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{{Short description|Ottoman governor of Smederevo from c. 1462 to 1507}}
{{distinguish|Ali Beg Evrenosoglu}}
{{family name hatnote|Ali|Bey|[[Mihaloğlu]]|lang=Ottoman Turkish}}
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[[File:Hungarian post-Matthias succession wars (1490-94).jpg|150px|right|thumb|The Transylvanian campaign of Ali Bey Mihaloglu in 1493]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
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'''Ali Bey Mihaloğlu''' or '''Gazı Alauddin Alli bey Mihaloğlu''', (1425—1507)<ref>{{cite book|last=Popović|first=Tanya|title=Prince Marko: the hero of South Slavic epics|year=1988|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ok93aZ27r-oC&pg=PA163&dq=Ali+Beg+Mihaloglu&hl=en&ei=N_4BToGqG8bDtAaovZWuDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=22 June 2011|quote=... Ali Beg Mihal Oglu (1425-1507)}}</ref> was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] military commander in 15th century and the first [[sanjakbey]] of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]]. He was one of the descendants of [[Köse Mihal]], a [[Byzantine]] governor of Chirmenkia and battle companion of [[Osman Gazi]]. Some historians believed that epic figure of [[Alija Đerđelez]] was inspired by Ali Bey Mihaloglu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Škrijelj|first=Redžep|title=Alamanah 31-32|year=2005|location=Podgorica|url=http://www.almanah.co.me/Ostale/PDF/casopis/Almanah%2031-32.pdf|author=Redžep Škrijelj|accessdate=22 June 2011|page=156|language=Serbian|quote=Istoričari Stojan Novaković i Milenko Vukićević su postavili hipotezu da je Đerzelez Alija u stvari Ali-beg, prvi sandžak-beg Smedereva (Semendere) i Srbije po padu Despotovine (1459).}}</ref>
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Gazi]]
⚫
| name = Alauddin Mihaloğlu
| honorific_suffix = [[Bey]]
| native_name = Alauddin Mihaloğlu
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
⚫
| birth_date = 1425
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| death_date = 1507
| birth_place =
| death_place = [[Pleven]] (present-day Bulgaria)<ref>{{cite book|title=Srpski književni glasnik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBtEAAAAIAAJ|access-date=6 September 2013|page=337}}</ref>
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname = Ali
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flagu|Ottoman Empire|1383}}
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| servicenumber = <!--Do not use data from primary sources such as service records.-->
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Battle of Zvornik (1464)]]<br />[[Siege of Krujë (1478)]]<br />[[Battle of Breadfield]]<br />[[Serbian Expedition (1477)]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| spouse = <!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced -->
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
⚫
}}

'''Mihaloğlu Ali Bey''' or '''Gazi Alauddin Mihaloğlu Ali Bey''', (1425–1507)<ref>{{cite book|last=Popović|first=Tanya|title=Prince Marko: the hero of South Slavic epics|year=1988|publisher=Syracuse University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok93aZ27r-oC&q=Ali+Beg+Mihaloglu&pg=PA163|access-date=22 June 2011|quote=... Ali Beg Mihal Oglu (1425–1507)|isbn=9780815624448}}</ref> was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] military commander in 15th century and the first [[sanjakbey]] of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]]. He was one of the descendants of [[Köse Mihal]], a [[Byzantine]] governor of Chirmenkia and battle companion of [[Osman Gazi]].


