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{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{other uses|Waterloo Bridge (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|1931 film}}
{{short description|1931 film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Waterloo Bridge
| name = Waterloo Bridge
| image = Waterloo Bridge (1931 film).jpeg
| image = Waterloo Bridge (1931 film).jpeg
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[James Whale]]
| director = [[James Whale]]
| producer = [[Carl Laemmle, Jr.]]
| producer = [[Carl Laemmle, Jr.]]
| writer = [[Benn Levy]]<br/>[[Tom Reed (screenwriter)|Tom Reed]]
| writer = [[Benn Levy]]<br />[[Tom Reed (screenwriter)|Tom Reed]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Waterloo Bridge (play)|Waterloo Bridge]]''<br>1930 play|[[Robert E. Sherwood]]}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Waterloo Bridge (play)|Waterloo Bridge]]''<br />1930 play|[[Robert E. Sherwood]]}}
| starring = [[Mae Clarke]]<br/>[[Douglass Montgomery|Kent Douglass]]
| starring = [[Mae Clarke]]<br />[[Douglass Montgomery|Kent Douglass]]
| cinematography = [[Arthur Edeson]]
| cinematography = [[Arthur Edeson]]
| editing = [[Clarence Kolster]]
| editing = [[Clarence Kolster]]
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'''''Waterloo Bridge''''' is a 1931 American [[Pre-Code Hollywood|pre-Code]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[romance film|romance]] [[war film]] directed by [[James Whale]] and starring [[Mae Clarke]] and [[Douglass Montgomery|Kent Douglass]]. The screenplay by [[Benn Levy]] and Tom Reed is based on the 1930 play ''[[Waterloo Bridge (play)|Waterloo Bridge]]'' by [[Robert E. Sherwood]].
'''''Waterloo Bridge''''' is a 1931 American [[Pre-Code Hollywood|pre-Code]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[romance film|romance]] [[war film]] directed by [[James Whale]] and starring [[Mae Clarke]] and [[Douglass Montgomery|Kent Douglass]]. The screenplay by [[Benn Levy]] and Tom Reed is based on the 1930 play ''[[Waterloo Bridge (play)|Waterloo Bridge]]'' by [[Robert E. Sherwood]].


The film was remade in 1940 as ''[[Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)|Waterloo Bridge]]'' and as ''[[Gaby (film)|Gaby]]'' in 1956. Both remakes were made by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], which bought the 1931 version from Universal. Today, the rights to all three films are held by [[Warner Bros.]] and their subsidiary [[Turner Entertainment]]. This film was one of [[Bette Davis]]' first.
The film was remade in 1940 as ''[[Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)|Waterloo Bridge]]'' and as ''[[Gaby (film)|Gaby]]'' in 1956. Both remakes were made by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], which bought the 1931 version from Universal. Today, the rights to all three films are held by [[Warner Bros.]] and their subsidiary [[Turner Entertainment]]. This film was one of [[Bette Davis]]' early movies.


==Plot==
==Plot==
Unable to find work in London at the height of World War I, American chorus girl Myra Deauville resorts to prostitution to support herself. She sometimes meets her clients on [[Waterloo Bridge]], the primary entry point into the city for soldiers on military leave. During an [[German strategic bombing during World War I|air raid]], she meets fellow American Roy Cronin, a soldier serving with the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]. Distracted from her original plans by the air raid, she makes no attempt to solicit him, and the naïve young soldier remains unaware of her profession. After the bombing stops, Roy escorts her to her apartment, where the two have dinner.

[[File:Waterloo Bridge lobby card 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Lobby card]]
[[File:Waterloo Bridge lobby card 1931.jpg|thumb|left|Lobby card]]
Unable to find work in London at the height of World War I, American chorus girl Myra Deauville resorts to prostitution to support herself. She sometimes meets her clients on [[Waterloo Bridge]], the primary entry point into the city for soldiers on military leave. During an [[German strategic bombing during World War I|air raid]], she meets fellow American Roy Cronin, a member of the Canadian Army. Distracted from her original plans by the air raid, she makes no attempt to solicit him, and the naïve young soldier remains unaware of her profession. After the bombing stops, Roy escorts her to her apartment, where the two have dinner.


