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'''The Boston Club''' is an exclusive private [[gentlemen's club]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], US, founded in 1841 as a place for its white members to congregate and partake in the fashionable card game of [[Boston (card game)|Boston]]. It is the third oldest [[Gentlemen's Club|City Club]] in the [[List of gentlemen's clubs in the United States|United States]], after the [[Philadelphia Club]] (1834) and [[Union Club of the City of New York]] (1836).<ref>Historical Sketch Book and Guide to New Orleans and Environs: With Map. Illustrated with Many Original Engravings and Containing Exhaustive Accounts of the Traditions, Historical Legends and Remarkable Localities of the Creole City, W. H. Coleman, 1885, p. 95</ref>
'''The Boston Club''' is an exclusive private [[gentlemen's club]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], US, founded in 1841 as a place for its white members to congregate and partake in the fashionable card game of [[Boston (card game)|Boston]]. It is the third oldest [[Gentlemen's Club|City Club]] in the [[List of gentlemen's clubs in the United States|United States]], after the [[Philadelphia Club]] (1834) and [[Union Club of the City of New York]] (1836).{{sfn|Coleman|1885|p=95}}


The clubhouse has been located at 824 Canal Street since 1884, formerly 148 Canal St, on the edge of the Central Business District. It was designed and built in 1844 by [[James Gallier]] as a city residence for [[William Newton Mercer|Dr. William N. Mercer]], a [[Maryland]] native, [[University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine]] trained surgeon and veteran of the [[War of 1812]], posted in New Orleans, then Natchez, Mississippi, where he married Ann Eliza Farar whose dowry included [[Laurel Hill Plantation (Adams County, Mississippi)|Laurel Hill]] and [[Ellis Cliffs, Mississippi]] by way of her mother, the heiress of Richard Ellis, who with his brother John Ellis, for their loyalty to the crown during the American Revolution, received the original 20,000 acres [[english monarch|royal english]] [[land grant]].<ref>Blakes, Alvin. “Black Families of Edgefield Plantation – Woodville, Mississippi: Part 6.” Almost Disappeared, July 21, 2021. http://almostdisappeared.com/black-families-of-edgefield-plantation-woodville-mississippi-part-6/.</ref>
The clubhouse has been located at 824 Canal Street since 1884, formerly 148 Canal St, on the edge of the Central Business District. It was designed and built in 1844 by [[James Gallier]] as a city residence for [[William Newton Mercer|Dr. William N. Mercer]], a [[Maryland]] native, [[University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine]] trained surgeon and veteran of the [[War of 1812]], posted in New Orleans, then Natchez, Mississippi, where he married Ann Eliza Farar whose dowry included [[Laurel Hill Plantation (Adams County, Mississippi)|Laurel Hill]] and [[Ellis Cliffs, Mississippi]] by way of her mother, the heiress of Richard Ellis, who with his brother John Ellis, for their loyalty to the crown during the American Revolution, received the original 20,000 acres [[english monarch|royal english]] [[land grant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blakes |first=Alvin |date=2021-07-04 |title=Black Families of Edgefield Plantation – Woodville, Mississippi: Part 6 |url=http://almostdisappeared.com/black-families-of-edgefield-plantation-woodville-mississippi-part-6/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Almost Disappeared |language=en-US}}</ref>


The Club was organized by thirty leading mercantile and professional men, they were the heads of families and men of substance on the shady side of life, yet full of bonhomie and fond of the card game of Boston from which this club was christened. It epitomized the South's most refined male tastes and attitudes, a member once noted, "Propriety of demeanor and proper courtesy are alone exacted within its portals."<ref>Historical Sketch Book and Guide to New Orleans and Environs: With Map. Illustrated with Many Original Engravings and Containing Exhaustive Accounts of the Traditions, Historical Legends, and Remarkable Localities of the Creole City, W. H. Coleman, 1885, p. 96</ref>
The club was organized by thirty leading mercantile and professional men, they were the heads of families and men of substance on the shady side of life, yet full of bonhomie and fond of the card game of Boston from which this club was christened. It epitomized the South's most refined male tastes and attitudes, a member once noted, "Propriety of demeanor and proper courtesy are alone exacted within its portals."{{sfn|Coleman|1885|p=96}}


==History==
==History==
[[File:Boston Club Pass 1899.png|left|thumb|Boston Club Pass 1899]]
[[File:Boston Club Pass 1899.png|left|thumb|Boston Club Pass 1899]]
Founded in 1841, members organized and rented rooms first at the Merchants Exchange, 126 Royal St, in the [[Vieux Carre]], then 129/130 Canal Street until the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] when it closed from 1862 to 1866. After the war, it occupied 214 Royal Street (currently the [[Hotel Monteleone]]) until 1867 at which point it moved to 4 Carondelet Street, the former home of New Orleans financier, [[Edmund Jean Forstall]]. In 1884 it moved into its current clubhouse at 824 Canal Street (then known as 148 Canal Street) and the house was fully purchased by 1905.<ref>Landry. History of the Boston Club. p. 7.</ref> The club was closed for 3 years during the Civil War.<ref>Landry. History of the Boston Club. pp. 6–7.</ref>
Founded in 1841, members organized and rented rooms first at the Merchants Exchange, 126 Royal St, in the [[Vieux Carre]], then 129/130 Canal Street until the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] when it closed from 1862 to 1866. After the war, it occupied 214 Royal Street (currently the [[Hotel Monteleone]]) until 1867 at which point it moved to 4 Carondelet Street, the former home of New Orleans financier, [[Edmund Jean Forstall]]. In 1884 it moved into its current clubhouse at 824 Canal Street (then known as 148 Canal Street) and the house was fully purchased by 1905.{{sfn|Landry|1938|p=7}} The club was closed for 3 years during the Civil War.{{sfn|Landry|1938|pp=6-7}}


[[File: Boston Club of New Orleans.png|thumb|Boston Club of New Orleans May 24, 1924]]
[[File: Boston Club of New Orleans.png|thumb|Boston Club of New Orleans May 24, 1924]]
The Elkin Club, named after Harvey Elkin, was founded in 1832 by a group of Harvey's friends who purchased "Elkinville" after Mr. Elkin encountered financial difficulty, these men included [[John Slidell]], [[John Randolph Grymes]], and [[Glendy Burke]]; and was the first official private social club in New Orleans. An open club, members could freely invite guests, it sponsored dances and balls in the vicinity of Bayou St John and closed officially in 1838, due to the financial crisis of 1837.
The History of Gentlemen's Clubs in New Orleans starts with The Elkin Club, named after Harvey Elkin, was founded in 1832 by a group of Harvey's friends who purchased "Elkinville" after Mr. Elkin encountered financial difficulty, these men included [[John Slidell]], [[John Randolph Grymes]], and [[Glendy Burke]]. It was the first official private social club in New Orleans. An open club, members could freely invite guests, it sponsored dances and balls in the vicinity of Bayou St John and closed officially in 1838, due to the financial crisis of 1837. Next was The Pelican Club, founded in 1843 from the remnants of The Elkin Club, and folded at the beginning of the Civil War. It confined its membership through blackball policies to bankers, cotton brokers, attorneys, physicians, and political leaders; the smallest lapse in credit spelled denial of membership. It was to this club [[Henry Clay]] and Gen. [[Winfield Scott]] would retire for respite. Younger gentlemen, who had been rejected membership to the Pelican Club, organized The Orleans Club in 1851 with less restrictive membership policies but similarly closed, during the [[Know Nothing]] Times. A few members of this club would later found [[The Pickwick Club]], the city's second-oldest gentleman's club, who would influence the development of modern-day Mardi Gras.{{sfn|O'Neill|Vaz|2014}}