==Career==
In 1459 he raided [[Transylvania]], province of Hungary but was beaten by [[Voivode#Hungary|Transylvanian voivode]] uncle of [[Matthias Corvinus|King Matthias]] and former Hungarian governor [[Michael Szilágyi]] at [[Futak]] and thus was forced to retreat.<ref name="Pallas1">{{cite book
In 1459 he raided [[Transylvania]], province of Hungary but was beaten by the [[Voivode of Transylvania|Transylvanian voivode]], uncle of [[Matthias Corvinus|King Matthias]] and former [[Regent of Hungary]] [[Michael Szilágyi]] at [[Futak]], and thus was forced to retreat.<ref name="Pallas1">{{cite book
|author = Gerő Lajos
|author = Gerő Lajos
|title = Pallas Nagylexikon
|title = Pallas Nagylexikon
|trans_title= Grand Lexicon of Pallas
|trans-title=Grand Lexicon of Pallas
|publisher = Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Rt
|publisher = Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Rt
|location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
|location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
|url = http://mek.niif.hu/00000/00060/html/097/pc009704.html
|chapter-url = http://mek.niif.hu/00000/00060/html/097/pc009704.html
|language = Hungarian
|language = Hungarian
|accessdate = June 27, 2011
|access-date =27 June 2011
|chapter = Szilágyi
|chapter = Szilágyi
|year = 1897
|year = 1897
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


In 1460 when he was able to capture the small advancing army of Szilágyi at [[Posasin]]. He transferred the prisoner to [[Istambul]] to have him decapitated by the orders of the Sultan.<ref name="Pallas1" />
In 1460 he was able to capture the small advancing army of Szilágyi at [[Pojejena]]. He transferred the prisoner to [[Constantinople]] to have him decapitated by the orders of the Sultan.<ref name="Pallas1" />


In 1460 Ali Bey was [[Subashi|subasi]] of the Güvercinlik ([[Golubac]], today in [[Serbia]]) and sanjakbey of the [[Sanjak of Vidin]] later that year. He was appointed for sanjakbey of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]] in 1462/1463.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gradeva|first=Rositsa|title=Rumeli under the Ottomans, 15th-18th centuries: institutions and communities|year=2004|publisher=Isis Press|isbn=9789754282719|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SiNpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ali+Bey+Mihaloglu+was+the+subasi+of+the+district+residing+in+Giivercinlik%22&dq=%22Ali+Bey+Mihaloglu+was+the+subasi+of+the+district+residing+in+Giivercinlik%22&hl=en&ei=sUgETpmaEcqz8QOxn-jRDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA|author=Rositsa Gradeva|accessdate=24 June 2011|page=26|quote=In 1460, Ali Bey Mihaloglu was the subasi of the district residing in Giivercinlik [Golubac, Serbia]. Later during the same year he became the sancakbey of Vidin for the first time. In 1462-63, he became sancakbey of Semendire}}</ref>
In 1460 Ali Bey became the [[Subaşi|subasi]] of the Güvercinlik ([[Golubac]], today in [[Serbia]]). During one of his expeditions to Banat in 1460 he captured [[Michael Szilágyi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Suvajdžić |first=Boško |title=Three good heroes |journal=Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor |year=2004 |volume=70 |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-6673/2004/0350-66730404027S.pdf |access-date=9 September 2013 |page=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013185549/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-6673/2004/0350-66730404027S.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> Later that year sultan awarded him for this success and appointed him as the sanjakbey of the [[Sanjak of Vidin]].<ref name="Gradeva 2004 26">{{cite book|last=Gradeva|first=Rositsa|title=Rumeli under the Ottomans, 15th–18th centuries: institutions and communities|year=2004|publisher=Isis Press|isbn=978-975-428-271-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiNpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ali+Bey+Mihaloglu+was+the+subasi+of+the+district+residing+in+Giivercinlik%22|access-date=24 June 2011|page=26|quote=In 1460, Ali Bey Mihaloglu was the subasi of the district residing in Giivercinlik [Golubac, Serbia]. Later during the same year he became the sancakbey of Vidin for the first time. In 1462–63, he became sancakbey of Semendire}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Prilozi proučavanju narodne poezije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gifaAAAAMAAJ|year=1935|page=123|quote=1460 у боју код данашњег Базијаша по- тукао је Мађаре и заробио њиховог вођу Михаила Силађија (Свило- јевић у нар. песмама), те је од султана као награду добио Видински санџак.}}</ref> He was appointed as sanjakbey of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]] in 1462/1463.<ref name="Gradeva 2004 26"/>


