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{{Short description|Bruneian government ministry}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Health
| name = Ministry of Health
| native_name = ''Kementerian Kesihatan''
| native_name = {{Lang|ms|Kementerian Kesihatan}}
| type = Ministry
| type = Ministry
| logo = Emblem of Brunei.svg
| seal =
| logo_caption = National emblem of Brunei
| logo =
| formed =
| formed = {{Start date|1984|01|01|df=yes}}
| jurisdiction =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Brunei]]
| headquarters = [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]]
| employees =
| coordinates = {{Coord|4.920762|114.944952|region:BN_type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| budget =
| employees = 5,958 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2024 |title=PERANGKAAN PERKHIDMATAN AWAM SEHINGGA 31 MAC 2024 MENGIKUT KEMENTERIAN |url=https://www.jpa.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/Statistik/Statistic%20WPA/2024/WPA%20as%20of%2031%20Mar%202024.pdf |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[Public Service Department (Brunei)|Public Service Department]] |language=ms}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Zulkarnain Hanafi]]
| budget = {{increase}}$392 million [[Brunei dollar|BND]] (2022)
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Health]]
| minister1_name = [[Isham Jaafar|Mohd Isham Jaafar]]{{efn|name=Isham}}
| chief1_name =
| minister1_pfo = Minister
| chief1_position =
| website = {{URL|https://www.moh.gov.bn}}
| chief2_name =
| footnotes = <ref name="Rasidah 1.3.2022" /><ref name="Permata 1.12.2017" /><ref name="Scoop 7.6.2022" />
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| website = http://www.moh.gov.bn
}}
}}
The '''Ministry of Health''' ('''MOH''' or '''MoH'''; {{Langx|ms|Kementerian Kesihatan}}) is a [[cabinet of Brunei|cabinet-level ministry]] in the [[government of Brunei]] which oversees the [[health system]] in the country. It is currently led by a minister and the incumbent is [[Isham Jaafar|Mohd Isham Jaafar]],{{efn|name=Isham|His current official [[Malay styles and titles|Malay name]] is {{lang|ms|Dato Seri Setia Dr. Awang Haji Md. Isham bin Haji Jaafar}}.<ref name="Khairulanwar 8.6.2022">{{cite news |first=Muhammad Khairulanwar |last=Ali Rahman |title=Perlantikan, Pertukaran Menteri Kabinet, Timbalan Menteri |newspaper=Pelita Brunei |issue=67 #69 |publication-date=8 June 2022 |pages=3–4 |language=ms |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2022/PELITA%20BRUNEI%2008062022.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>}} who took office since 1 December 2017.<ref name="Permata 1.12.2017">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Pelantikan, pertukaran menteri dan pegawai kanan baru |date=1 December 2017 |work=Media Permata Online |language=ms |url=https://mediapermata.com.bn/pelantikan-pertukaran-menteri-dan-pegawai-kanan-baru/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724153528/https://mediapermata.com.bn/pelantikan-pertukaran-menteri-dan-pegawai-kanan-baru/ |archive-date=24 July 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Scoop 7.6.2022">{{cite news |author=The Scoop |title=HM announces major cabinet shakeup — full list of appointees |date=7 June 2022 |work=The Scoop |url=https://thescoop.co/2022/06/07/hm-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-full-list-of-new-appointees/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702120438/https://thescoop.co/2022/06/07/hm-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-full-list-of-new-appointees/ |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}</ref> The ministry is headquartered in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]].