⚫
Unlike [[The Pickwick Club]] or [[Knights of Momus|Louisiana Club]], the Boston Club was not initially a "closed club" and was more diverse. Members could invite guests into the club freely where they could use the premises "gratis," though in the traditional club style new members were put up through a blackball process. A few Jewish men, such as [[Judah P. Benjamin]] and the first [[Rex parade|Rex]], Lewis Solomon, had been members of the club in its earlier days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives and Special Collections at Tulane University |url=https://specialcollections.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=12 |website=ArchivesSpace Public Interface}}</ref> Eventually, however, the club became almost exclusively Anglo-American as racial attitudes in New Orleans hardened after the Civil War and even white minorities would be blackballed leading to an air of [[antisemitism]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fishman |first1=Walda Katz |last2=Zweigenhaft |first2=Richard L. |year=1982 |title=Jews and the New Orleans Economic and Social Elites |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4467188 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=44 |issue=3/4 |pages=291–298 |issn=0021-6704 |jstor=4467188 |access-date=2024-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISJL - Louisiana New Orleans Encyclopedia |url=https://www.isjl.org/louisiana-new-orleans-encyclopedia.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life |language=en}}</ref> especially with the rise of the [[Battle of Liberty Place|Crescent City White League]].<ref name="auto8">{{Cite journal |last=Hunter |first=G. Howard |date=2016 |title=Late to the Dance: New Orleans and the Emergence of a Confederate City |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43916946 |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=297–322 |jstor=43916946 |issn=0024-6816}}</ref> For his merits early in his career [[Edgar B. Stern]] was invited to join. Stern declined the invitation on learning that close Jewish friends would be unable to join.<ref name="Richardson">{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Joe M.|title=Edgar B. Stern: A White New Orleans Philanthropist Helps Build a Black University|journal=The Journal of Negro History|date=Summer 1997|volume=82|issue=3|pages=328–342|doi=10.2307/2717676|jstor=2717676|s2cid=140496068}}</ref><ref name="Tabletmag">{{cite web|last1=Vogt|first1=Justin|title=The Krewes and the Jews|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/25752/the-krewes-and-the-jews|website=TabletMag.com|date=February 16, 2010|accessdate=31 December 2016}}</ref> The Boston Club has no reciprocal relationships with any national or international gentlemen's clubs, unlike other revered national societal institutions such as the [[Union Club of the City of New York|Union Club]] in New York or the [[Metropolitan Club (Washington, D.C.)|Metropolitan Club]] in Washington, D.C.
The Pelican Club was founded in 1843, from the remnants of The Elkin Club, and folded at the beginning of the Civil War, confined its membership through blackball policies to bankers, cotton brokers, attorneys, physicians, and political leaders; the smallest lapse in credit spelled denial of membership. It was to this club [[Henry Clay]] and Gen. [[Winfield Scott]] would retire for respite.

Younger gentlemen, who had been rejected membership to the Pelican Club, organized The Orleans Club in 1851 with less restrictive membership policies but similarly closed during the [[Know Nothing]] Times. A few members of this club would later found [[The Pickwick Club]], the city's second-oldest gentleman's club, who would influence the development of modern-day Mardi Gras.<ref>New Orleans Carnival Krewes: The History, Spirit & Secrets of Mardi Gras, Rosary O'Neill, Arcadia Publishing, February 11, 2014.</ref>

⚫
Unlike [[The Pickwick Club]] or [[Knights of Momus|Louisiana Club]], the Boston Club was not initially a "closed club" and was more diverse. Members could invite guests into the club freely where they could use the premises "gratis," though in the traditional club style new members were put up through a blackball process. A few Jewish men, such as [[Judah P. Benjamin]] and the first [[Rex parade|Rex]], Lewis Solomon, had been members of the club in its earlier days.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://specialcollections.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=12 |title = ArchivesSpace Public Interface &#124; Archives and Special Collections at Tulane University}}</ref> Eventually, however, the club became almost exclusively Anglo-American as racial attitudes in New Orleans hardened after the Civil War and even white minorities would be blackballed leading to an air of [[antisemitism]],<ref>Jews and New Orleans Economic and Social Elites, Walda Katz Fishman & Richard L Zweigenhaft, Jewish Social Studies, Summer-Autumn, 1982, Vol 44, No. 3/4 (Summer-Autumn, 1982) pp. 291-298, Indiana University Press, www.jstor.org/stable/4467188</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities-New Orleans, https://www.isjl.org/louisiana-new-orleans-encyclopedia.html</ref> especially with the rise of the [[Battle of Liberty Place|Crescent City White League]].<ref>Late to the Dance: New Orleans and the Emergence of a Confederate City, G. Howard Hunter, Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Summer 2016, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Summer 2016) pp. 297-322, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43916946.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A8360a74bea0088a4ec09463c39bd96be</ref> For his merits early in his career [[Edgar B. Stern]] was invited to join. Stern declined the invitation on learning that close Jewish friends would be unable to join.<ref name="Richardson">{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Joe M.|title=Edgar B. Stern: A White New Orleans Philanthropist Helps Build a Black University|journal=The Journal of Negro History|date=Summer 1997|volume=82|issue=3|pages=328–342|doi=10.2307/2717676|jstor=2717676|s2cid=140496068}}</ref><ref name="Tabletmag">{{cite web|last1=Vogt|first1=Justin|title=The Krewes and the Jews|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/25752/the-krewes-and-the-jews|website=TabletMag.com|date=February 16, 2010|accessdate=31 December 2016}}</ref> The Boston Club has no reciprocal relationships with any national or international gentlemen's clubs, unlike other revered national societal institutions such as the [[Union Club of the City of New York|Union Club]] in New York or the [[Metropolitan Club (Washington, D.C.)|Metropolitan Club]] in Washington, D.C.


==Famous guests==
==Famous guests==
*In 1873, [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]] attended a luncheon.<ref>Landry. History of the Boston Club. p. 8.</ref>
*In 1873, [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]] attended a luncheon.{{sfn|Landry|1938|p=8}}
*General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] lunched at The Boston Club in 1880.<ref>New Orleans Times. April 3, 1880. Quoted in Landry. History of the Boston Club. p. 8.</ref>
*General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] lunched at The Boston Club in 1880.{{sfn|Landry|1938|p=8}}
*[[Oscar Wilde]] visited the club in Summer of 1882 while on tour and was made an honorary member. He gave a lecture at the Grand Opera House on Canal Street on “Decorative Art.”
*[[Oscar Wilde]] visited the club in Summer of 1882 while on tour and was made an honorary member. He gave a lecture at the Grand Opera House on Canal Street on “Decorative Art.”
*[[John J. Pershing]] visited on February 17, 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/When%20General%20Pershing%20took%20Berlin_7-2(1).pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827094003/http://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/When%20General%20Pershing%20took%20Berlin_7-2(1).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>The Haberdasher, Volume 71, Haberdasher Company, 1920</ref><ref>Lords of Misrule: Mardi Gras and the Politics of Race in New Orleans, James Gill, Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1997, p. 176</ref>
*[[John J. Pershing]] visited on February 17, 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hémard |first=Ned |title=When General Pershing Took Berlin |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/membercentralcdn/sitedocuments/nola/nola/0085/1964085.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIHKD6NT2OL2HNPMQ&Expires=1731217606&Signature=xbpAkmoZwsFh4%2FiOFvhWurvd0us%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22When%20General%20Pershing%20took%20Berlin%5F7%2D2%281%29%2Epdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF%2D8%27%27When%2520General%2520Pershing%2520took%2520Berlin%255F7%252D2%25281%2529%252Epdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf |website=New Orleans Nostalgia}}</ref><ref>The Haberdasher, Volume 71, Haberdasher Company, 1920</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2024}}{{sfn|Gill|1997|p=176}}
*The [[Edward VIII|Duke of Windsor]] and the [[Wallis Simpson|Duchess of Windsor]], February 21, 1950<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/state-lhp%3A5339 |title = Duke and Duchess of Windsor in stands in front of the Boston Club on Canal Street during Mardi Gras parade in New Orleans in 1950}}</ref>
*The [[Edward VIII|Duke of Windsor]] and the [[Wallis Simpson|Duchess of Windsor]], February 21, 1950<ref name="a654">{{cite web |title=Duke and Duchess of Windsor in stands in front of the Boston Club on Canal Street during Mardi Gras parade in New Orleans in 1950. |website=Louisiana Digital Library |date=1950-02-21 |url=https://louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/state-lhp%3A5339 |access-date=2024-11-10}}</ref>
*It was customary, until 1992, for [[Rex parade|Rex]] (King of Carnival) and his queen to lunch at the club after the Rex parade during [[Mardi Gras in New Orleans|Mardi Gras]]. In addition, the Boston Club entertained the queen of the carnival and her court during the parade.<ref>Landry. History of the Boston Club. p. 9.</ref>
*It was customary, until 1992, for [[Rex parade|Rex]] (King of Carnival) and his queen to lunch at the club after the Rex parade during [[Mardi Gras in New Orleans|Mardi Gras]]. In addition, the Boston Club entertained the queen of the carnival and her court during the parade.{{sfn|Landry|1938|p=9}}