In 1462 already the bey of Smederevo he was constantly harrassing the [[Torontál County]] of Hungary but withdrew southwards after the reinforcements of Micheal of Szokoly and Peter of Szokoly arrived into the area.<ref name="Borovszky">{{cite book
In 1462, as the bey of Smederevo, he constantly harassed the [[Torontál County]] of Hungary but withdrew southwards after the reinforcements of Micheal of Szokoly and Peter of Szokoly arrived into the area.<ref name="Borovszky">{{cite book
|author = Samu Borovszky
|author = Samu Borovszky
|coauthors = János Sziklay, Dezső Csánki
|author2=János Sziklay |author3=Dezső Csánki
|title = Magyarország vármegyéi és városai
|title = Magyarország vármegyéi és városai
|trans_title= Countries and towns of Hungary
|trans-title=Countries and towns of Hungary
|publisher = Országos Monográfia Társaság,
|publisher = Országos Monográfia Társaság
|location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
|location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
|url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09500/09536/html/0024/14.html
|chapter-url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09500/09536/html/0024/14.html
|language = Hungarian
|language = Hungarian
|accessdate = June 27, 2011
|access-date =27 June 2011
|chapter = A mohácsi vésztől napjainkig
|chapter = A mohácsi vésztől napjainkig
|year = 1898
|year = 1898
|isbn = 963 9374 91 1
|isbn = 978-963-9374-91-1
|trans_chapter = from the Battle of Mohács to present day
|trans-chapter=from the Battle of Mohács to present day
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


In 1463 he assisted [[Mehmet II]] in his attack on [[Bosnia]] with a distraction attack on King Matthias in [[Syrmia]], but was pushed back by Andrew Pongrácz high [[cup-bearer]] of Hungary. He suddenly made a flanking move to the heart of Hungary until he reached [[Temesvár]], where he ran into John Pongrácz Voivode of Transylvania and was defeated in a close battle.<ref name="Borovszky" />
In 1463 he assisted [[Mehmet II]] in his attack on [[Bosnia]] with a distraction attack on King Matthias in [[Syrmia]], but was pushed back by Andrew Pongrácz, the high [[cup-bearer]] of Hungary. He suddenly made a flanking move into the heart of Hungary and reached [[Temesvár]], where he ran into John Pongrácz, Voivode of Transylvania and was defeated in a close battle.<ref name="Borovszky" />


On february 7, 1474, [[Mihaloğlu Ali Bey]] unexpectedly attacked the town of [[Oradea|Várad]]. Ahead of his 7 000 horsemen, he broke through its wooden fences and pillaged the town, burned the houses and took the population as prisoners. Their goal was to rob the treasury of the episcopate, but were resisted by the refugees and clergy in the bishop's castle (at the time the bishop's rank was absent, and no records mention the identity of a possible Hungarian captain). The town fell but the castle stood, forcing the Ottomans to give up the fight after one day of siege. While retreating, they devastated the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite book
On 7 February 1474, Ali Bey Mihaloğlu unexpectedly attacked the town of [[Oradea|Várad]]. At the head of his 7,000 horsemen, he broke through its wooden fences and pillaged the town, burned the houses and took the population as prisoners. Their goal was to rob the treasury of the episcopate, but were resisted by the refugees and clergy in the bishop's castle (at the time the bishop's rank was absent, and no records mention the identity of a possible Hungarian captain). The town fell but the castle stood, forcing the Ottomans to give up the fight after one day of siege. While retreating, they devastated the surrounding areas.
Mihaloğlu Ali Bey, whose next task was to capture [[Vlad the Impaler|Vlad]] and kill him, trapped Vlad and his men with 300 Raiders{{clarify|reason=Why capital R?|date=July 2023}} under her{{clarify|reason=Who's that lady?|date=July 2023}} command. Vlad's head was cut with his own sword and sent to Istanbul to Fatih Sultan Mehmet{{dubious|reason=None of that is accepted by historians. See article on Vlad. Wiki the wrong place for legends presented as historical fact.|date=July 2023}}.<ref>{{cite book
|author = Bunyitay Vincze,
|author = Bunyitay Vincze
|title = A váradi püspökség története (''Epistolario di Pier Paolo Vergerio'')
|title = A váradi püspökség története (''Epistolario di Pier Paolo Vergerio'')
|trans_title = History of the episcopate of Várad
|trans-title=History of the episcopate of Várad
|publisher = Episcopate of Várad
|publisher = Episcopate of Várad
|location = [[Nagyvárad]], [[Hungary]]
|location = [[Nagyvárad]], Hungary
|url = http://mek.niif.hu/04700/04735/html/57.html
|url = http://mek.niif.hu/04700/04735/html/57.html
|accessdate = 20 October 2010
|access-date =20 October 2010
|language = Hungarian
|language = Hungarian
|year =
|year = 1883–1884
|origyear = 1883-1884
|isbn =
|isbn =
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