== History ==
The '''Ministry of Health''' ({{Lang-ms|'''Kementerian Kesihatan'''}}), abbreviated as '''{{Abbr|MOH|Ministry of Health}}''', is a ministry of the [[Government of Brunei]] which oversees [[health system]] in the country. The Ministry of Health is headed by a Minister, in which it is currently presided by [[Zulkarnain Hanafi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/CV/minister-of-health.aspx|title=Ministry of Health|website=www.moh.gov.bn|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref>
One physician from Europe was engaged by the medical service in 1939. In the reports that are available, no other doctors are named. Moreover, one student [[midwife]] and three midwives.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJh5ERFXsS8C&dq=HEad+of+Medical+and+Health+Brunei&pg=RA10-PA14 |title=War Department Technical Bulletin: TB med |date=1944 |publisher=The Department. |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> As of 1949, an officer of the Malayan Medical Service, which has its headquarters in [[Brunei Town]], is in charge of overseeing medical and health management throughout the nation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Great Britain Colonial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHFEDWheazEC&dq=HEad+of+Medical+and+Health+Brunei&pg=PA101 |title=The Colonial Office List |date=1949 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> Early in 1965, the Brunei Medical and Health Department launched the region's first government "flying doctor service," continuing a [[British Army]] practice of delivering medical care to rural residents.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QVJAQAAMAAJ&dq=HEad+of+Medical+and+Health+Brunei&pg=PA3 |title=Background notes, Brunei Darussalam |date=1985 |publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
The ministry oversees four government hospitals and 60 [[community health centre|health centres]] and clinics nationwide.{{efn|as of 2019}}<ref name="Henderson 19.6.2019">{{cite news |first=James |last=Henderson |title=Inside Brunei's cutting-edge e-health system, built by DXC |date=19 June 2019 |work=Channel Asia |url=https://www.channelasia.tech/article/663103/inside-brunei-cutting-edge-e-health-system-built-by-dxc/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723083400/https://www.channelasia.tech/article/699519/google-cloud-previews-advanced-new-api-security-features/ |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>

As of 2017, the ministry has been responsible in enforcing 11 [[legislation]]s related to [[public health]], [[healthcare professionals]] (including dentists, midwives, nurses and pharmacists), [[infectious diseases]], [[medication|medicines]], [[mental health]], poison, and [[tobacco]].<ref name="MOH legislation">{{cite web |url=https://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/Acts%20and%20Regulations.aspx |title=Ministry of Health - Acts and Regulations |website=www.moh.gov.bn |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723073434/https://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/Acts%20and%20Regulations.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>

The ministry manages the Brunei Healthcare Information Management System, commonly known as Bru-HIMS,{{efn|also spelt BruHIMS}} the national [[electronic patient record system]].<ref name="Henderson 19.6.2019" /><ref name="bruhims">{{cite web |url=https://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/Bru-HIMS%20Introduction.aspx |title=Bru-HIMS Introduction |website=www.moh.gov.bn |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723072706/https://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/Bru-HIMS%20Introduction.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref> It was introduced on 11 September 2012.<ref name="bruhims" />

The ministry also manages BruHealth, the national [[personal health record]] smartphone app which is integrated with Bru-HIMS.<ref name="Scoop 20.5.2022">{{cite news |author=The Scoop |title=MoH to roll out new BruHealth features |date=20 May 2022 |work=The Scoop |url=https://thescoop.co/2022/05/20/moh-to-roll-out-new-bruhealth-features/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723082006/https://thescoop.co/2022/05/20/moh-to-roll-out-new-bruhealth-features/ |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref> It was introduced on 14 May 2020, initially as the national COVID-19 [[contact tracing app]].<ref name="Han 14.5.2020">{{cite news |first=Shareen |last=Han |title=Gov't rolls out BruHealth contact tracing app as restrictions loosened |date=14 May 2020 |work=The Scoop |url=https://thescoop.co/2020/05/14/govt-launches-bruhealth-contact-tracing-app/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723080016/https://thescoop.co/2020/05/14/govt-launches-bruhealth-contact-tracing-app/ |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref> Access to personal medical records was eventually introduced in the app in September in the same year.<ref name="Han 25.9.2020">{{cite news |first=Shareen |last=Han |title=BruHealth expands features with appointment bookings, access to medical records |date=25 September 2020 |work=The Scoop |url=https://thescoop.co/2020/09/25/bruhealth-expands-features-with-access-to-medical-records/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723080853/https://thescoop.co/2020/09/25/bruhealth-expands-features-with-access-to-medical-records/ |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>

The ministry is playing a key role in handling the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei|spread of COVID-19 in the country]].