==Notable members==
==Notable members==
{{colbegin}}
{{colbegin}}
*[[Daniel Weisiger Adams]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=297</ref>
*[[Daniel Weisiger Adams]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Judah P. Benjamin]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]]{{sfn|Parrish|1992|p=67}}{{sfn|Rightor|1900|p=607}}{{sfn|Meade|Davis|2001}}
⚫
*[[Judah P. Benjamin]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]]<ref>Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie, T Michael Parrish, UNC Press Books, 1992, pg.67</ref><ref>Standard History of New Orleans, Louisiana: Giving a Description of the Natural Advantages, Natural History, Settlement, Indians, Creoles, Municipal and Military History, Mercantile and Commercial Interests, Banking, Transportation, Struggles Against High Water, the Press, Educational ..., Henry Rightor, Lewis Publishing Co, 1900, p. 607</ref><ref>Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman, Robert Douthat Meade, LSU Press, November 1, 2001</ref>
*[[Edward A. Bradford]], president 1851-1857 {{sfn|Rightor|1900}}
*[[Edward A. Bradford]], president 1851-1857 <ref>Standard History of New Orleans, Louisiana: Giving a Description of the Natural Advantages, Natural History, Settlement, Indians, Creoles, Municipal and Military History, Mercantile and Commercial Interests, Banking, Transportation, Struggles Against High Water, the Press, Educational ..., Henry Rightor, Lewis Publishing Company, 1900</ref>
*[[Edwin S. Broussard]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=304</ref>
*[[Edwin S. Broussard]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Robert F. Broussard]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=304</ref>
*[[Robert F. Broussard]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Eaton J. Bowers]]<ref>Herringshaw's American Blue-book of Biography: Prominent Americans of ..., American Publishers' Association, 1919</ref>
*[[Eaton J. Bowers]]{{sfn|Herringshaw|American Publishers' Association|1919}}
*[[Charles Cordill]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=310</ref>
*[[Charles Cordill]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Dominique François Victor Burthe|Victor Burthe]], president 1866-1868
*[[Dominique François Victor Burthe|Victor Burthe]], president 1866–1868
*Dr. Robert Tayloe Cook V, [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]]<ref>times picayune, Jan 18, 2013, obituary</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2024}}
*[[Isaac Delgado]]<ref>https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/60393971/notable-new-orleanians-a-tricentennial-tribute</ref>
*[[Isaac Delgado]]{{sfn|Reeves|2018}}
*James Temple Doswell, president 1857-1859
*James Temple Doswell, president 1857–1859
*[[Stephen Duncan]]<ref>Two histories, one future: Louisiana sugar planters, their slaves, and the Anglo-Creole schism, 1815–1865, Nathan Buman, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2013</ref>
*[[Stephen Duncan]]<ref name="auto10">Two histories, one future: Louisiana sugar planters, their slaves, and the Anglo-Creole schism, 1815–1865, Nathan Buman, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2013</ref>
*[[Isadore Dyer]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=312</ref>
*[[Isadore Dyer]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[James B. Eustis]] <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=313</ref>
*[[James B. Eustis]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Charles E. Fenner]], president 1892–1904 <ref>Standard History of New Orleans, Louisiana: Giving a Description of the Natural Advantages, Natural History, Settlement, Indians, Creoles, Municipal and Military History, Mercantile and Commercial Interests, Banking, Transportation, Struggles Against High Water, the Press, Educational ..., Henry Rightor, Lewis Publishing Co, 1900, p. 607</ref>
*[[Charles E. Fenner]], president 1892–1904 {{sfn|Rightor|1900|p=607}}
*[[Murphy J. Foster]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=317</ref>
*[[Murphy J. Foster]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[John Hamilton Fulton]]<ref>Herringshaw's American Blue-book of Biography: Prominent Americans of ..., American Publishers' Association, 1919</ref>
*[[John Hamilton Fulton]]{{sfn|Herringshaw|American Publishers' Association|1919}}
*[[Randall L. Gibson]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=313</ref>
*[[Randall L. Gibson]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[John Randolph Grymes]] Jr., [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]], Founding Member<ref>Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, http://lahistory.org/site24.php Dictionary of Louisiana Biography</ref><ref>Standard History of New Orleans, Louisiana: Giving a Description of the Natural Advantages, Natural History, Settlement, Indians, Creoles, Municipal and Military History, Mercantile and Commercial Interests, Banking, Transportation, Struggles Against High Water, the Press, Educational ..., Henry Rightor, Lewis Publishing Co, 1900, p. 607</ref><ref>[[Lyon Gardiner Tyler|Tyler, Lyon Gardiner]], ed. (April 1915). "The F. F. V.'s of Virginia". William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 277.</ref>
*[[John Randolph Grymes]] Jr., [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]], Founding Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary G |url=http://lahistory.org/site24.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222947/http://www.lahistory.org/site24.php |archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Rightor|1900|p=607}}<ref name="auto4">[[Lyon Gardiner Tyler|Tyler, Lyon Gardiner]], ed. (April 1915). "The F. F. V.'s of Virginia". William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 277.</ref>
*[[Harry T. Hays]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=319</ref>
*[[Harry T. Hays]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*Col. John Hewlett, president 1841-1852
*Col. John Hewlett, president 1841–1852
*[[Carleton Hunt]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=327</ref>
*[[Carleton Hunt]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[William H. Hunt]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=329</ref>
*[[William H. Hunt]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Ernest L. Jahncke]]<ref>http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/orleans/bios/j-000002.txt {{Bare URL plain text|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Ernest L. Jahncke]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Mike |date=August 2001 |title=Biography of Jahncke, Ernest Lee Orleans Parish, Louisiana |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/orleans/bios/j-000002.txt |website=USGenWeb Archives}}</ref>
*[[Bradish Johnson]]<ref name="Louisiana Planter 1892">{{cite journal|journal=The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer|date=November 12, 1892|volume=9|page=350|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA350|access-date=February 23, 2013|title=The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer}}</ref><ref>Two histories, one future: Louisiana sugar planters, their slaves, and the Anglo-Creole schism, 1815–1865, Nathan Buman, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2013</ref>
*[[Bradish Johnson]]<ref name="Louisiana Planter 1892">{{cite journal|journal=The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer|date=November 12, 1892|volume=9|page=350|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA350|access-date=February 23, 2013|title=The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer}}</ref><ref name="auto10"/>
*[[Benjamin F. Jonas]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=330</ref>
*[[Benjamin F. Jonas]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[John H. Kennard]]<ref name="LaSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices/Kennard_John.aspx|title=John Hanson Kennard (1836 - 1887)|publisher=Louisiana Supreme Court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609025235/http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices/Kennard_John.aspx|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name="LaSCJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices.aspx|title=Louisiana Supreme Court Justices, 1813-Present|publisher=Louisiana Supreme Court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608080334/http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices.aspx|access-date=May 16, 2020|archive-date=2019-06-08}}</ref><ref>The Times-Picayune
*[[John H. Kennard]]<ref name="LaSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices/Kennard_John.aspx|title=John Hanson Kennard (1836 - 1887)|publisher=Louisiana Supreme Court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609025235/http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices/Kennard_John.aspx|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name="LaSCJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices.aspx|title=Louisiana Supreme Court Justices, 1813-Present|publisher=Louisiana Supreme Court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608080334/http://www.lasc.org/Bicentennial/justices.aspx|access-date=May 16, 2020|archive-date=2019-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 1, 1871 |title=Boston Club |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/27010865/?terms=%22boston%20club%22 |work=The Times-Picayune |publisher=Judi Terzotis |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |via=Newspapers.com |volume=35 |issue=31}}</ref>
01 Mar 1871, Wed ·Page 1· https://www.newspapers.com/image/27010865/?terms=%22boston%20club%22&match=1</ref>
*[[Hugh Kennedy (New Orleans)]]{{sfn|Coleman|1885|p=96}}
⚫
*[[Hugh Kennedy (New Orleans)]]<ref>Historical Sketch Book and Guide to New Orleans and Environs: With Map. Illustrated with Many Original Engravings; and Containing Exhaustive Accounts of the Traditions, Historical Legends, and Remarkable Localities of the Creole City, W. H. Coleman, 1885, p. 96</ref>
*Samuel Horton Kennedy, president 1859-1861 <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=330</ref>
*Samuel Horton Kennedy, president 1859-1861 {{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Duncan F. Kenner]]<ref>Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie, T Michael Parrish, UNC Press Books, 1992, p. 67</ref>
*[[Duncan F. Kenner]]{{sfn|Parrish|1992|p=67}}
*[[Arthur Pendleton Mason]], [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]], president 1880-1883<ref name=CB>{{cite book |title=Campbell Brown's Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia |last=Brown |first=Campbell |author2=Terry L. Jones |year=2004 |publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |location=[[Louisiana State University]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]] |isbn=0-8071-3019-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Utl4RLPEucC |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224134219/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Utl4RLPEucC |archivedate=2016-12-24 }}</ref>
*[[Arthur Pendleton Mason]], [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]], president 1880-1883<ref name=CB>{{cite book |title=Campbell Brown's Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia |last=Brown |first=Campbell |author2=Terry L. Jones |year=2004 |publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |location=[[Louisiana State University]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]] |isbn=0-8071-3019-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Utl4RLPEucC |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224134219/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Utl4RLPEucC |archivedate=2016-12-24 }}</ref>
*Ernest S. Lewis, president 1904-1913<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=334</ref>
*Ernest S. Lewis, president 1904-1913{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*Florenz Albrecht Luling <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=334</ref>
*Florenz Albrecht Luling {{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Samuel D. McEnery]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=335</ref>
*[[Samuel D. McEnery]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Paul C. P. McIlhenny]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paul McIlhenny, CEO of company behind Tabasco dies|date=February 24, 2013|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/paul-mcilhenny-ceo-of-company-behind-tabasco-dies_831286.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=McIlhenny, CEO Who Expanded Tabasco Brand, Dies at 68|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-24/tabasco-maker-ceo-and-chairman-paul-mcilhenny-dead-at-68.html|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Paul McIlhenny, Tabasco-maker CEO, dies at 68|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57570950/paul-mcilhenny-tabasco-maker-ceo-dies-at-68/|publisher=CBS NEWS|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tabasco CEO Paul McIlhenny dies|date=February 24, 2013 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/24/us/tabasco-ceo-dead/|publisher=CNN|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Paul C. P. McIlhenny]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paul McIlhenny, CEO of company behind Tabasco dies|date=February 24, 2013|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/paul-mcilhenny-ceo-of-company-behind-tabasco-dies_831286.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=McIlhenny, CEO Who Expanded Tabasco Brand, Dies at 68|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-24/tabasco-maker-ceo-and-chairman-paul-mcilhenny-dead-at-68.html|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Paul McIlhenny, Tabasco-maker CEO, dies at 68|date=February 24, 2013 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/paul-mcilhenny-tabasco-maker-ceo-dies-at-68/|publisher=CBS NEWS|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tabasco CEO Paul McIlhenny dies|date=February 24, 2013 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/24/us/tabasco-ceo-dead/|publisher=CNN|access-date=February 24, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Edwin T. Merrick]] president 1930-1932<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=338</ref>
*[[Edwin T. Merrick]] president 1930-1932{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Henry C. Miller]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=339</ref>
*[[Henry C. Miller]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[John Albert Morris]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lagenweb.org/orleans/bios/LM/morrisJohnA.html | title=Morris, John A }}</ref>