Describing herself simply as an unemployed chorus girl, Myra gains Roy's sympathy. He offers to pay her overdue rent, but she rejects his offer. After the all clear is sounded, Roy departs, and Myra returns to the streets. The following morning, Roy returns to visit her, and landlady Mrs. Hobley lets him into her apartment. There he meets Myra's friend and neighbor Kitty, who tells him Myra needs someone to love and protect her. Myra later berates Kitty for interfering and rejects her advice to marry Roy to ensure a better future for herself.
Describing herself simply as an unemployed chorus girl, Myra gains Roy's sympathy. He offers to pay her overdue rent, but she rejects his offer. After the all clear is sounded, Roy departs, and Myra returns to the streets. The following morning, Roy returns to visit her, and landlady Mrs. Hobley lets him into her apartment. There he meets Myra's friend and neighbor Kitty, who tells him Myra needs someone to love and protect her. Myra later berates Kitty for interfering and rejects her advice to marry Roy to ensure a better future for herself.
Line 51: Line 50:


==Production==
==Production==
Robert E. Sherwood had based his play on his own wartime experiences, including a chance meeting during a 1918 air raid with an American chorus girl turned streetwalker.<ref name="TCM">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=14360&category=Articles|title=Waterloo Bridge (1931) - Overview - TCM.com|website=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production opened on January 6, 1930 at the [[Fulton Theatre/Helen Hayes Theatre|Fulton Theatre]], where it ran for only 64 performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=11024|title=Waterloo Bridge – Broadway Play – Original - IBDB|first=The Broadway|last=League|website=www.ibdb.com}}</ref> Despite the fact it was neither a critical nor commercial success, film producer [[Carl Laemmle, Jr.]] considered it a prestige project and purchased the film rights for [[Universal Pictures]].<ref name="TCM"/>
Robert E. Sherwood had based his play on his own wartime experiences, including a chance meeting during a 1918 air raid with an American chorus girl turned streetwalker.<ref name="TCM">{{cite web|url= https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/14360/waterloo-bridge#overview|title=Waterloo Bridge (1931) - Overview - TCM.com|website=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production opened on January 6, 1930 at the [[Fulton Theatre/Helen Hayes Theatre|Fulton Theatre]], where it ran for only 64 performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=11024|title=Waterloo Bridge – Broadway Play – Original - IBDB|first=The Broadway|last=League|website=www.ibdb.com}}</ref> Despite the fact it was neither a critical nor commercial success, film producer [[Carl Laemmle, Jr.]] considered it a prestige project and purchased the film rights for [[Universal Pictures]].<ref name="TCM"/>


Having been impressed by the film ''[[Journey's End (1930 film)|Journey's End]]'' (1930), Laemmle hired its director, James Whale, to helm ''Waterloo Bridge''. Sherwood's play had evolved into a [[war film]] in the original screenplay, and Benn Levy was hired to restore it to a character drama,<ref name=TCM/> while Tom Reed provided "continuity and additional dialogue."<ref name="Stine">Stine, Whitney, and Davis, Bette, ''Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis''. New York: Hawthorn Books 1974. {{ISBN|978-0-8015-5184-0}}, pp. 12–13</ref> Because Universal was undergoing financial problems, Laemmle budgeted the film at $252,000 and gave Whale a 26-day shooting schedule.<ref name=TCM />
Having been impressed by the film ''[[Journey's End (1930 film)|Journey's End]]'' (1930), Laemmle hired James Whale to direct ''Waterloo Bridge''. Sherwood's play had evolved into a [[war film]] in the original screenplay, Benn Levy was hired to restore it to a character drama,<ref name=TCM/> and Tom Reed provided "continuity and additional dialogue."<ref name="Stine">Stine, Whitney, and Davis, Bette, ''Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis''. New York: Hawthorn Books 1974. {{ISBN|978-0-8015-5184-0}}, pp. 12–13</ref> Because Universal was undergoing financial problems, Laemmle budgeted the film at $252,000 and gave Whale a 26-day shooting schedule.<ref name=TCM />


[[Rose Hobart]], under contract to Universal, was assigned the role of Myra Deauville but declined it when she learned the studio did not intend to renew her contract. She was replaced by [[Mae Clarke]], a [[Columbia Pictures]] contract player now best known to audiences as the woman whose face was the target of half a grapefruit shoved into it by [[James Cagney]] in ''[[The Public Enemy]]''. "I think Whale saw something I know I had then", Clarke later recalled, "and that was a basic confusion and insecurity I didn't mind projecting into my work." She enjoyed working with the director, who "wanted to see what you thought of it," she said. "He wouldn't say ''how'' to do it, he would tell you ''what'' was happening."<ref name=TCM />
[[Rose Hobart]], under contract to Universal, was assigned the role of Myra Deauville but declined it when she learned the studio did not intend to renew her contract. She was replaced by [[Mae Clarke]], a [[Columbia Pictures]] contract player now best known to audiences as the woman whose face was the target of half a grapefruit shoved into it by [[James Cagney]] in ''[[The Public Enemy]]''. "I think Whale saw something I know I had then", Clarke later recalled, "and that was a basic confusion and insecurity I didn't mind projecting into my work." She enjoyed working with the director, who "wanted to see what you thought of it," she said. "He wouldn't say how to do it. He would tell you what was happening."<ref name=TCM />