== Budget ==
In the fiscal year 2022–23, the ministry has been allocated a budget of [[Brunei dollar|B$]]392 million,{{efn|≈[[United States dollar|US$]]282 million as of July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=392000000&From=BND&To=USD |title=392,000,000 BND to USD - Bruneian Dollars to US Dollars Exchange Rate |website=[[XE.com]] |access-date=21 July 2022 }}</ref>}} a 1.2 percent increase from the previous year.<ref name="Rasidah 1.3.2022">{{cite news |first=Rasidah |last=Hj Abu Bakar |title=MoH drafts action plan to address mental health issues |date=1 March 2022 |work=The Scoop |url=https://thescoop.co/2022/03/01/moh-drafts-action-plan-to-address-mental-health-issues/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723084450/https://thescoop.co/2022/03/01/moh-drafts-action-plan-to-address-mental-health-issues/ |archive-date=23 July 2022 }}</ref>

== List of ministers ==

=== Ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Portrait
!Minister
!Term start
!Term end
!Time in office
!Ref.
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:Abdul_Aziz_Umar_(1969).jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Abdul Aziz Umar]]
|1 January 1984
|20 October 1986
|{{ayd|1984|01|01|1986|10|20}}
|<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Menteri-Menteri Cabinet |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Poster%202017/Past%20MK%20Posters%20(Old%20Posters)/All%20poster%20MK%20latest.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|'''2'''
|[[File:YB_Dato_Dr_Haji_Johar.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Johar Noordin]]
|20 October 1986
|March 1998
|{{ayd|1986|10|20|1998|03|01}}
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Malay%20Publication%20PDF/8487.pdf |title=Kumpulan Titah: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam Tahun 1984, 1985, 1986 dan 1987 |date=2017 |publisher=Jabatan Penerangan |isbn=978-99917-49-94-5 |pages=105 |language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=HORTON |first=A.V.M. |date=2001 |title=Review of Historical dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. [Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries 25.] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27865712 |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=190–192 |jstor=27865712 |issn=0006-2294}}</ref>
|-
|'''3'''
|[[File:Mr. Pehin Abu Baker Apong.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Abu Bakar Apong]]
|March 1998
|23 May 2005
|{{ayd|1998|03|01|2005|05|24}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2010 |title=Keluaran Khas Sempena Pelantikan Menteri-Menteri Kabinet dan Timbalan-Timbalan Menteri |pages=3 |work=Pelita Brunei |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2010/Jun/EK120610.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLvU9lroRuUC&dq=Dato+Paduka+Johar+Brunei&pg=PA869 |title=The Europa World Year Book 2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-85743-227-5 |pages=869 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''4'''
|[[File:Suyoi Osman - 53858058959.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Suyoi Osman]]
|24 May 2005
|28 May 2010
|{{ayd|2005|05|29|2010|05|28}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''5'''
|[[File:Adanan Yusuf - 53857691221.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Adanan Yusuf]]
|29 May 2010
|21 October 2015
|{{ayd|2010|05|28|2015|10|21}}
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultanate - News {{!}} Negara Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Sultan reveals major cabinet reshuffle |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/2010/30_may_1.html |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.sultanate.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''6'''
|[[File:Zulkarnain_Hanafi_in_2008.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Zulkarnain Hanafi]]
|21 October 2015
|1 December 2017
|{{ayd|2015|10|21|2017|12|01}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei New Cabinet Ministers 2015 |url=http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2015/10/brunei-new-cabinet-ministers-2015.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Brunei New Cabinet Ministers 2015}}</ref>
|-
|'''7'''
|[[File:Isham Jaafar - 53890736353.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Isham Jaafar]]
|1 December 2017
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2017|12|01|||}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of New Brunei Health Minister |url=http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2017/12/appointment-of-new-brunei-health.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Appointment of New Brunei Health Minister}}</ref>
|}