*[[John Albert Morris]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lagenweb.org/orleans/bios/LM/morrisJohnA.html | title=Morris, John A }}</ref>
*[[Abraham Myers]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Abraham Myers]] <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=339</ref>
*[[Francis T. Nicholls]] <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=339</ref>
*[[Francis T. Nicholls]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Alton Ochsner]]<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/image/2627340/?terms=boston%20club&match=1</ref>
*[[Alton Ochsner]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/2627340/?terms=boston%20club&match=1 | title=The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune 31 Jan 1959, page Page 10 }}</ref>
*[[Don Albert Pardee]] <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=342</ref>
*[[Don Albert Pardee]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[John M. Parker]]<ref>https://library.louisiana.edu/collections/collection-44</ref>
*[[John M. Parker]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://library.louisiana.edu/collections/collection-44 | title=John M. Parker Papers | date=October 31, 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Davidson Bradfute Penn]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ9YAAAAMAAJ&dq=davidson+Bradfute+Penn&pg=PA540|title=Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History|first=Clement Anselm|last=Evans|date=September 18, 1899|publisher=Confederate publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=1067|title=Antietam: Col Davidson Bradford Penn|website=antietam.aotw.org}}</ref><ref name="Antietam">{{cite web |title=Antietam: Col Davidson Bradford Penn |url=https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=1067 |website=antietam.aotw.org |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
*[[Davidson Bradfute Penn]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ9YAAAAMAAJ&dq=davidson+Bradfute+Penn&pg=PA540|title=Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History|first=Clement Anselm|last=Evans|date=September 18, 1899|publisher=Confederate publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=1067|title=Antietam: Col Davidson Bradford Penn|website=antietam.aotw.org}}</ref><ref name="Antietam">{{cite web |title=Antietam: Col Davidson Bradford Penn |url=https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=1067 |website=antietam.aotw.org |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
*[[LeRoy Percy]]<ref>The House of Percy: Honor, Melancholy, and Imagination in a Southern Family, Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Oxford University Press, October 31, 1996, p.178</ref>
*[[LeRoy Percy]]<ref>The House of Percy: Honor, Melancholy, and Imagination in a Southern Family, Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Oxford University Press, October 31, 1996, p.178</ref>
*[[Walker Percy]], [[Order of Saint Benedict|Obl.S.B.]]<ref name =nba1962>{{Citation | url = https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1962 | title = National Book Awards | year = 1962 | publisher = [[National Book Foundation]] | access-date = March 30, 2012}}. With essays by Sara Zarr and Tom Roberge from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.</ref><ref name="NYT_Conversattions">Kimball, Roger. [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/04/books/existentialism-semiotics-and-iced-tea.html?scp=1&sq=Existentialism%2C+Semiotics+and+Iced+Tea&st=nyt Existentialism, Semiotics and Iced Tea, Review of Conversations with Walker Percy] New York Times, August 4, 1985. Retrieved June 12, 2010.</ref><ref>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and how it Changed America, John M. Barry, Simon & Schuster, 1997</ref><ref>https://library.loyno.edu/sites/default/files/2020-04/Collection_75_PercyChecks.pdf</ref>
*[[Walker Percy]], [[Order of Saint Benedict|Obl.S.B.]]<ref name =nba1962>{{Citation | url = https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1962 | title = National Book Awards | year = 1962 | publisher = [[National Book Foundation]] | access-date = March 30, 2012}}. With essays by Sara Zarr and Tom Roberge from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.</ref><ref name="NYT_Conversattions">Kimball, Roger. [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/04/books/existentialism-semiotics-and-iced-tea.html?scp=1&sq=Existentialism%2C+Semiotics+and+Iced+Tea&st=nyt Existentialism, Semiotics and Iced Tea, Review of Conversations with Walker Percy] New York Times, August 4, 1985. Retrieved June 12, 2010.</ref><ref>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and how it Changed America, John M. Barry, Simon & Schuster, 1997</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Walker Percy Check Collection |url=https://library.loyno.edu/sites/default/files/2020-04/Collection_75_PercyChecks.pdf}}</ref>
*[[Felix Pierre Poché]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=345</ref>
*[[Felix Pierre Poché]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[James Robb (banker)|James Robb]]
*[[James Robb (banker)|James Robb]]
*[[Thomas Jenkins Semmes]], president 1883–1892<ref>Georgetown College Journal, Volume 27, Issues 1–28</ref>
*[[Thomas Jenkins Semmes]], president 1883–1892<ref>Georgetown College Journal, Volume 27, Issues 1–28</ref>
*[[John Slidell]]<ref>Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie, T Michael Parrish, UNC Press Books, 1992, p. 67</ref>
*[[John Slidell]]{{sfn|Parrish|1992|p=67}}
*[[Pierre Soule]], Founding Member<ref>https://www.midnightboheme.com/maisonsoulehistory.html</ref><ref>Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie, T Michael Parrish, UNC Press Books, 1992, p. 67</ref>
*[[Pierre Soule]], Founding Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Midnight Boheme |url=https://www.midnightboheme.com/maisonsoulehistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524184441/https://www.midnightboheme.com/maisonsoulehistory.html |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Parrish|1992|p=67}}
*[[Henry M. Spofford]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=351</ref>
*[[Henry M. Spofford]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[James B. Steedman]] <ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=349</ref>
*[[James B. Steedman]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Richard Taylor (Confederate general)|Richard "Dick" Taylor]], [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]], president 1868–1873<ref>Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie, T Michael Parrish, UNC Press Books, 1992, p. 67</ref><ref>[[Lyon Gardiner Tyler|Tyler, Lyon Gardiner]], ed. (April 1915). "The F. F. V.'s of Virginia". William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 277.</ref>
*[[Richard Taylor (Confederate general)|Richard "Dick" Taylor]], [[First Families of Virginia|FFV]], president 1868–1873{{sfn|Parrish|1992|p=67}}<ref name="auto4"/>
*[[T. Semmes Walmsley]]<ref>New Orleans on the Halfshell: The Maserati Era, 1936-1946, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4231266</ref>
*[[T. Semmes Walmsley]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haas |first=Edward F. |year=1972 |title=New Orleans on the Half-Shell: The Maestri Era, 1936-1946 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4231266 |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |publisher=Louisiana Historical Association |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=283–310 |issn=0024-6816 |jstor=4231266 |access-date=2024-11-10}}</ref>
*[[Waterman Steamship Corporation|John Barnett Waterman]]
*[[Waterman Steamship Corporation|John Barnett Waterman]]
*[[Edward Douglas White]]<ref>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=352</ref>
*[[Edward Douglas White]]{{sfn|Landry|1938}}
*[[Maunsel White]]<ref>Officers, Members, Charter, and Rules of the Boston Club of New Orleans. Pub. by the Boston Club. 1919. pp.40</ref>
*[[Maunsel White]]<ref>Officers, Members, Charter, and Rules of the Boston Club of New Orleans. Pub. by the Boston Club. 1919. pp.40</ref>
{{colend}}
{{colend}}
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File:Judah P Benjamin crop.jpg|Judah Benjamin, QC
File:Judah P Benjamin crop.jpg|Judah Benjamin, QC
File:Eaton J. Bowers.jpg|Eaton J. Bowers
File:Eaton J. Bowers.jpg|Eaton J. Bowers
File:BROUSSARD, EDWIN S. SENATOR LCCN2016860963 (3x4a).jpg|US Senator Edwin S. Broussard
File:IsaacDelgatoStanding.jpg|Issac Delgato
File:IsaacDelgatoStanding.jpg|Issac Delgato
File:Stephen Duncan - (1787-1867).jpg|Stephen Duncan
File:Stephen Duncan - (1787-1867).jpg|Stephen Duncan
File:Isadore Dyer.png|Dr. Isadore Dyer
File:J.H. Fulton (LOC) (16030876396).jpg|J.H. Fulton
File:J.H. Fulton (LOC) (16030876396).jpg|J.H. Fulton
File: Randall L. Gibson - Brady-Handy.jpg|US Senator Randall L. Gibson
File:John Randolph Grymes.jpg|John Randolph Grymes
File:John Randolph Grymes.jpg|John Randolph Grymes
File:Harry Thompson Hays2.jpg|Harry Thompson Hays
⚫
File:Ernest Lee Jahncke - Assistant Secretary of the United States Navy in 1930.jpg|Ernest L. Jahncke
File:Carleton Hunt (Louisiana congressman).jpg|US Congressman Carleton Hunt
File:William-Henry-Hunt.jpg|Sec of Navy William Henry Hunt
⚫
File:Ernest Lee Jahncke - Assistant Secretary of the United States Navy in 1930.jpg|Sec of Navy Ernest L. Jahncke
File:Bradish_Johnson_1811-1892.jpg|Bradish Johnson
File:Bradish_Johnson_1811-1892.jpg|Bradish Johnson
File:Benjamin F. Jonas - Brady-Handy.jpg|US Senator Benjamin Franklin Jonas
File:Judge John Hanson Kennard.jpg|Judge John Hanson Kennard
File:Judge John Hanson Kennard.jpg|Louisiana Justice John Hanson Kennard
File:Duncan-kenner-portrait.jpg|Duncan Kenner
File:Duncan-kenner-portrait.jpg|Duncan Kenner
File:Samuel Douglas McEnery cph.3b20800.jpg|LA Gov. Samuel Douglas McEnery
File:Louisiana Justice E.T. Merrick, The Green Bag, no border.jpg|Louisiana Justice Edwin T. Merrick
File:John Albert Morris.jpg|John Albert Morris
File:John Albert Morris.jpg|John Albert Morris
File:Portrait of John M. Parker.jpg|John M. Parker
File:Abraham Myers.jpg|Abraham Myers
File:Francis T. Nicholls.jpg|LA Gov. Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls
File:Portrait of John M. Parker.jpg|LA Gov. John M. Parker
File:LeRoy Percy, bw photo portrait, circa 1910.jpg|LeRoy Percy
File:LeRoy Percy, bw photo portrait, circa 1910.jpg|LeRoy Percy
File:Walker_Percy.jpg|Walker Percy
File:Walker_Percy.jpg|Walker Percy
File:Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche, The Green Bag, no border.jpg|Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
File:James Robb by George Healy.png|James Robb
File:James Robb by George Healy.png|James Robb
File:Thomas Jenkins Semmes.png|Thomas Jenkins Semmes
File:Thomas Jenkins Semmes.png|Thomas Jenkins Semmes
Line 121: Line 129:
File:Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche, The Green Bag, no border.jpg|Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
File:Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche, The Green Bag, no border.jpg|Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
File:PSoule.jpg|Pierre Soule
File:PSoule.jpg|Pierre Soule
File:Judge Henry M. Spofford.jpg|Judge Henry M. Spofford
File:Judge Henry M. Spofford.jpg|Louisiana Justice Henry M. Spofford
File:JBSteedmanMGenright.jpg|Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman
File:JBSteedmanMGenright.jpg|Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman
File:Richard Taylor.jpg|Gen. Dick Taylor
File:Richard Taylor.jpg|Gen. Dick Taylor
File:T_S_Walmsley_American_Legion_Weekly.jpg|Thomas Semmes Walmsley
File:T_S_Walmsley_American_Legion_Weekly.jpg|Thomas Semmes Walmsley
File:Edward White, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly left, 1905.jpg|Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward Douglas White
File:Maunsel White 1851.jpg|Maunsel White
File:Maunsel White 1851.jpg|Maunsel White
</gallery>
</gallery>
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[[File:Louisiana Jockey Club's Boston Club Stakes 1907.png|thumb|left|200px|LA Jockey's BC Handicap, 1907]]
[[File:Louisiana Jockey Club's Boston Club Stakes 1907.png|thumb|left|200px|LA Jockey's BC Handicap, 1907]]
[[File:Louisiana Race Course 1838 Spring Meeting.png|thumb|200px|Louisiana Race Course 1838 Spring Meeting]]
[[File:Louisiana Race Course 1838 Spring Meeting.png|thumb|200px|Louisiana Race Course 1838 Spring Meeting]]
Members of the Boston Club frequently patronized Jockey Clubs of the area, the [[Eclipse Race Course]], the [[Metairie Cemetery|Metairie Race Course]] and the [[Fair Grounds Race Course]], putting up high stakes purses to help offset the Jockey Club's expenses. "The Boston Club...being composed of gentlemen who know ‘what's what’...insured a numerous and distinguished attendance upon these occasions."<ref>New Orleans Picayune, 1858</ref> Later noting "In the betting circles last evening... The wagering was spirited and lively, and a good deal of money will change hands as a result."<ref>New Orleans Picayune, 1858</ref> Boston Club Founder [[John Randolph Grymes]] owned filly ''Susan Yandal'' who ran in the first races, his cousin [[Henry Augustine Tayloe|Henry Tayloe]], younger son of turfman [[John Tayloe III|J. Tayloe III]] of [[The Octagon House|The Octagon]], was one of the founders of [[The Louisiana Jockey Club]], along with native [[French people|French]] [[Creole peoples|Creole]] [[Bernard de Marigny]].
Members of the Boston Club frequently patronized Jockey Clubs of the area, the [[Eclipse Race Course]], the [[Metairie Cemetery|Metairie Race Course]] and the [[Fair Grounds Race Course]], putting up high stakes purses to help offset the Jockey Club's expenses. "The Boston Club...being composed of gentlemen who know ‘what's what’...insured a numerous and distinguished attendance upon these occasions."<ref name="auto5">New Orleans Picayune, 1858</ref> Later noting "In the betting circles last evening... The wagering was spirited and lively, and a good deal of money will change hands as a result."<ref name="auto5"/> Boston Club Founder [[John Randolph Grymes]] owned filly ''Susan Yandal'' who ran in the first races at the Fair Grounds, his cousin [[Henry Augustine Tayloe|Henry Tayloe]], younger son of leading turfman [[John Tayloe III|J. Tayloe III]] of [[The Octagon House|The Octagon]], was one of the founders of [[The Louisiana Jockey Club]], along with native [[French people|French]] [[Creole peoples|Creole]] [[Bernard de Marigny]].