In 1476 Ali was joined by his brother [[Iskender Bey]] as he departed Smederevo and crossed the [[Danube]] ahead of 5000 [[spahi]]s making a second attempt to reach Temesvár. He was confronted by the Hungarian nobility at [[Pajejena]]. He suffered an utter defeat and barely escaped in a small boat. The Hungarians chased him to valley on the opposite bank of the river where they released all the previously captured Hungarian prisoners and also took 250 Ottoman captives. <ref>{{cite book
In 1476 Ali was joined by his brother [[Skender Pasha]] as he departed from Smederevo and crossed the [[Danube]] ahead of 5,000 [[spahi]]s making a second attempt to reach Temesvár. He was confronted by the Hungarian nobility at [[Pančevo]]. He suffered an utter defeat and barely escaped in a small boat. The Hungarians chased him into the valley on the opposite bank of the [[Nadela]] where they liberated all the previously captured Hungarian prisoners and also took 250 Ottoman captives.<ref>{{cite book
|author = Franz Babinger
|author = Franz Babinger
|title = Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
|title = Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
|publisher = Princeton University Press
|publisher = Princeton University Press
|location = [[New Jersey]], USA
|location = [[New Jersey]], USA
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA302&hl=hu&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA302
|accessdate = 28 June 2011
|access-date = 28 June 2011
|year = 1978
|year = 1978
|page = [https://archive.org/details/mehmedconqueror00fran/page/349 349]
|page = 349
|chapter = IX.
|chapter = IX.
|isbn =0 691 09900 6
|isbn = 978-0-691-09900-2
|url-access = registration
⚫
}}</ref>
|url = https://archive.org/details/mehmedconqueror00fran/page/349
⚫
}}</ref>


In 1478 he joined [[Ömer Bey Turahanoğlu]] when he attacked Venetian possessions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Acta Viennensia Ottomanica|year=1999|publisher=Selbstverlag des Instituts für Orientalistik|isbn=9783900345051|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7JRpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ali+Bey+Mihaloglu%22&dq=%22Ali+Bey+Mihaloglu%22&hl=en&ei=V3AETuGBBMm68gOWlJXaDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw|editor=Markus Köhbach, Gisela Procházka-Eisl, Claudia Römer|page=287|accessdate=24 June 2011|quote=In November 1477 Ömer bey Turahanoglu crossed the Venetian border and he repeated his attack the following year together with Ali bey Mihaloglu,}}</ref>
In 1478 he joined [[Ömer Bey Turahanoğlu]] when he attacked Venetian possessions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Acta Viennensia Ottomanica|year=1999|publisher=Selbstverlag des Instituts für Orientalistik|isbn=978-3-900345-05-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JRpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ali+Bey+Mihaloglu%22|editor1=Markus Köhbach |editor2=Gisela Procházka-Eisl |editor3=Claudia Römer |page=287|access-date=24 June 2011|quote=In November 1477 Ömer bey Turahanoglu crossed the Venetian border and he repeated his attack the following year together with Ali bey Mihaloglu,}}</ref>