=== Deputy ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Portrait
!Minister
!Term start
!Term end
!Time in office
!Ref.
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:Hazair_Abdullah.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Hazair Abdullah]]
|24 May 2005
|29 May 2010
|{{ayd|2005|05|29|2010|05|28}}
|<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2010 |title=Keluaran Khas Sempena Pelantikan Menteri-Menteri Kabinet dan Timbalan-Timbalan Menteri |pages=6 |work=Pelita Brunei |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2010/Jun/EK120610.pdf}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
<references />
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.moh.gov.bn}}
* {{Official website|https://www.moh.gov.bn}}


{{Brunei government ministries and agencies|state=expanded}}
{{Coord|4|55|14.8|N|114|56|41.9|E|9=region:BN_type:landmark|display=title|name=Kementerian Kesihatan|format=dms}}
{{Health ministries in Asia}}
{{authority control}}


[[Category:Government ministries of Brunei|Health]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Brunei|Health]]
[[Category:Brunei government stubs]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Brunei]]
[[Category:Health in Brunei]]




{{Brunei-stub}}
{{Brunei-gov-stub}}

Latest revision as of 05:56, 22 December 2024

Ministry of Health
Kementerian Kesihatan
National emblem of Brunei
Ministry overview
Formed1 January 1984 (1984-01-01)
JurisdictionGovernment of Brunei
HeadquartersBandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
4°55′15″N 114°56′42″E / 4.920762°N 114.944952°E / 4.920762; 114.944952
Employees5,958 (2024)[1]
Annual budgetIncrease$392 million BND (2022)
Minister responsible
Websitewww.moh.gov.bn
Footnotes
[2][3][4]

The Ministry of Health (MOH or MoH; Malay: Kementerian Kesihatan) is a cabinet-level ministry in the government of Brunei which oversees the health system in the country. It is currently led by a minister and the incumbent is Mohd Isham Jaafar,[a] who took office since 1 December 2017.[3][4] The ministry is headquartered in Bandar Seri Begawan.

History

[edit]

One physician from Europe was engaged by the medical service in 1939. In the reports that are available, no other doctors are named. Moreover, one student midwife and three midwives.[6] As of 1949, an officer of the Malayan Medical Service, which has its headquarters in Brunei Town, is in charge of overseeing medical and health management throughout the nation.[7] Early in 1965, the Brunei Medical and Health Department launched the region's first government "flying doctor service," continuing a British Army practice of delivering medical care to rural residents.[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

The ministry oversees four government hospitals and 60 health centres and clinics nationwide.[b][9]

As of 2017, the ministry has been responsible in enforcing 11 legislations related to public health, healthcare professionals (including dentists, midwives, nurses and pharmacists), infectious diseases, medicines, mental health, poison, and tobacco.[10]

The ministry manages the Brunei Healthcare Information Management System, commonly known as Bru-HIMS,[c] the national electronic patient record system.[9][11] It was introduced on 11 September 2012.[11]

The ministry also manages BruHealth, the national personal health record smartphone app which is integrated with Bru-HIMS.[12] It was introduced on 14 May 2020, initially as the national COVID-19 contact tracing app.[13] Access to personal medical records was eventually introduced in the app in September in the same year.[14]

The ministry is playing a key role in handling the spread of COVID-19 in the country.