==Homes of The Boston Club==
==Homes of The Boston Club==
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* 1865–1867: 214 Royal Street ([[Hotel Monteleone]])
* 1865–1867: 214 Royal Street ([[Hotel Monteleone]])
* 1867–1884: old No. 4 Carondolet, now 122 ([[Edmund Jean Forstall|The Forstall Mansion]])
* 1867–1884: old No. 4 Carondolet, now 122 ([[Edmund Jean Forstall|The Forstall Mansion]])
* 1884: 824 Canal Street (then called 148 Canal Street)<ref>Landry. History of the Boston Club. p. 10-13.</ref>
* 1884: 824 Canal Street (then called 148 Canal Street){{sfn|Landry|1938|pp=10-13}}


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Canal St NOLA CBD Sept 2009 Boston Club Door 2.JPG|thumb|824 Canal Street]]
[[File:Canal St NOLA CBD Sept 2009 Boston Club Door 2.JPG|thumb|824 Canal Street]]
Entering from Canal Street, the entrance to the club is a 10x12 [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] framed by sidelights between engaged ionic pilasters and columns, with a wooden door inscribed in a frosted glass the club's initials BC, opening into a marble-paved hallway. Adjacent, to the left through a solid mahogany door,<ref>Historical Sketch Book and Guide to New Orleans and Environs: With Map. Illustrated with Many Original Engravings; and Containing Exhaustive Accounts of the Traditions, Historical Legends, and Remarkable Localities of the Creole City, W. H. Coleman, 1885, p. 96</ref> is a well-decorated parlor, extending fifty-five feet deep from the front facade. Here can be found leather chairs, lace curtains, and rockers with foremost men of New Orleans discussing current events. There is a reception area with a large round table behind leading into formal and informal dining areas. The formal dining room is forty-five feet deep, with molded stucco ceiling cornices and large center ceiling medallion of floral designs, and mantels finished in the period [[Eastlake Style]] replacing earlier marble mantel carved with cherubs and flute players. The bar, located behind the informal dining area, is made of oak along with the wainscot running around the room. The second floor has two rooms, the front, a former card room while the rear is mainly used as a sitting room but can be converted easily into a dining room, it is finished in oak with cypress doors and is attached to a billiards room, board room and lady's water closet.<ref>Times Democrat. June 4, 1899. Quoted in Landry. History of the Boston Club. p. 6.</ref>
Entering from Canal Street, the entrance to the club is a 10x12 [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] framed by sidelights between engaged ionic pilasters and columns, with a wooden door inscribed in a frosted glass the club's initials BC, opening into a marble-paved hallway. Adjacent, to the left through a solid mahogany door,{{sfn|Coleman|1885|p=96}} is a well-decorated parlor, extending fifty-five feet deep from the front facade. Here can be found leather chairs, lace curtains, and rockers with foremost men of New Orleans discussing current events. There is a reception area with a large round table behind leading into formal and informal dining areas. The formal dining room is forty-five feet deep, with molded stucco ceiling cornices and large center ceiling medallion of floral designs, and mantels finished in the period [[Eastlake Style]] replacing earlier marble mantel carved with cherubs and flute players. The bar, located behind the informal dining area, is made of oak along with the wainscot running around the room. The second floor has two rooms, the front, a former card room while the rear is mainly used as a sitting room but can be converted easily into a dining room, it is finished in oak with cypress doors and is attached to a billiards room, board room and lady's water closet.{{sfn|Landry|1938|p=6}}