In 1479 Ali Bey launched his biggest attack on the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. He led his army over the [[Szászsebes]] region, pillaged [[Gyulafehérvár]], but was stopped by [[Pál Kinizsi]] in the [[Battle of Breadfield]].<ref name="soros">{{cite book
In 1479 Ali Bey launched his biggest attack on the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. He led his army over the [[Szászsebes]] region, pillaged [[Gyulafehérvár]], but was stopped by [[Pál Kinizsi]] in the [[Battle of Breadfield]].<ref name="soros">{{cite book
|author = László Makkai
|author = László Makkai
|title = History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606
|title = History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606
|url = http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/1.html
|chapter-url = http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/1.html
|accessdate =June 27, 2011
|access-date =27 June 2011
|publisher = Columbia University Press
|publisher = Columbia University Press
|location = [[New York]], USA
|location = New York City
|year = 2001
|year = 2001
|isbn = 0-88033-479-7
|isbn = 978-0-88033-479-2
|chapter = The Hunyadi Family
|chapter = The Hunyadi Family
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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[[File:Hungarian post-Matthias succession wars (1490-94).jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Transylvanian campaign of Ali Bey Mihaloglu in 1493]]

In the end of 1492 [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian voivode]] [[Vlad Călugărul]] had already warned the Hungarians of a possible Ottoman offensive from [[Transylvania]]. In an attempt to dispose the pro-Hungarian voivode [[Bayezid II]] marched through Wallachia to enter into Hungary. They passed through the Rotenturm passage and trun to inner Transylvania along the [[Olt River]]. At the time the region lacked a legitime voivode, but the vice-voivode Stephen Telegdy took up the arms and blocked the passage to face the unaware Ottomans on their way back. They manage to recuperate the plunder and captives and caused the Ottoman forces heavy losses (a couple thousand casulties). However after the death of his father Vlad, pro-Ottoman [[Radu IV the Great]] replaced him in 1495.<ref name="Bánlaky">{{cite book
By the end of 1492 [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Wallachian voivode]] [[Vlad Călugărul]] had already warned the Hungarians of a possible Ottoman offensive from Transylvania. In an attempt to dispose the pro-Hungarian voivode, [[Bayezid II]] marched through Wallachia to enter into Hungary. They passed through the [[Turnu Roșu Pass|Rotenturm Pass]] and turned towards inner Transylvania along the [[Olt River]]. At the time the region lacked a legitimate voivode, but the [[Vice-voivode of Transylvania|vice-voivode]] [[Stephen Telegdi]] took up arms and blocked the passage to face the unaware Ottomans on their way back. They managed to retake the plunder and captives and caused the Ottoman forces heavy losses (a couple of thousand casualties). However, after the death of his father Vlad, pro-Ottoman [[Radu IV the Great]] replaced him in 1495.<ref name="Bánlaky">{{cite book
|author = József Bánlaky
|author = József Bánlaky
|title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
|title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
|trans_title = Military history of the Hungarian nation
|trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
|url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0012/893.html
|chapter-url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0012/893.html
|accessdate =June 16, 2011
|access-date =16 June 2011
|publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
|publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
|location = [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
|location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
|year = 1929
|year = 1929
|language = Hungarian
|language = Hungarian
|isbn = 963 86118 7 1
|isbn = 978-963-86118-7-1
|chapter = A törökök 1493. évi erdélyi betörése.
|chapter = A törökök 1493. évi erdélyi betörése.
|trans_chapter = Turkish invasion in 1493 into Transylvania
|trans-chapter=Turkish invasion in 1493 into Transylvania
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