Budget

[edit]

In the fiscal year 2022–23, the ministry has been allocated a budget of B$392 million,[d] a 1.2 percent increase from the previous year.[2]

List of ministers

[edit]

Ministers

[edit]
No. Portrait Minister Term start Term end Time in office Ref.
1 Abdul Aziz Umar 1 January 1984 20 October 1986 2 years, 292 days [16]
2 Johar Noordin 20 October 1986 March 1998 11 years, 132 days [17][18]
3 Abu Bakar Apong March 1998 23 May 2005 7 years, 84 days [19][20]
4 Suyoi Osman 24 May 2005 28 May 2010 4 years, 364 days [19]
5 Adanan Yusuf 29 May 2010 21 October 2015 5 years, 146 days [19][21]
6 Zulkarnain Hanafi 21 October 2015 1 December 2017 2 years, 41 days [22]
7 Isham Jaafar 1 December 2017 Incumbent 7 years, 25 days [23]

Deputy ministers

[edit]
No. Portrait Minister Term start Term end Time in office Ref.
1 Hazair Abdullah 24 May 2005 29 May 2010 4 years, 364 days [24]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b His current official Malay name is Dato Seri Setia Dr. Awang Haji Md. Isham bin Haji Jaafar.[5]
  2. ^ as of 2019
  3. ^ also spelt BruHIMS
  4. ^ ≈US$282 million as of July 2022[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "PERANGKAAN PERKHIDMATAN AWAM SEHINGGA 31 MAC 2024 MENGIKUT KEMENTERIAN" (PDF). Public Service Department (in Malay). 31 March 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Hj Abu Bakar, Rasidah (1 March 2022). "MoH drafts action plan to address mental health issues". The Scoop. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Pelantikan, pertukaran menteri dan pegawai kanan baru". Media Permata Online (in Malay). 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b The Scoop (7 June 2022). "HM announces major cabinet shakeup — full list of appointees". The Scoop. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  5. ^ Ali Rahman, Muhammad Khairulanwar (8 June 2022). "Perlantikan, Pertukaran Menteri Kabinet, Timbalan Menteri" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in Malay). No. 67 #69. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  6. ^ War Department Technical Bulletin: TB med. The Department. 1944. p. 14.
  7. ^ Office, Great Britain Colonial (1949). The Colonial Office List. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 101.
  8. ^ Background notes, Brunei Darussalam. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 1985. p. 3.
  9. ^ a b Henderson, James (19 June 2019). "Inside Brunei's cutting-edge e-health system, built by DXC". Channel Asia. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Ministry of Health - Acts and Regulations". www.moh.gov.bn. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Bru-HIMS Introduction". www.moh.gov.bn. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  12. ^ The Scoop (20 May 2022). "MoH to roll out new BruHealth features". The Scoop. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  13. ^ Han, Shareen (14 May 2020). "Gov't rolls out BruHealth contact tracing app as restrictions loosened". The Scoop. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  14. ^ Han, Shareen (25 September 2020). "BruHealth expands features with appointment bookings, access to medical records". The Scoop. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  15. ^ "392,000,000 BND to USD - Bruneian Dollars to US Dollars Exchange Rate". XE.com. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Menteri-Menteri Cabinet" (PDF).
  17. ^ Kumpulan Titah: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam Tahun 1984, 1985, 1986 dan 1987 (PDF) (in Malay). Jabatan Penerangan. 2017. p. 105. ISBN 978-99917-49-94-5.
  18. ^ HORTON, A.V.M. (2001). "Review of Historical dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. [Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries 25.]". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 157 (1): 190–192. ISSN 0006-2294. JSTOR 27865712.
  19. ^ a b c "Keluaran Khas Sempena Pelantikan Menteri-Menteri Kabinet dan Timbalan-Timbalan Menteri" (PDF). Pelita Brunei. 12 June 2010. p. 3.
  20. ^ Publications, Europa (2003). The Europa World Year Book 2003. Taylor & Francis. p. 869. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
  21. ^ "Sultanate - News | Negara Brunei Darussalam | Sultan reveals major cabinet reshuffle". www.sultanate.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  22. ^ "Brunei New Cabinet Ministers 2015". Brunei New Cabinet Ministers 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  23. ^ "Appointment of New Brunei Health Minister". Appointment of New Brunei Health Minister. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  24. ^ "Keluaran Khas Sempena Pelantikan Menteri-Menteri Kabinet dan Timbalan-Timbalan Menteri" (PDF). Pelita Brunei. 12 June 2010. p. 6.
[edit]


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