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Kızılırmak River: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 41°44′04″N 35°57′23″E / 41.73444°N 35.95639°E / 41.73444; 35.95639
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| name_etymology =
| name_etymology =
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image = Kızılırmak River in Avanos.jpg
| image = Vezirsuyu_Lake_View.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kızılırmak in [[Samsun]]
| image_caption = Kızılırmak in [[Avanos]]
| map = Turkey-kizilirmak.svg
| map = Turkey-kizilirmak.svg
| map_size =
| map_size =
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| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = 128 m3/s
| discharge1_avg = 128 m<sup>3</sup>/s
| discharge1_max =
| discharge1_max =
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
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| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Kizilirmak Delta
| designation1_offname = Kizilirmak Delta
| designation1_date = April 15, 1998 <ref name="Ramsar list">{{cite web|title=Ramsar List |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list/main/ramsar/1-31-218_4000_0__ |publisher=Ramsar.org |access-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409081737/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list/main/ramsar/1-31-218_4000_0__ |archive-date= 9 April 2013 }}</ref>
| designation1_date = April 15, 1998<ref name="Ramsar list">{{cite web|title=Ramsar List |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list/main/ramsar/1-31-218_4000_0__ |publisher=Ramsar.org |access-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409081737/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list/main/ramsar/1-31-218_4000_0__ |archive-date= 9 April 2013 }}</ref>
}}
}}
}}
}}
⚫
The '''Kızılırmak''' ({{IPA|tr|kɯzɯlɯrmak}}, [[Turkish language|Turkish]] for "Red River"), once known as the '''Halys River''' ({{langx|grc|Ἅλυς}}) and '''Alis''' '''River''', is the longest river flowing entirely within [[Turkey]]. It is a source of [[hydroelectric power]] and is not used for navigation.
[[File:Kizilirmak-map.jpg|thumb|275px|geographical position of Kızılırmak]]
⚫
The '''Kızılırmak''' ({{IPA-tr|kızılırmak}}, [[Turkish language|Turkish]] for "Red River"), also known as the '''Halys River''' ({{lang-grc|Ἅλυς}}), is the longest river entirely within [[Turkey]]. It is a source of [[hydroelectric power]] and is not used for navigation.


== Geography ==
== Description ==
The Kızılırmak flows for a total of {{convert|1355|km|mi}},<ref>{{Cite book|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|year=2011|chapter=Land and Climate|title=Turkey in Statistics 2011: The Summary of Turkey's Statistical Yearbook, 2011|page=2|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetay&KT_ID=0&KITAP_ID=5}}</ref> rising in [[Eastern Anatolia]] around {{coord|39.8|N|38.3|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline|name=Kızılırmak source}}, flowing first to the west and southwest until {{coord|38.7|N|34.8|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline}}, then forming a wide arch, the "Halys bend", flowing first to the west, then to the northwest, passing to the northeast of [[Lake Tuz]], then to the north and northeast, where it is joined by its major tributary, the [[Delice River]] (also known by its Greek name Cappadox) at {{coord|40.47|N|34.14|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline}}, and after zigzagging to the northwest to the confluence with the [[Devrez River]] at {{coord|41.10|N|34.42|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline}}, and back to the northeast, joining the [[Gökırmak]] before finally flowing through [[Kızılırmak Delta|its delta]] into the [[Black Sea]] at {{coord|41.72|N|35.95|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline|name=Kızılırmak mouth}}. Dams on the river include the [[Boyabat Dam|Boyabat]], [[Altınkaya Dam|Altınkaya]] and [[Derbent Dam|Derbent]].
The Kızılırmak flows for a total of {{convert|1355|km|mi}},<ref>{{Cite book|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|year=2011|chapter=Land and Climate|title=Turkey in Statistics 2011: The Summary of Turkey's Statistical Yearbook, 2011|page=2|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetay&KT_ID=0&KITAP_ID=5}}</ref> rising in [[Eastern Anatolia]] around {{coord|39.8|N|38.3|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline|name=Kızılırmak source}}, flowing first to the west and southwest until {{coord|38.7|N|34.8|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline}}, then forming a wide arch, the "Halys bend", flowing first to the west, then to the northwest, passing to the northeast of [[Lake Tuz]] (''Tuz Gölü'' in Turkish), then to the north and northeast, where it is joined by its major tributary, the [[Delice River]] (once known in Greek as the Cappadox river) at {{coord|40.47|N|34.14|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline}}. After zigzagging to the northwest to the confluence with the [[Devrez River]] at {{coord|41.10|N|34.42|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline}}, and back to the northeast, it joins the [[Gökırmak]] (Sky ''River'' in Turkish) before finally flowing via a wide [[Kızılırmak Delta|delta]] into the [[Black Sea]] northwest of [[Samsun]] at {{coord|41.72|N|35.95|E|region:TK_type:river|display=inline|name=Kızılırmak mouth}}.