==Significance==
==Significance==
The Boston Club is a social club composed solely of Anglo-Americans<ref>Late to the Dance: New Orleans and the Emergence of a Confederate City, G. Howard Hunter, Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Summer 2016, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Summer 2016) pp. 297-322, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43916946.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A8360a74bea0088a4ec09463c39bd96be</ref> since the turn of the century, with few details known about its constituents. Members usually announce their associations upon death, in their obituaries. Its clubhouse has held lavish balls, regular daily lunches, monthly dinners, and annual spring and fall parties. Its events and social activities were the fodder for many newspaper and social columns at the turn of the 19th century and on into the 20th century. That a lavish club lifestyle could be centered around something as simple as a card game serves as a sign of prosperous times in New Orleans.
The Boston Club is a social club composed solely of Anglo-Americans<ref name="auto8"/> since the turn of the century, with few details known about its constituents. Members usually announce their associations upon death, in their obituaries. Its clubhouse has held lavish balls, regular daily lunches, monthly dinners, and annual spring and fall parties. Its events and social activities were the fodder for many newspaper and social columns at the turn of the 19th century and on into the 20th century. That a lavish club lifestyle could be centered around something as simple as a card game serves as a sign of prosperous times in New Orleans.


==Status as the "oldest club in the south"==
==Status as the "oldest club in the south"==
Line 170: Line 179:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
{{refbegin}}
⚫
* {{cite book |last=Coleman |first=W.H. |title=Historical Sketch Book and Guide to New Orleans and Environs: With Map. Illustrated with Many Original Engravings; and Containing Exhaustive Accounts of the Traditions, Historical Legends, and Remarkable Localities of the Creole City |publisher=W. H. Coleman |year=1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwTlxwEACAAJ |access-date=2024-11-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Landry |first=S.O. |title=History of the Boston Club: Organized in 1841 |publisher=Pelican Publishing Company |year=1938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7QQuQGKYigC |access-date=2024-11-10}}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Rosary |last2=Vaz |first2=Kim Marie |title=New Orleans Carnival Krewes |publisher=The History Press |publication-place=Charleston, SC |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-62619-154-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Gill |first=J. |title=Lords of Misrule: Mardi Gras and the Politics of Race in New Orleans |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-60473-638-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wF19HqrAoIoC |access-date=2024-11-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Parrish |first=T.M. |title=Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |series=Richard Taylor: soldier prince of Dixie |issue=v. 1 |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8078-2032-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm1QiW3PMmoC |access-date=2024-11-10}}
⚫
* {{cite book |last=Rightor |first=H. |title=Standard History of New Orleans, Louisiana, Giving a Description of the Natural Advantages, Natural History ... Settlement, Indians, Creoles, Municipal and Military History, Mercantile and Commercial Interests, Banking, Transportation, Struggles Against High Water, the Press, Educational ... Etc |publisher=Lewis Publishing Company |year=1900 |url=https://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/louisiana_anthology/303_download/texts/rightor--standard_history_of_NO/rightor--standardhistoryo00righ.pdf |access-date=2024-11-10}}
* {{cite book |last1=Meade |first1=R.D. |last2=Davis |first2=W.C. |title=Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman |publisher=LSU Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8071-2744-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34OCDyK3-UQC |access-date=2024-11-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Herringshaw |first=T.W. |author2=American Publishers' Association |title=Herringshaw's American Blue-book of Biography: Prominent Americans of ... |publisher=American Publishers' Association |year=1919 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZNIAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2024-11-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Reeves |first=W.D. |title=Notable New Orleanians: a Tricentennial Tribute |publisher=Historical Publishing Network |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-944891-48-0 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/60393971/notable-new-orleanians-a-tricentennial-tribute |access-date=2024-11-10}}
{{refend}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Gentlemen's clubs in the United States]]
[[Category:Gentlemen's clubs in the United States]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in Louisiana]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Clubhouses in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Organizations based in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Organizations based in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1841]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1841]]

