Cryptocarya agathophylla: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of plant}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Ravensara aromatica.png |
| image = Ravensara aromatica.png |
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| status = NT |
| status = NT |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>Rakotonirina, N. 2020. Cryptocarya agathophylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T137583298A137900098. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T137583298A137900098.en. Accessed 28 August 2022.</ref> |
| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>Rakotonirina, N. 2020. ''Cryptocarya agathophylla''. [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] 2020: e.T137583298A137900098. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T137583298A137900098.en. Accessed 28 August 2022.</ref> |
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| genus = Cryptocarya |
| genus = Cryptocarya |
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| display_parents= 5 |
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| species = agathophylla |
| species = agathophylla |
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| authority = van der Werff |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77090879-1 ''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' van der Werff] ''Plants of the World Online'', Kew Science. Accessed 27 August 2022.</ref> |
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77090879-1 ''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' van der Werff] ''Plants of the World Online'', Kew Science. Accessed 27 August 2022.</ref> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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'''''Cryptocarya agathophylla''''' (sometimes called '''clove nutmeg''') is a member of the laurel family, [[Lauraceae]], and originates in [[Madagascar]]. |
'''''Cryptocarya agathophylla''''' (known in Madagascar as '''ravintsara''' and sometimes called '''clove nutmeg''') is a member of the laurel family, [[Lauraceae]], and originates in [[Madagascar]]. |
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Malagasy names include ''{{lang|mg|tavolobelelo}}'',<ref name = iucn/> ''{{lang|mg|havozo}}'', ''{{lang|mg|hazomanitra}}'' and ''{{lang|mg|tavolomanitra}}''. The former genus name ''Ravensara'' is a [[Romanization|latinization]] of the [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] word ''{{lang|mg|ravintsara}}''.<ref>Halpern, Georges M., Weverka, Peter ''The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar'', Basic Health Publications Inc., Laguna Beach CA, 2003, pp. 54.</ref> |
Malagasy names include ''{{lang|mg|tavolobelelo}}'',<ref name = iucn/> ''{{lang|mg|havozo}}'', ''{{lang|mg|hazomanitra}}'' and ''{{lang|mg|tavolomanitra}}''. The former genus name ''Ravensara'' is a [[Romanization|latinization]] of the [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] word ''{{lang|mg|ravintsara}}''.<ref>Halpern, Georges M., Weverka, Peter ''The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar'', Basic Health Publications Inc., Laguna Beach CA, 2003, pp. 54.</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' is a small to medium-sized tree, growing up to 15 meters high.<ref name = iucn/> The leaves and twigs of ''C. agathophylla'' have a mildly camphorous aroma similar to [[eucalyptus]]. |
''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' is a small to medium-sized tree, growing up to 15 meters high.<ref name = iucn/> The leaves and twigs of ''C. agathophylla'' have a mildly camphorous aroma similar to [[eucalyptus]]. |
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==Range and habitat== |
==Range and habitat== |
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''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' is endemic to Madagascar. It grows in humid and subhumid forests and secondary vegetation between 10 and 1,300 meters elevation.<ref name = iucn/> |
''Cryptocarya agathophylla'' is endemic to Madagascar. It grows in humid and subhumid [[Madagascar lowland forests|lowland forests]] and [[Madagascar subhumid forests|lower montane forests]] and secondary vegetation between 10 and 1,300 meters elevation.<ref name = iucn/> |
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It is known from 11 locations in the central and eastern parts of Bongolava, Vatovavy Analanjirofo and Alaotra-Mangoro regions. Its estimated [[extent of occurrence]] (EOO) is 116,739 |
It is known from 11 locations in the central and eastern parts of Bongolava, Vatovavy Analanjirofo and Alaotra-Mangoro regions. Its estimated [[extent of occurrence]] (EOO) is 116,739 km<sup>2</sup>, the minimum [[area of occupancy]] (AOO) is 56 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name = iucn/> |
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==Conservation and threats== |
==Conservation and threats== |
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The species' population is decreasing, and its conservation status is [[Near Threatened]]. It is |
The species' population is decreasing, and its conservation status is [[Near Threatened]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]], principally from shifting agriculture, and also from logging, mining, and grazing.<ref name = iucn/> |
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== Essential oil == |
== Essential oil == |
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The [[essential oil]] of ''C. agathophylla'' is used as a fragrance material in the [[perfumery]] industry, and as an [[antiseptic]], anti-viral, [[antibacterial]], expectorant, anti-infective in natural and [[folk medicine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andrianjafinandrasana |first1=S.N. |last2=Andrianoelisoa |first2=H.S. |last3=Jeanson |first3=M.L. |last4=Ramonta |first4=I. |last5=Danthu |first5=P. |date=2013 |title=Allelopathic effects of volatile compounds of essential oil from Ravensara aromatica Sonnerat chemotypes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286708689 |journal=Allelopathy Journal |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=333–344 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Primary aromatic components are:{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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The [[essential oil]] of ''C. agathophylla'' is used as a fragrance material in the [[perfumery]] industry, and as an [[antiseptic]], anti-viral, [[antibacterial]], expectorant, anti-infective in natural and [[folk medicine]]. Primary aromatic components are: |
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{{div col|colwidth=16em}} |
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* [[limonene]] 19.38% |
* [[limonene]] 19.38% |
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* α-[[thujene]] 1.13% |
* α-[[thujene]] 1.13% |
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* 1,8-[[cineole]] 1.08% |
* 1,8-[[cineole]] 1.08% |
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* |
* [[para-cymene]] 0.97% |
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* [[α-humulene]] 0.79% |
* [[α-humulene]] 0.79% |
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* α-[[copaene]] 0.69% |
* α-[[copaene]] 0.69% |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q15612952}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15612952}} |
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[[Category:Cryptocarya|agathophylla]] |
[[Category:Cryptocarya|agathophylla]] |
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[[Category:Endemic flora of Madagascar]] |
[[Category:Endemic flora of Madagascar]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Madagascar lowland forests]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Madagascar subhumid forests]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:09, 22 December 2024
| Cryptocarya agathophylla | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | Cryptocarya |
| Species: | C. agathophylla
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| Binomial name | |
| Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Cryptocarya agathophylla (known in Madagascar as ravintsara and sometimes called clove nutmeg) is a member of the laurel family, Lauraceae, and originates in Madagascar.