⚫
The [[Hittites]] called the river the Maraššantiya, and it formed the western boundary of [[Hattians|Hatti]], the core land of the [[Hittite empire]].{{cn|date=May 2018}} Until the [[Classical Anatolia|Roman conquest of Anatolia]] the Halys River (later renamed the ''Kızılırmak'' by the Turkish conquerors) served as a natural political boundary in central [[Asia Minor]], first between the kingdom of [[Lydia]] and the [[Persian Empire]], and later between the [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic Kingdom]] and the [[Kingdom of Cappadocia]]. As the site of the Battle of Halys, or the [[Battle of the Eclipse]], on May 28, 585&nbsp;BC,<ref>Historically it was known as the Battle of Halys; it has since been renamed by some as the Battle of the Eclipse, as the first premodern battle which can be dated with certainty due to the eclipse which brought about its sudden end.</ref> the river formed the border between [[Lydia]] to the west and [[Median Empire|Media]] to the east until [[Croesus]] of Lydia crossed it to attack [[Cyrus the Great]] in 547&nbsp;BC. He was defeated and Persia expanded to the [[Aegean Sea]].
==History==
The [[Hittites]] called it the Maraššantiya. It formed the western boundary of Hatti, the core land of the [[Hittite empire]].{{cn|date=May 2018}}


Until the [[Classical Anatolia|Roman conquest of Anatolia]] the Halys River, later called by Turkish conquerors the ''Kızılırmak'', served as a natural political boundary in central [[Asia Minor]], first between the kingdom of [[Lydia]] and the [[Persian Empire]], and later between the [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontic Kingdom]] and the [[Kingdom of Cappadocia]]. In the 1st century AD [[Vespasian]] combined several provinces, including Cappadocia, to create one large province; its eastern boundary was marked by the [[Euphrates River]]. This province once again splintered during [[Trajan]]{{'}}s reign—the newly created province of Cappadocia, bounded by the Euphrates to the East, included [[Roman Pontus|Pontus]] and [[Lesser Armenia]]. The Halys River remained an interior river and never regained its significance as a political border. In the 130s a governor of Cappadocia wrote: "long ago the Halys River was the boundary between the kingdom of [[Croesus]] and the Persian Empire; now it flows under Roman dominion."<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn = 978-0-8122-3681-1| last = Dam| first = Raymond Van| title = Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia| date = 2002-08-30}}</ref>
In the 1st century AD [[Vespasian]] combined several provinces, including Cappadocia, to create one large province with its eastern boundary marked by the [[Euphrates River]]. This province once again splintered during [[Trajan]]{{'}}s reign - the newly created province of Cappadocia, bounded by the Euphrates to the East, included [[Roman Pontus|Pontus]] and [[Lesser Armenia]]. The Halys River became an interior river and never regained its significance as a political border. In the 130s a governor of Cappadocia wrote: "long ago the Halys River was the boundary between the kingdom of [[Croesus]] and the Persian Empire; now it flows under Roman dominion."<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn = 978-0-8122-3681-1| last = Dam| first = Raymond Van| title = Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia| date = 2002-08-30}}</ref>


The river's water is used to grow rice and in a few areas [[water buffalo]] are kept. There are dams on the river at [[Boyabat Dam|Boyabat]], [[Altınkaya Dam|Altınkaya]] and [[Derbent Dam|Derbent]]. Dams have reduced the flow of sediment to the delta, allowing coastal erosion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scaramelli |first=Caterina |date=August 2018 |title=“THE WETLAND IS DISAPPEARING”: CONSERVATION AND CARE ON TURKEY'S KIZILIRMAK DELTA |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/wetland-is-disappearing-conservation-and-care-on-turkeys-kizilirmak-delta/3FDD876B6A3309AFD548F72D5F7F614C |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=405–425 |doi=10.1017/S0020743818000788 |issn=0020-7438}}</ref>
⚫
As the site of the Battle of Halys or [[Battle of the Eclipse]] on May 28, 585&nbsp;BC,<ref>Historically it was known as the Battle of Halys; it has since been renamed by some as the Battle of the Eclipse, as the first premodern battle which can be dated with certainty due to the eclipse which brought about its sudden end.</ref> it was the border between [[Lydia]] to the west and [[Median Empire|Media]] to the east until [[Croesus]] of Lydia crossed it to attack [[Cyrus the Great]] in 547&nbsp;BC. He was defeated and Persia expanded to the [[Aegean Sea]].

==Agriculture==
The river water is used to grow rice and in some areas [[water buffalo]] are kept.

==In popular culture==
The historical fiction manga ''[[Red River (manga)|Red River]]'' is named after and largely set in the Kızılırmak basin, during the age of the Hittites. The Greek drama TV series feature ''the Greek Pontian Genocide To Kokkino Potami'' was inspired by the name of that river.


