged in the best happy-go-lucky but pukka British tradition".[1] C. A. Lejeune called the film "a bright, vigorous little picture, and Mr. Richardson's Major is the brightest thing in it. You should see it. You'll like it. It has savour". Leslie Halliwell called it a "lively, lovely thriller distinguished by a droll leading performance.[15]
Dilys Powell wrote of Olivier that she recalled "being surprised that the actor made so slight an impression" and described him as "dashing but undistinguished".[16] For Olivier scholars and fans, Q Planes shows the dramatic difference his subsequent American work with Wyler and Hitchcock made on his film acting. Here, Olivier is at the height of the glib, self-conscious acting style of the 15 pictures he had made before his work with Wyler.[17] Olivier wrote that it was only then that he learned to stop condescending to pictures as a mere paycheck between Shakespeare productions and instead master acting for the camera as its own form.[18]
The New York Times film critic Frank S. Nugent was initially put off by the film's new opening which, unlike the British release, reflected an ever-darkening scenario of war with Nazi Germany. Hoping to impress this on their reluctant American cousins, the executive producer Korda was Churchill's designated producer, in the filmic aspect of de-neutralising America. The film began with "shots of Commons, Parliament, the War Office, the India Office, No. 10 Downing Street and other imposing edifices", as described by Nugent.[19] "As an added touch of dignity and authority, a commentator's voice noted each building as it passed, spoke gravely of the burden of empire, of trade and population statistics, and of the might and wisdom of Britain's leaders …" Nugent expressed relief when this made-for-America preamble turns into the British comedy it originally was and praised it as "one of the wittiest and pleasantest comedies that have come a capering to the American screen this season".[20]
Variety regarded the newsreel-style introduction as one of the film's "unusual, deft slants" and praised the film as an "excellent summer diversion.… Columbia has an easy winner in Clouds Over Europe which, despite the solemnity of its title, is strictly for comedy, albeit with a hint or two of anti-German propaganda tucked away". While noting the matinee value of Olivier, Variety reported that "the acting honors go — and at a gallop — to Ralph Richardson, playing a Scotland Yard eccentric". Variety reviewers also considered it had a "refreshing tongue-in-cheek attitude… Whole thing is bright, breezy and flavorsome".[8] Less impressed was film critic John Mosher of The New Yorker, who found in the film "a bigger allotment of very British small talk and that special brand of British whimsy which makes us here think at times that at least one of the clouds over England is this particular kind of humour".[21]
Influence
[edit]Richardson's dapper, insouciant secret agent was named, years later, as the model for the bowler-hatted upper-class British spy John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers, according to producer Brian Clemens.[22]
Home media
[edit]Q Planes was released on video by Carlton Home Entertainment in 1991 and on DVD in April 2007.[23]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Morley 1977, p. 76.
- ^ Chapman 2022, p. 477.
- ^ Olivier 1982, p. 68.
- ^ Aldgate & Richards 1994, p. 79.
- ^ Holland 1939, p. 2.
- ^ Holland 1939, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Holland 1939, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'." Variety, Volume 135, issue 2, 21 June 1939, p. 16. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ Holland 1939, p. 4.
- ^ a b c "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'." AFI Catalog of Feature Films(American Film Institute). Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ "Review: 'Q Planes'." BFI Film & TV Database (British Film Institute). Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ Santoir, Christian. "Review: Secret Weapons; Vo. Q Planes." Aeromovies Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ Olivier 1986, p. 261; Holden 1990, p. 137; O'Connor 1985, p. 106.
- ^ "Britain's World War II films were more than just propaganda." independent.co, 22 October 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ Halliwell, Walker & Walker 2003, p. 678.
- ^ Morley 1977, p. 22.
- ^ Spoto 1992, p. 2,127.
- ^ Olivier 1986, pp. 260–261.
- ^ Korda 2002, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Nugent, Frank S. "The Screen in Review: Comedy lifts its head again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall." The New York Times, 16 June 1939. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ Mosher, John. "The Current Cinema." The New Yorker, Volume XV, issue 18, 17 June 1939, p. 88. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
- ^ Chapman 2002, p. 61.
- ^ Q Planes, Alex J. "Q Planes comes to DVD." Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Cult TV, 10 February 2014. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.
Bibliography
[edit]- Aldgate, Anthony; Richards, Jeffrey (1994). Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0508-8.
- Chapman, James (2002). Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s. Popular TV Genres. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-754-3.
- Chapman, Llewella (2022). "The highest salary ever paid to a human being: Creating a Database of Film Costs from the Bank of England". Journal of British Cinema and Television. Vol. 19, no. 4. Edinburgh University Press. ISSN 1743-4521. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- Halliwell, Leslie; Walker, John; Walker, Leslie (2003). Halliwell's Film Guide (18th ed.). London: Harper/Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-714412-9.
- Holden, Anthony (1990). Laurence Olivier. London: Collier Books. ISBN 978-0-7221-4857-0.
- Holland, Eunice (1939). "Q Planes". Cinegram. No. 78. London: Pilot Press. OCLC 559349626.
- Korda, Michael (2002) [1979]. Charmed Lives: A Family Romance (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-0600-8556-8.
- Morley, Margaret (1977). The Films of Laurence Olivier. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-0879-5.
- O'Connor, Gary (1985). Ralph Richardson: An Actor's Life. London: Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-8791-0038-4.
- Olivier, Laurence (1982). Confessions of an Actor: An Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-6714-1701-7.
- Olivier, Laurence (1986). On Acting. New York: Simon & Schuster (Touchstone). ISBN 978-0-6716-4562-5.
- Spoto, Donald (1992). Laurence Olivier: A Biography. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018315-8.
Further reading
[edit]- Barr, Charles, ed. (1986). All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0-85170-179-0.
- Coleman, Terry (2006) [2005]. Olivier: The Authorised Biography (2nd ed.). London: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-7475-7798-0.
- Murphy, Robert (2000). British Cinema and the Second World War. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-5139-2.
External links
[edit]- 1939 films
- 1930s spy comedy films
- 1930s English-language films
- British spy comedy films
- British aviation films
- British black-and-white films
- Columbia Pictures films
- Films directed by Arthur B. Woods
- Films directed by Tim Whelan
- Films with screenplays by Ian Dalrymple
- London Films films
- Films set in London
- Films set in Cornwall
- Films set in 1938
- Films with screenplays by Jack Whittingham
- 1939 comedy films
- 1930s British films