Less experienced co-star Kent Douglass, later known as [[Douglass Montgomery]], required a great deal of attention from Whale, who shut down production for three days while he worked with the novice actor.<ref name=TCM/> Also in the cast was [[Bette Davis]] who, in the small role of Janet Cronin, was listed sixth out of nine in the opening credits<ref>https://ok.ru/video/1261892274928</ref> and was ignored by all the critics. "Perfectly logical," Davis later recalled. "I had about four lines ... I yearned all during shooting to play Myra. I ''could'' have!" <ref name=Stine/>
Less experienced co-star Kent Douglass, later known as [[Douglass Montgomery]], required a great deal of attention from Whale, who shut down production for three days while he worked with the novice actor.<ref name=TCM/> Also in the cast was [[Bette Davis]] who, in the small role of Janet Cronin, was listed sixth out of nine in the opening credits and was ignored by all the critics. "Perfectly logical," Davis later recalled. "I had about four lines ... I yearned all during shooting to play Myra. I could have!" <ref name=Stine/>


Whale completed the film $50,000 under budget, and Laemmle was so impressed he gave the director the choice of any property the studio had in the planning stages. He selected ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'' and went on to become one of the leading directors at Universal.
Whale completed the film $50,000 under budget, and Laemmle was so impressed he gave the director the choice of any property the studio had in the planning stages. He selected ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'' and became one of the leading directors at Universal.


==Censorship, remakes, and re-release==
==Censorship, remakes, and re-release==
Because of its controversial material, censor boards in Chicago, New York City, and Pennsylvania insisted extensive cuts be made to the film. When the [[Production Code]] was enforced in July 1934, it became impossible to re-release the original version of ''Waterloo Bridge''. In 1939, MGM bought the rights to the property, and the following year released [[Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)|an adaptation]] starring [[Vivien Leigh]] and [[Robert Taylor (actor)|Robert Taylor]] and directed by [[Mervyn LeRoy]].<ref name=TCM/>
Because of its controversial material, censor boards in Chicago, New York City, and Pennsylvania insisted extensive cuts be made to the film. When the [[Production Code]] was enforced in July 1934, it became impossible to re-release the original version of ''Waterloo Bridge''. In 1939, MGM bought the rights to the property, and the following year released [[Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)|an adaptation]] starring [[Vivien Leigh]] and [[Robert Taylor (American actor)|Robert Taylor]] and directed by [[Mervyn LeRoy]].<ref name=TCM/>


The 1956 film ''[[Gaby (film)|Gaby]]'', directed by [[Curtis Bernhardt]] and starring [[Leslie Caron]] and [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]], advanced the story's timeline to World War II and created a happy rather than tragic ending. After being stored in the studio vaults for 35 years, ''Waterloo Bridge'' was re-discovered in 1975, but a joint ownership agreement between MGM and Universal prevented it from being seen for another two decades.<ref name=TCM/>
The 1956 film ''[[Gaby (film)|Gaby]]'', directed by [[Curtis Bernhardt]] and starring [[Leslie Caron]] and [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]], advanced the story's timeline to World War II and created a happy rather than tragic ending. After being stored in the studio vaults for 35 years, ''Waterloo Bridge'' was re-discovered in 1975, but a joint ownership agreement between MGM and Universal prevented it from being seen for another two decades.<ref name=TCM/>{{failed verification|date=October 2023}}


==Critical reception==
==Critical reception==
[[Mordaunt Hall]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called the film "a praiseworthy picture" that "is somewhat sketchy in substance, but it is acted cleverly and there is imagination in the employment of the camera and the microphone." He added, "It might have been even a more satisfactory production had Mr. Whale had full say as to the dialogue, for the lines from some of the [[cockney]] characters are occasionally a little forced. The whole narrative is an attenuated short story, with the result that parts of it are not especially interesting."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE7D6143BEE32A25756C0A96F9C946094D6CF|title=Movie Review - THE SCREEN; A Triumphant Servant. Magic and Murder. Art vs. Commerce. - NYTimes.com|website=movies.nytimes.com}}</ref>
[[Mordaunt Hall]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called the film "a praiseworthy picture" that "is somewhat sketchy in substance, but it is acted cleverly and there is imagination in the employment of the camera and the microphone." He added, "It might have been even a more satisfactory production had Mr. Whale had full say as to the dialogue, for the lines from some of the [[cockney]] characters are occasionally a little forced. The whole narrative is an attenuated short story, with the result that parts of it are not especially interesting."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE7D6143BEE32A25756C0A96F9C946094D6CF|title=Movie Review - THE SCREEN; A Triumphant Servant. Magic and Murder. Art vs. Commerce. - NYTimes.com|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 5, 1931 |last1=Hall |first1=Mordaunt }}</ref>