== References ==
==Legacy==
⚫
Some historians believed that the epic figure of [[Alija Đerđelez]] was inspired by Ali Bey Mihaloglu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Škrijelj|first=Redžep|title=Alamanah 31–32|year=2005|location=Podgorica|url=http://www.almanah.co.me/Ostale/PDF/casopis/Almanah%2031-32.pdf|access-date=22 June 2011|page=156|language=Serbian|quote=Istoričari Stojan Novaković i Milenko Vukićević su postavili hipotezu da je Đerzelez Alija u stvari Ali-beg, prvi sandžak-beg Smedereva (Semendere) i Srbije po padu Despotovine (1459).}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}


Mihaloğlu's ''[[katib]]'' [[Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi]] that accompanied him in his battles wrote ''Gazavatnam Mihaloğlu'', a 15,000 line epic poem from which 2,000 survived.<ref name="Cukiq">{{citation| pages=157–158| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y60YAgAAQBAJ&q=Prizrenasi+Suzi+%C3%87elebi&pg=PA158|author=Dragan Ćukić| title=Kosova: Monumentet dhe bukuritë|trans-title=Kosovo: Monuments and attractions| language=Albanian|publisher=Lidhja turistike e Kosovës|year=1971|oclc=51465527}}</ref> Although the poem was intended to be an epic military chronicle, Çelebi infused it with florid language in order to make it as attractive as a [[lyric poetry|lyric one]].<ref name="Elsie">{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fnbw1wsacSAC&q=Prizrenasi+Suzi+%C3%87elebi&pg=PA176| page=176| author=Robert Elsie|title=Historical Dictionary of Kosova| edition=1|series=Historical Dictionaries of Europe| number=44|publisher=Scarecrow Press| year=2004|isbn=978-0-8108-5309-6}}</ref>
⚫
== External links ==
⚫
*[http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2007/dikici_ayse.pdf Analysis of a poem dedicated to Ali Bey Mihaloğlu]


== References ==
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
⚫
| NAME = Ali Beg Mihaloğlu
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Military commander and [[akıncı]] in the army of [[Ottoman Empire]]
⚫
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1425
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
⚫
| DATE OF DEATH = 1507
| PLACE OF DEATH =
⚫
}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mihaloğlu, Ali Beg}}
⚫
[[Category:15th-century Ottoman people]]
⚫
[[Category:Ottoman military personnel]]


==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia | first = Fahamettin | last = Başar | title = Mihaloğulları | pages = 24–25 | encyclopedia = [[Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi|Islam Ansiklopedisi]], Vol. 30 (Misra - Muhammediye) | year = 2005 | location = Istanbul | publisher = Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi | language = Turkish | isbn = 9789753894258 | url = http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c30/c300018.pdf }}
* {{EI2 | volume=7 | title = Mīk̲h̲āl-Og̲h̲lu | first = Franz | last = Babinger | authorlink = Franz Babinger | pages = 34–35 | doi =10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5193 }}


⚫
== External links ==
{{Ottoman-stub}}
⚫
*[http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2007/dikici_ayse.pdf Analysis of a poem dedicated to Ali Bey Mihaloğlu]


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mihaloglu, Ali Beg}}
[[it:Ali Bey Mihaloglu]]
⚫
[[Category:15th-century Ottoman military personnel]]
[[Category:1425 births]]
[[Category:1507 deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:Ottoman governors of Smederevo]]
[[Category:Mihaloğulları|Ali]]
[[Category:15th-century governors]]
[[Category:15th-century governors of the Ottoman Empire]]

Latest revision as of 05:10, 22 December 2024

In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Ali, the title is Bey, and the family name is Mihaloğlu.