Latest revision as of 15:38, 22 December 2024

The Boston Club
Founded1841; 183 years ago (1841)
Location
Coordinates29°57′14.2″N 90°04′14.1″W / 29.953944°N 90.070583°W / 29.953944; -90.070583

The Boston Club is an exclusive private gentlemen's club in New Orleans, Louisiana, US, founded in 1841 as a place for its white members to congregate and partake in the fashionable card game of Boston. It is the third oldest City Club in the United States, after the Philadelphia Club (1834) and Union Club of the City of New York (1836).[1]

The clubhouse has been located at 824 Canal Street since 1884, formerly 148 Canal St, on the edge of the Central Business District. It was designed and built in 1844 by James Gallier as a city residence for Dr. William N. Mercer, a Maryland native, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine trained surgeon and veteran of the War of 1812, posted in New Orleans, then Natchez, Mississippi, where he married Ann Eliza Farar whose dowry included Laurel Hill and Ellis Cliffs, Mississippi by way of her mother, the heiress of Richard Ellis, who with his brother John Ellis, for their loyalty to the crown during the American Revolution, received the original 20,000 acres royal english land grant.[2]

The club was organized by thirty leading mercantile and professional men, they were the heads of families and men of substance on the shady side of life, yet full of bonhomie and fond of the card game of Boston from which this club was christened. It epitomized the South's most refined male tastes and attitudes, a member once noted, "Propriety of demeanor and proper courtesy are alone exacted within its portals."[3]

History

[edit]
Boston Club Pass 1899

Founded in 1841, members organized and rented rooms first at the Merchants Exchange, 126 Royal St, in the Vieux Carre, then 129/130 Canal Street until the Civil War when it closed from 1862 to 1866. After the war, it occupied 214 Royal Street (currently the Hotel Monteleone) until 1867 at which point it moved to 4 Carondelet Street, the former home of New Orleans financier, Edmund Jean Forstall. In 1884 it moved into its current clubhouse at 824 Canal Street (then known as 148 Canal Street) and the house was fully purchased by 1905.[4] The club was closed for 3 years during the Civil War.[5]

Boston Club of New Orleans May 24, 1924

The History of Gentlemen's Clubs in New Orleans starts with The Elkin Club, named after Harvey Elkin, was founded in 1832 by a group of Harvey's friends who purchased "Elkinville" after Mr. Elkin encountered financial difficulty, these men included John Slidell, John Randolph Grymes, and Glendy Burke. It was the first official private social club in New Orleans. An open club, members could freely invite guests, it sponsored dances and balls in the vicinity of Bayou St John and closed officially in 1838, due to the financial crisis of 1837. Next was The Pelican Club, founded in 1843 from the remnants of The Elkin Club, and folded at the beginning of the Civil War. It confined its membership through blackball policies to bankers, cotton brokers, attorneys, physicians, and political leaders; the smallest lapse in credit spelled denial of membership. It was to this club Henry Clay and Gen. Winfield Scott would retire for respite. Younger gentlemen, who had been rejected membership to the Pelican Club, organized The Orleans Club in 1851 with less restrictive membership policies but similarly closed, during the Know Nothing Times. A few members of this club would later found The Pickwick Club, the city's second-oldest gentleman's club, who would influence the development of modern-day Mardi Gras.[6]

Unlike The Pickwick Club or Louisiana Club, the Boston Club was not initially a "closed club" and was more diverse. Members could invite guests into the club freely where they could use the premises "gratis," though in the traditional club style new members were put up through a blackball process. A few Jewish men, such as Judah P. Benjamin and the first Rex, Lewis Solomon, had been members of the club in its earlier days.[7] Eventually, however, the club became almost exclusively Anglo-American as racial attitudes in New Orleans hardened after the Civil War and even white minorities would be blackballed leading to an air of antisemitism,[8][9] especially with the rise of the Crescent City White League.[10] For his merits early in his career Edgar B. Stern was invited to join. Stern declined the invitation on learning that close Jewish friends would be unable to join.[11][12] The Boston Club has no reciprocal relationships with any national or international gentlemen's clubs, unlike other revered national societal institutions such as the Union Club in New York or the Metropolitan Club in Washington, D.C.

Famous guests

[edit]

Notable members

[edit]
[edit]
  • Judah Benjamin, QC
    Judah Benjamin, QC
  • Eaton J. Bowers
    Eaton J. Bowers
  • US Senator Edwin S. Broussard
    US Senator Edwin S. Broussard
  • Issac Delgato
    Issac Delgato
  • Stephen Duncan
    Stephen Duncan
  • Dr. Isadore Dyer
    Dr. Isadore Dyer
  • J.H. Fulton
    J.H. Fulton
  • US Senator Randall L. Gibson
    US Senator Randall L. Gibson
  • John Randolph Grymes
    John Randolph Grymes
  • Harry Thompson Hays
    Harry Thompson Hays
  • US Congressman Carleton Hunt
    US Congressman Carleton Hunt
  • Sec of Navy William Henry Hunt
    Sec of Navy William Henry Hunt
  • Sec of Navy Ernest L. Jahncke
    Sec of Navy Ernest L. Jahncke
  • Bradish Johnson
    Bradish Johnson
  • US Senator Benjamin Franklin Jonas
    US Senator Benjamin Franklin Jonas
  • Louisiana Justice John Hanson Kennard
    Louisiana Justice John Hanson Kennard
  • Duncan Kenner
    Duncan Kenner
  • LA Gov. Samuel Douglas McEnery
    LA Gov. Samuel Douglas McEnery
  • Louisiana Justice Edwin T. Merrick
    Louisiana Justice Edwin T. Merrick
  • John Albert Morris
    John Albert Morris
  • Abraham Myers
    Abraham Myers
  • LA Gov. Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls
    LA Gov. Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls
  • LA Gov. John M. Parker
    LA Gov. John M. Parker
  • LeRoy Percy
    LeRoy Percy
  • Walker Percy
    Walker Percy
  • Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
    Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
  • James Robb
    James Robb
  • Thomas Jenkins Semmes
    Thomas Jenkins Semmes
  • John Slidell
    John Slidell
  • Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
    Louisiana Justice Felix P. Poche
  • Pierre Soule
    Pierre Soule
  • Louisiana Justice Henry M. Spofford
    Louisiana Justice Henry M. Spofford
  • Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman
    Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman
  • Gen. Dick Taylor
    Gen. Dick Taylor
  • Thomas Semmes Walmsley
    Thomas Semmes Walmsley
  • Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward Douglas White
    Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward Douglas White
  • Maunsel White
    Maunsel White

Horse racing

[edit]
LA Jockey's BC Handicap, 1907
Louisiana Race Course 1838 Spring Meeting

Members of the Boston Club frequently patronized Jockey Clubs of the area, the Eclipse Race Course, the Metairie Race Course and the Fair Grounds Race Course, putting up high stakes purses to help offset the Jockey Club's expenses. "The Boston Club...being composed of gentlemen who know ‘what's what’...insured a numerous and distinguished attendance upon these occasions."[55] Later noting "In the betting circles last evening... The wagering was spirited and lively, and a good deal of money will change hands as a result."[55] Boston Club Founder John Randolph Grymes owned filly Susan Yandal who ran in the first races at the Fair Grounds, his cousin Henry Tayloe, younger son of leading turfman J. Tayloe III of The Octagon, was one of the founders of The Louisiana Jockey Club, along with native French Creole Bernard de Marigny.