Billy Wilkerson of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote "It is grown up entertainment, not sophisticated, but mature&nbsp;... so moving and believable as to send any audience out talking and raving in appreciation."<ref name=TCM />
Billy Wilkerson of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote "It is grown up entertainment, not sophisticated, but mature&nbsp;... so moving and believable as to send any audience out talking and raving in appreciation."<ref name=TCM />
Line 80: Line 79:
{{Commons category|Waterloo Bridge (1931 film)}}
{{Commons category|Waterloo Bridge (1931 film)}}
* {{IMDb title|0022550}}
* {{IMDb title|0022550}}
* {{Allmovie title|116064}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=14360}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=14360}}
* {{AFI film|id=7899|title=Waterloo Bridge}}
* {{AFI film|id=7899|title=Waterloo Bridge}}


{{James Whale}}
{{James Whale}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1931 films]]
[[Category:1931 films]]
[[Category:1931 drama films]]
[[Category:1931 drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:War romance films]]
[[Category:1930s war romance films]]
[[Category:American films based on plays]]
[[Category:American films based on plays]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American World War I films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films directed by James Whale]]
[[Category:Films directed by James Whale]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films set on the United Kingdom home front during World War I]]
[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:1930s American films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Carl Laemmle Jr.]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Benn Levy]]
[[Category:American war romance films]]
[[Category:English-language romance films]]
[[Category:English-language war films]]

Latest revision as of 14:05, 22 December 2024

Waterloo Bridge
Theatrical release poster
Directed byJames Whale
Written byBenn Levy
Tom Reed
Based onWaterloo Bridge
1930 play
by Robert E. Sherwood
Produced byCarl Laemmle, Jr.
StarringMae Clarke
Kent Douglass
CinematographyArthur Edeson
Edited byClarence Kolster
Color processBlack and white
Production
company
Universal Pictures
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • September 4, 1931 (1931-09-04)
Running time
81 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$252,000

Waterloo Bridge is a 1931 American pre-Code drama romance war film directed by James Whale and starring Mae Clarke and Kent Douglass. The screenplay by Benn Levy and Tom Reed is based on the 1930 play Waterloo Bridge by Robert E. Sherwood.

The film was remade in 1940 as Waterloo Bridge and as Gaby in 1956. Both remakes were made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which bought the 1931 version from Universal. Today, the rights to all three films are held by Warner Bros. and their subsidiary Turner Entertainment. This film was one of Bette Davis' early movies.

Plot

[edit]

Unable to find work in London at the height of World War I, American chorus girl Myra Deauville resorts to prostitution to support herself. She sometimes meets her clients on Waterloo Bridge, the primary entry point into the city for soldiers on military leave. During an air raid, she meets fellow American Roy Cronin, a soldier serving with the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Distracted from her original plans by the air raid, she makes no attempt to solicit him, and the naïve young soldier remains unaware of her profession. After the bombing stops, Roy escorts her to her apartment, where the two have dinner.

Lobby card

Describing herself simply as an unemployed chorus girl, Myra gains Roy's sympathy. He offers to pay her overdue rent, but she rejects his offer. After the all clear is sounded, Roy departs, and Myra returns to the streets. The following morning, Roy returns to visit her, and landlady Mrs. Hobley lets him into her apartment. There he meets Myra's friend and neighbor Kitty, who tells him Myra needs someone to love and protect her. Myra later berates Kitty for interfering and rejects her advice to marry Roy to ensure a better future for herself.

Roy takes Myra to visit his family at their country estate, where he proposes to her. Later that night she tells Roy's mother, Mary, the truth about herself. Mary is sympathetic but implores Myra not to marry Roy. The following morning, Myra slips away and returns to London by train. Eventually Roy visits her and asks her to explain her abrupt departure. Because he is on the verge of returning to the battlefields in France, he begs Myra to marry him immediately. Initially she agrees, but after asking him to wait outside in the hall, she changes her mind and escapes through the apartment window. Seeking the rent, Mrs. Hobley enters, and believing Myra has run off to avoid her financial obligation, reveals her true profession to Roy.