Gazi

Alauddin Mihaloğlu

Bey
Native name
Alauddin Mihaloğlu
Nickname(s)Ali
Born1425
Died1507
Pleven (present-day Bulgaria)[1]
Allegiance Ottoman Empire
Battles / warsBattle of Zvornik (1464)
Siege of Krujë (1478)
Battle of Breadfield
Serbian Expedition (1477)

Mihaloğlu Ali Bey or Gazi Alauddin Mihaloğlu Ali Bey, (1425–1507)[2] was an Ottoman military commander in 15th century and the first sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Smederevo. He was one of the descendants of Köse Mihal, a Byzantine governor of Chirmenkia and battle companion of Osman Gazi.

Career

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In 1459 he raided Transylvania, province of Hungary but was beaten by the Transylvanian voivode, uncle of King Matthias and former Regent of Hungary Michael Szilágyi at Futak, and thus was forced to retreat.[3]

In 1460 he was able to capture the small advancing army of Szilágyi at Pojejena. He transferred the prisoner to Constantinople to have him decapitated by the orders of the Sultan.[3]

In 1460 Ali Bey became the subasi of the Güvercinlik (Golubac, today in Serbia). During one of his expeditions to Banat in 1460 he captured Michael Szilágyi.[4] Later that year sultan awarded him for this success and appointed him as the sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Vidin.[5][6] He was appointed as sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Smederevo in 1462/1463.[5]

In 1462, as the bey of Smederevo, he constantly harassed the Torontál County of Hungary but withdrew southwards after the reinforcements of Micheal of Szokoly and Peter of Szokoly arrived into the area.[7]

In 1463 he assisted Mehmet II in his attack on Bosnia with a distraction attack on King Matthias in Syrmia, but was pushed back by Andrew Pongrácz, the high cup-bearer of Hungary. He suddenly made a flanking move into the heart of Hungary and reached Temesvár, where he ran into John Pongrácz, Voivode of Transylvania and was defeated in a close battle.[7]

On 7 February 1474, Ali Bey Mihaloğlu unexpectedly attacked the town of Várad. At the head of his 7,000 horsemen, he broke through its wooden fences and pillaged the town, burned the houses and took the population as prisoners. Their goal was to rob the treasury of the episcopate, but were resisted by the refugees and clergy in the bishop's castle (at the time the bishop's rank was absent, and no records mention the identity of a possible Hungarian captain). The town fell but the castle stood, forcing the Ottomans to give up the fight after one day of siege. While retreating, they devastated the surrounding areas. Mihaloğlu Ali Bey, whose next task was to capture Vlad and kill him, trapped Vlad and his men with 300 Raiders[clarification needed] under her[clarification needed] command. Vlad's head was cut with his own sword and sent to Istanbul to Fatih Sultan Mehmet[dubious – discuss].[8]

In 1476 Ali was joined by his brother Skender Pasha as he departed from Smederevo and crossed the Danube ahead of 5,000 spahis making a second attempt to reach Temesvár. He was confronted by the Hungarian nobility at Pančevo. He suffered an utter defeat and barely escaped in a small boat. The Hungarians chased him into the valley on the opposite bank of the Nadela where they liberated all the previously captured Hungarian prisoners and also took 250 Ottoman captives.[9]

In 1478 he joined Ömer Bey Turahanoğlu when he attacked Venetian possessions.[10]

In 1479 Ali Bey launched his biggest attack on the Kingdom of Hungary. He led his army over the Szászsebes region, pillaged Gyulafehérvár, but was stopped by Pál Kinizsi in the Battle of Breadfield.[11]

The Transylvanian campaign of Ali Bey Mihaloglu in 1493

By the end of 1492 Wallachian voivode Vlad Călugărul had already warned the Hungarians of a possible Ottoman offensive from Transylvania. In an attempt to dispose the pro-Hungarian voivode, Bayezid II marched through Wallachia to enter into Hungary. They passed through the Rotenturm Pass and turned towards inner Transylvania along the Olt River. At the time the region lacked a legitimate voivode, but the vice-voivode Stephen Telegdi took up arms and blocked the passage to face the unaware Ottomans on their way back. They managed to retake the plunder and captives and caused the Ottoman forces heavy losses (a couple of thousand casualties). However, after the death of his father Vlad, pro-Ottoman Radu IV the Great replaced him in 1495.[12]