Malagasy names include tavolobelelo,[1] havozo, hazomanitra and tavolomanitra. The former genus name Ravensara is a latinization of the Malagasy word ravintsara.[3]
Description
[edit]Cryptocarya agathophylla is a small to medium-sized tree, growing up to 15 meters high.[1] The leaves and twigs of C. agathophylla have a mildly camphorous aroma similar to eucalyptus.
Range and habitat
[edit]Cryptocarya agathophylla is endemic to Madagascar. It grows in humid and subhumid lowland forests and lower montane forests and secondary vegetation between 10 and 1,300 meters elevation.[1]
It is known from 11 locations in the central and eastern parts of Bongolava, Vatovavy Analanjirofo and Alaotra-Mangoro regions. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 116,739 km2, the minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.[1]
Conservation and threats
[edit]The species' population is decreasing, and its conservation status is Near Threatened. It is threatened by habitat loss, principally from shifting agriculture, and also from logging, mining, and grazing.[1]
Essential oil
[edit]The essential oil of C. agathophylla is used as a fragrance material in the perfumery industry, and as an antiseptic, anti-viral, antibacterial, expectorant, anti-infective in natural and folk medicine.[4] Primary aromatic components are:[citation needed]
- limonene 19.38%
- sabinene 11.40%
- methyl chavicol 7.94%
- α-pinene 5.55%
- linalool 5.26%
- methyl eugenol 5.00%
- germacrene d 4.76%
- terpinen-4-ol 4.00%
- e-caryophyllene 3.54%
- δ-3-carene 3.52%
- myrcene 3.43%
- α-terpinene 2.98%
- β-pinene 2.91%
- γ-terpinene 2.15%
- α-phellandrene 1.99%
- camphene 1.33%
- (z)-β-ocimene 1.30%
- α-thujene 1.13%
- 1,8-cineole 1.08%
- para-cymene 0.97%
- α-humulene 0.79%
- α-copaene 0.69%
- β-elemene 0.63%
- δ-cadinene 0.60%
- terpinolene 0.56%
- δ-elemene 0.55%
- α-cubebene 0.47%
- α-terpineol 0.38%
- α-guaiene 0.37%
- bornyl acetate 0.36%
- elemol 0.34%
- elemicin 0.23%
- γ-muurolene 0.22%
- borneol 0.21%
- bicyclogermacrene 0.20%
- γ-cadinene 0.19%
- (e)-β-ocimene 0.19%
- β-cubebene 0.16%
- eugenol 0.12%
- α-muurolene 0.11%
- δ-amorphene 0.10%
- α-eudesmol 0.10%
- cis-para-menth-2-en-1-ol 0.10%
- ortho-cymene 0.09%
- β-selinene 0.09%
- β-bourbonene 0.08%
- trans-cadina-1,4-diene 0.08%
- trans-para-menth-2-en-1-ol 0.08%
- cis-sabinene hydrate 0.08%
- trans-sabinene hydrate 0.08%
- caryophyllene oxide 0.07%
- β-copaene 0.07%
- germacrene b 0.07%
- cis-muurola-3,5-diene 0.07%
- trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene 0.06%
- γ-eudesmol 0.06%
- β-eudesmol 0.05%
- guaiol 0.05%
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Rakotonirina, N. 2020. Cryptocarya agathophylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T137583298A137900098. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T137583298A137900098.en. Accessed 28 August 2022.
- ^ Cryptocarya agathophylla van der Werff Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 27 August 2022.
- ^ Halpern, Georges M., Weverka, Peter The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar, Basic Health Publications Inc., Laguna Beach CA, 2003, pp. 54.
- ^ Andrianjafinandrasana, S.N.; Andrianoelisoa, H.S.; Jeanson, M.L.; Ramonta, I.; Danthu, P. (2013). "Allelopathic effects of volatile compounds of essential oil from Ravensara aromatica Sonnerat chemotypes". Allelopathy Journal. 31 (2): 333–344 – via ResearchGate.