Although shocked, Roy searches for Myra and eventually finds her on Waterloo Bridge, where he tells her he still loves and wants to marry her. The military police insist Roy join a truck of departing soldiers or be considered a deserter, and once he secures Myra's promises to marry him upon his return, he departs. The air raid sirens sound, and as Myra seeks shelter, she is killed by a bomb.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Robert E. Sherwood had based his play on his own wartime experiences, including a chance meeting during a 1918 air raid with an American chorus girl turned streetwalker.[1] The Broadway production opened on January 6, 1930 at the Fulton Theatre, where it ran for only 64 performances.[2] Despite the fact it was neither a critical nor commercial success, film producer Carl Laemmle, Jr. considered it a prestige project and purchased the film rights for Universal Pictures.[1]

Having been impressed by the film Journey's End (1930), Laemmle hired James Whale to direct Waterloo Bridge. Sherwood's play had evolved into a war film in the original screenplay, Benn Levy was hired to restore it to a character drama,[1] and Tom Reed provided "continuity and additional dialogue."[3] Because Universal was undergoing financial problems, Laemmle budgeted the film at $252,000 and gave Whale a 26-day shooting schedule.[1]

Rose Hobart, under contract to Universal, was assigned the role of Myra Deauville but declined it when she learned the studio did not intend to renew her contract. She was replaced by Mae Clarke, a Columbia Pictures contract player now best known to audiences as the woman whose face was the target of half a grapefruit shoved into it by James Cagney in The Public Enemy. "I think Whale saw something I know I had then", Clarke later recalled, "and that was a basic confusion and insecurity I didn't mind projecting into my work." She enjoyed working with the director, who "wanted to see what you thought of it," she said. "He wouldn't say how to do it. He would tell you what was happening."[1]

Less experienced co-star Kent Douglass, later known as Douglass Montgomery, required a great deal of attention from Whale, who shut down production for three days while he worked with the novice actor.[1] Also in the cast was Bette Davis who, in the small role of Janet Cronin, was listed sixth out of nine in the opening credits and was ignored by all the critics. "Perfectly logical," Davis later recalled. "I had about four lines ... I yearned all during shooting to play Myra. I could have!" [3]

Whale completed the film $50,000 under budget, and Laemmle was so impressed he gave the director the choice of any property the studio had in the planning stages. He selected Frankenstein and became one of the leading directors at Universal.

Censorship, remakes, and re-release

[edit]

Because of its controversial material, censor boards in Chicago, New York City, and Pennsylvania insisted extensive cuts be made to the film. When the Production Code was enforced in July 1934, it became impossible to re-release the original version of Waterloo Bridge. In 1939, MGM bought the rights to the property, and the following year released an adaptation starring Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor and directed by Mervyn LeRoy.[1]

The 1956 film Gaby, directed by Curtis Bernhardt and starring Leslie Caron and John Kerr, advanced the story's timeline to World War II and created a happy rather than tragic ending. After being stored in the studio vaults for 35 years, Waterloo Bridge was re-discovered in 1975, but a joint ownership agreement between MGM and Universal prevented it from being seen for another two decades.[1][failed verification]

Critical reception

[edit]

Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times called the film "a praiseworthy picture" that "is somewhat sketchy in substance, but it is acted cleverly and there is imagination in the employment of the camera and the microphone." He added, "It might have been even a more satisfactory production had Mr. Whale had full say as to the dialogue, for the lines from some of the cockney characters are occasionally a little forced. The whole narrative is an attenuated short story, with the result that parts of it are not especially interesting."[4]

Billy Wilkerson of The Hollywood Reporter wrote "It is grown up entertainment, not sophisticated, but mature ... so moving and believable as to send any audience out talking and raving in appreciation."[1]

Home media

[edit]

On December 5, 2006, Warner Home Video released the film, together with Baby Face and Red-Headed Woman, as part of a DVD box set titled TCM Archives – Forbidden Hollywood Collection, Vol. 1.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Waterloo Bridge (1931) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies.
  2. ^ League, The Broadway. "Waterloo Bridge – Broadway Play – Original - IBDB". www.ibdb.com.
  3. ^ a b Stine, Whitney, and Davis, Bette, Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis. New York: Hawthorn Books 1974. ISBN 978-0-8015-5184-0, pp. 12–13
  4. ^ Hall, Mordaunt (September 5, 1931). "Movie Review - THE SCREEN; A Triumphant Servant. Magic and Murder. Art vs. Commerce. - NYTimes.com". The New York Times.
[edit]