Legacy

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Some historians believed that the epic figure of Alija Đerđelez was inspired by Ali Bey Mihaloglu.[13]

Mihaloğlu's katib Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi that accompanied him in his battles wrote Gazavatnam Mihaloğlu, a 15,000 line epic poem from which 2,000 survived.[14] Although the poem was intended to be an epic military chronicle, Çelebi infused it with florid language in order to make it as attractive as a lyric one.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Srpski književni glasnik. p. 337. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  2. ^ Popović, Tanya (1988). Prince Marko: the hero of South Slavic epics. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815624448. Retrieved 22 June 2011. ... Ali Beg Mihal Oglu (1425–1507)
  3. ^ a b Gerő Lajos (1897). "Szilágyi". Pallas Nagylexikon [Grand Lexicon of Pallas] (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Rt. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  4. ^ Suvajdžić, Boško (2004). "Three good heroes" (PDF). Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor. 70: 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  5. ^ a b Gradeva, Rositsa (2004). Rumeli under the Ottomans, 15th–18th centuries: institutions and communities. Isis Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-975-428-271-9. Retrieved 24 June 2011. In 1460, Ali Bey Mihaloglu was the subasi of the district residing in Giivercinlik [Golubac, Serbia]. Later during the same year he became the sancakbey of Vidin for the first time. In 1462–63, he became sancakbey of Semendire
  6. ^ Prilozi proučavanju narodne poezije. 1935. p. 123. 1460 у боју код данашњег Базијаша по- тукао је Мађаре и заробио њиховог вођу Михаила Силађија (Свило- јевић у нар. песмама), те је од султана као награду добио Видински санџак.
  7. ^ a b Samu Borovszky; János Sziklay; Dezső Csánki (1898). "A mohácsi vésztől napjainkig" [from the Battle of Mohács to present day]. Magyarország vármegyéi és városai [Countries and towns of Hungary] (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Országos Monográfia Társaság. ISBN 978-963-9374-91-1. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  8. ^ Bunyitay Vincze (1883–1884). A váradi püspökség története (Epistolario di Pier Paolo Vergerio) [History of the episcopate of Várad] (in Hungarian). Nagyvárad, Hungary: Episcopate of Várad. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  9. ^ Franz Babinger (1978). "IX.". Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-691-09900-2. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  10. ^ Markus Köhbach; Gisela Procházka-Eisl; Claudia Römer, eds. (1999). Acta Viennensia Ottomanica. Selbstverlag des Instituts für Orientalistik. p. 287. ISBN 978-3-900345-05-1. Retrieved 24 June 2011. In November 1477 Ömer bey Turahanoglu crossed the Venetian border and he repeated his attack the following year together with Ali bey Mihaloglu,
  11. ^ László Makkai (2001). "The Hunyadi Family". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-479-2. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  12. ^ József Bánlaky (1929). "A törökök 1493. évi erdélyi betörése." [Turkish invasion in 1493 into Transylvania]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [Military history of the Hungarian nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata. ISBN 978-963-86118-7-1. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  13. ^ Škrijelj, Redžep (2005). Alamanah 31–32 (PDF) (in Serbian). Podgorica. p. 156. Retrieved 22 June 2011. Istoričari Stojan Novaković i Milenko Vukićević su postavili hipotezu da je Đerzelez Alija u stvari Ali-beg, prvi sandžak-beg Smedereva (Semendere) i Srbije po padu Despotovine (1459).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Dragan Ćukić (1971), Kosova: Monumentet dhe bukuritë [Kosovo: Monuments and attractions] (in Albanian), Lidhja turistike e Kosovës, pp. 157–158, OCLC 51465527
  15. ^ Robert Elsie (2004), Historical Dictionary of Kosova, Historical Dictionaries of Europe (1 ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 176, ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6

Sources

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