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.livius.org/articles/place/halys-kizilirmak/ Livius.org: Halys] - Photos
*[https://www.livius.org/articles/place/halys-kizilirmak/ Livius.org: Halys] - Photos
*[https://archive.is/20130217083843/http://www.sdu.dk/en/Om_SDU/Institutter_centre/Ihks/Forskning/Forskningsprojekter/Where_east_meets_west/Region sdu.dk/halys]
*[https://archive.today/20130217083843/http://www.sdu.dk/en/Om_SDU/Institutter_centre/Ihks/Forskning/Forskningsprojekter/Where_east_meets_west/Region sdu.dk/halys]
*[[List of rivers of Turkey]]


{{Commons category|Kızılırmak River}}
{{Commons category|Kızılırmak River}}

Latest revision as of 17:29, 22 December 2024

For other uses, see Kızılırmak (disambiguation).
Kızılırmak
Halys
Kızılırmak in Samsun
Map of the Kızılırmak watershed
Location
CountryTurkey
CitiesSivas, Kırşehir, Kırıkkale
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationİmranlı, Sivas Province
 • coordinates39°48′N 38°18′E / 39.800°N 38.300°E / 39.800; 38.300
 • elevation2,000 m (6,600 ft)
MouthBlack Sea
 • location
Bafra, Samsun Province
 • coordinates
41°44′04″N 35°57′23″E / 41.73444°N 35.95639°E / 41.73444; 35.95639
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length1,355 km (842 mi)
Discharge 
 • average128 m3/s
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftDevrez River, Gök River
 • rightDelice River
Official nameKizilirmak Delta
DesignatedApril 15, 1998[1]

The Kızılırmak (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯzɯlɯrmak], Turkish for "Red River"), once known as the Halys River (Ancient Greek: Ἅλυς) and Alis River, is the longest river flowing entirely within Turkey. It is a source of hydroelectric power and is not used for navigation.

Description

[edit]

The Kızılırmak flows for a total of 1,355 kilometres (842 mi),[2] rising in Eastern Anatolia around 39°48′N 38°18′E / 39.8°N 38.3°E / 39.8; 38.3 (Kızılırmak source), flowing first to the west and southwest until 38°42′N 34°48′E / 38.7°N 34.8°E / 38.7; 34.8, then forming a wide arch, the "Halys bend", flowing first to the west, then to the northwest, passing to the northeast of Lake Tuz (Tuz Gölü in Turkish), then to the north and northeast, where it is joined by its major tributary, the Delice River (once known in Greek as the Cappadox river) at 40°28′N 34°08′E / 40.47°N 34.14°E / 40.47; 34.14. After zigzagging to the northwest to the confluence with the Devrez River at 41°06′N 34°25′E / 41.10°N 34.42°E / 41.10; 34.42, and back to the northeast, it joins the Gökırmak (Sky River in Turkish) before finally flowing via a wide delta into the Black Sea northwest of Samsun at 41°43′N 35°57′E / 41.72°N 35.95°E / 41.72; 35.95 (Kızılırmak mouth).

The Hittites called the river the Maraššantiya, and it formed the western boundary of Hatti, the core land of the Hittite empire.[citation needed] Until the Roman conquest of Anatolia the Halys River (later renamed the Kızılırmak by the Turkish conquerors) served as a natural political boundary in central Asia Minor, first between the kingdom of Lydia and the Persian Empire, and later between the Pontic Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cappadocia. As the site of the Battle of Halys, or the Battle of the Eclipse, on May 28, 585 BC,[3] the river formed the border between Lydia to the west and Media to the east until Croesus of Lydia crossed it to attack Cyrus the Great in 547 BC. He was defeated and Persia expanded to the Aegean Sea.

In the 1st century AD Vespasian combined several provinces, including Cappadocia, to create one large province with its eastern boundary marked by the Euphrates River. This province once again splintered during Trajan's reign - the newly created province of Cappadocia, bounded by the Euphrates to the East, included Pontus and Lesser Armenia. The Halys River became an interior river and never regained its significance as a political border. In the 130s a governor of Cappadocia wrote: "long ago the Halys River was the boundary between the kingdom of Croesus and the Persian Empire; now it flows under Roman dominion."[4]

The river's water is used to grow rice and in a few areas water buffalo are kept. There are dams on the river at Boyabat, Altınkaya and Derbent. Dams have reduced the flow of sediment to the delta, allowing coastal erosion.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ramsar List". Ramsar.org. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  2. ^ Turkish Statistical Institute (2011). "Land and Climate". Turkey in Statistics 2011: The Summary of Turkey's Statistical Yearbook, 2011. p. 2.
  3. ^ Historically it was known as the Battle of Halys; it has since been renamed by some as the Battle of the Eclipse, as the first premodern battle which can be dated with certainty due to the eclipse which brought about its sudden end.
  4. ^ Dam, Raymond Van (2002-08-30). Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3681-1.
  5. ^ Scaramelli, Caterina (August 2018). ""THE WETLAND IS DISAPPEARING": CONSERVATION AND CARE ON TURKEY'S KIZILIRMAK DELTA". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 50 (3): 405–425. doi:10.1017/S0020743818000788. ISSN 0020-7438.
[edit]
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