Homes of The Boston Club

[edit]
  • 1841–1855: Merchants Exchange, 126 Royal Street
  • 1855–1862: 129/130 Canal Street
  • 1862–1865: Club closed
  • 1865–1867: 214 Royal Street (Hotel Monteleone)
  • 1867–1884: old No. 4 Carondolet, now 122 (The Forstall Mansion)
  • 1884: 824 Canal Street (then called 148 Canal Street)[56]

Description

[edit]
824 Canal Street

Entering from Canal Street, the entrance to the club is a 10x12 vestibule framed by sidelights between engaged ionic pilasters and columns, with a wooden door inscribed in a frosted glass the club's initials BC, opening into a marble-paved hallway. Adjacent, to the left through a solid mahogany door,[3] is a well-decorated parlor, extending fifty-five feet deep from the front facade. Here can be found leather chairs, lace curtains, and rockers with foremost men of New Orleans discussing current events. There is a reception area with a large round table behind leading into formal and informal dining areas. The formal dining room is forty-five feet deep, with molded stucco ceiling cornices and large center ceiling medallion of floral designs, and mantels finished in the period Eastlake Style replacing earlier marble mantel carved with cherubs and flute players. The bar, located behind the informal dining area, is made of oak along with the wainscot running around the room. The second floor has two rooms, the front, a former card room while the rear is mainly used as a sitting room but can be converted easily into a dining room, it is finished in oak with cypress doors and is attached to a billiards room, board room and lady's water closet.[57]

Significance

[edit]

The Boston Club is a social club composed solely of Anglo-Americans[10] since the turn of the century, with few details known about its constituents. Members usually announce their associations upon death, in their obituaries. Its clubhouse has held lavish balls, regular daily lunches, monthly dinners, and annual spring and fall parties. Its events and social activities were the fodder for many newspaper and social columns at the turn of the 19th century and on into the 20th century. That a lavish club lifestyle could be centered around something as simple as a card game serves as a sign of prosperous times in New Orleans.

Status as the "oldest club in the south"

[edit]

The Boston Club is the oldest City Club in the Southern United States.[58] Only two Gentlemen's City Clubs, that offer the facilities of a traditional gentlemen's city club – regular hours, paid staff, a bar, a dining room, lodging rooms – that are associated with the English model of city clubs in the St. James's district of London, are older: the Philadelphia Club, and the Union Club of the City of New York.

[edit]

In The Moviegoer, by Walker Percy, "Uncle Jules" is said to have suffered a heart attack (his second) and died at the Boston Club on Mardi Gras.

[edit]
  • Boston Club Dinner Menu
    Boston Club Dinner Menu
  • Boston Club Dinner Menu
    Boston Club Dinner Menu
  • Good Companions, A farewell to the Boston Club of New Orleans
    Good Companions, A farewell to the Boston Club of New Orleans

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Coleman 1885, p. 95.
  2. ^ Blakes, Alvin (July 4, 2021). "Black Families of Edgefield Plantation – Woodville, Mississippi: Part 6". Almost Disappeared. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Coleman 1885, p. 96.
  4. ^ Landry 1938, p. 7.
  5. ^ Landry 1938, pp. 6–7.
  6. ^ O'Neill & Vaz 2014.
  7. ^ "Archives and Special Collections at Tulane University". ArchivesSpace Public Interface.
  8. ^ Fishman, Walda Katz; Zweigenhaft, Richard L. (1982). "Jews and the New Orleans Economic and Social Elites". Jewish Social Studies. 44 (3/4). Indiana University Press: 291–298. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4467188. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  9. ^ "ISJL - Louisiana New Orleans Encyclopedia". Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  10. ^ a b Hunter, G. Howard (2016). "Late to the Dance: New Orleans and the Emergence of a Confederate City". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 57 (3): 297–322. ISSN 0024-6816. JSTOR 43916946.
  11. ^ Richardson, Joe M. (Summer 1997). "Edgar B. Stern: A White New Orleans Philanthropist Helps Build a Black University". The Journal of Negro History. 82 (3): 328–342. doi:10.2307/2717676. JSTOR 2717676. S2CID 140496068.
  12. ^ Vogt, Justin (February 16, 2010). "The Krewes and the Jews". TabletMag.com. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  13. ^ a b Landry 1938, p. 8.
  14. ^ Hémard, Ned. "When General Pershing Took Berlin" (PDF). New Orleans Nostalgia.
  15. ^ The Haberdasher, Volume 71, Haberdasher Company, 1920
  16. ^ Gill 1997, p. 176.
  17. ^ "Duke and Duchess of Windsor in stands in front of the Boston Club on Canal Street during Mardi Gras parade in New Orleans in 1950". Louisiana Digital Library. February 21, 1950. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  18. ^ Landry 1938, p. 9.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Landry 1938.
  20. ^ a b c d e Parrish 1992, p. 67.
  21. ^ a b c Rightor 1900, p. 607.
  22. ^ Meade & Davis 2001.
  23. ^ Rightor 1900.
  24. ^ a b Herringshaw & American Publishers' Association 1919.
  25. ^ times picayune, Jan 18, 2013, obituary
  26. ^ Reeves 2018.
  27. ^ a b Two histories, one future: Louisiana sugar planters, their slaves, and the Anglo-Creole schism, 1815–1865, Nathan Buman, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2013
  28. ^ "Dictionary G". Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
  29. ^ a b Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (April 1915). "The F. F. V.'s of Virginia". William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet & Shepperson. p. 277.
  30. ^ Miller, Mike (August 2001). "Biography of Jahncke, Ernest Lee Orleans Parish, Louisiana". USGenWeb Archives.
  31. ^ "The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer". The Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer. 9: 350. November 12, 1892. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  32. ^ "John Hanson Kennard (1836 - 1887)". Louisiana Supreme Court. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  33. ^ "Louisiana Supreme Court Justices, 1813-Present". Louisiana Supreme Court. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  34. ^ "Boston Club". The Times-Picayune. Vol. 35, no. 31. New Orleans, Louisiana: Judi Terzotis. March 1, 1871 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ Brown, Campbell; Terry L. Jones (2004). Campbell Brown's Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-3019-2. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016.
  36. ^ "Paul McIlhenny, CEO of company behind Tabasco dies". Zee News. February 24, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  37. ^ "McIlhenny, CEO Who Expanded Tabasco Brand, Dies at 68". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  38. ^ "Paul McIlhenny, Tabasco-maker CEO, dies at 68". CBS NEWS. February 24, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  39. ^ "Tabasco CEO Paul McIlhenny dies". CNN. February 24, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  40. ^ "Morris, John A".
  41. ^ "The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune 31 Jan 1959, page Page 10".
  42. ^ "John M. Parker Papers". October 31, 2014.
  43. ^ Evans, Clement Anselm (September 18, 1899). "Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History". Confederate publishing Company – via Google Books.
  44. ^ "Antietam: Col Davidson Bradford Penn". antietam.aotw.org.
  45. ^ "Antietam: Col Davidson Bradford Penn". antietam.aotw.org. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  46. ^ The House of Percy: Honor, Melancholy, and Imagination in a Southern Family, Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Oxford University Press, October 31, 1996, p.178
  47. ^ National Book Awards, National Book Foundation, 1962, retrieved March 30, 2012. With essays by Sara Zarr and Tom Roberge from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.
  48. ^ Kimball, Roger. Existentialism, Semiotics and Iced Tea, Review of Conversations with Walker Percy New York Times, August 4, 1985. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  49. ^ Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and how it Changed America, John M. Barry, Simon & Schuster, 1997
  50. ^ "Walker Percy Check Collection" (PDF).
  51. ^ Georgetown College Journal, Volume 27, Issues 1–28
  52. ^ "Midnight Boheme". Archived from the original on May 24, 2022.
  53. ^ Haas, Edward F. (1972). "New Orleans on the Half-Shell: The Maestri Era, 1936-1946". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 13 (3). Louisiana Historical Association: 283–310. ISSN 0024-6816. JSTOR 4231266. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  54. ^ Officers, Members, Charter, and Rules of the Boston Club of New Orleans. Pub. by the Boston Club. 1919. pp.40
  55. ^ a b New Orleans Picayune, 1858
  56. ^ Landry 1938, pp. 10–13.
  57. ^ Landry 1938, p. 6.
  58. ^ Whitaker's Almanack 2008. A&C Black. 2008. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-7136-8554-1.

Works cited

[edit]
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