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{{Short description|Syrian Alawi religious figure and political leader}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
|name= Salman al-Murshid<br>سلمان المرشد
| name = Salman al-Murshid
|image=
| honorific-suffix =
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| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ar|سلمان المرشد}}}}
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|birth_name = Sulayman Yunus
| alt =
|birth_date = {{Birth year|1907}}
| caption =
|birth_place = [[Jawbat Burghal]], [[Latakia Governorate]], [[Syria]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1946|12|16|1907}}
| denomination =
|death_place = [[Marjeh Square]], Damascus, Syria
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| known_for = founder of al-Murshidyah sect
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| birth_name = {{lang|ar|سلمان يونس}}<br/>''Salman Yunus''
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| birth_date = {{Birth year|1907}}
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| birth_place = [[Jawbat Burghal]], [[Latakia Sanjak]], [[Ottoman Syria]]
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|12|16|1907}}
|partner =
| death_place = [[Marjeh Square]], [[Damascus]], Syria
|children = Mujib (born 1930, assassinated 1952) <br/> Saji (born 1931, died 1998)
| death_cause = Executed by hanging
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| children = Muhammad "Fatih" <br/> Mujib (born 1930, assassinated 1952) <br/> Saji (born 1931, died 1998) <br/> Nur al-Mudhi' (born 1944, died 2015)
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'''Sulayman al-Murshid''' (1907 – 16 December 1946, {{lang|ar|&#8206;سليمان المرشد}}) was a [[Syria]]n [[Alawites|Alawi]] religious figure and political leader.<!--NOTE: It is strongly suggested that you do not move the name in Arabic characters in front of the birth and death dates, because the right-to-left nature of the Arabic text causes rendering problems. See "[[Help:Arabic]]".-->
'''Salman al-Murshid''' ({{langx|ar|سلمان المرشد}}; 1907 – 16 December 1946) was a [[Alawites|Alawite]] religious figure, political leader, and the founder of al-Murshidiyah religious sect.<!--NOTE: It is strongly suggested that you do not move the name in Arabic characters in front of the birth and death dates, because the right-to-left nature of the Arabic text causes rendering problems. See "[[Help:Arabic]]".-->


==Early beginnings==
==Biography==
Salman al-Murshid was born as Salman Yunus ({{lang|ar|سلمان يونس}}) in the village of [[Jawbat Burghal]], in the [[Latakia Sanjak]].


His emerging power worried both local notable [[Alawites|Alawite]] families and the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French]] authorities, who arranged to have him and some of his followers sent to [[Raqqa]] in exile in the mid-1920s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945|last=Khoury|first=Philip|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=524}}</ref> Yet when al-Murshid returned, he managed to patch up his problems with local notables.<ref name=":1" />
===Early beginnings===
Sulayman al-Murshid was born as Sulayman Yunus (سليمان يونس) in the village of [[Jawbat Burghal]], in the [[Latakia Governorate]].


In 1937, he became a member of [[People's Council of Syria|Parliament]], and avoided the separatist approach advocated for by some among Syria's minority groups.<ref name=":1" /> Yet once it appeared that the French would not make good on their promise to grant Syria independence in 1936, al-Murshid began to call for independence again.<ref name=":1" /> In 1943, he was elected again as a member of the central Syrian Parliament.
He rose to power in his teenage years. Though a "penniless shepherd" in the words of historian [[Philip Khuri Hitti|Philip Khoury]], al-Murshid was afflicted by [[epilepsy]], and in his trances he spoke of the apocalypse and the arrival of the [[Mahdi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945|last=Khoury|first=Philip|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=523}}</ref> As a result, he acquired a reputation as "a prophet and miracle worker."<ref name=":0" />


In 1944, under British instigation, al-Murshid was arrested in Beirut and kept in Damascus under house arrest for a few months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rabinovich|first=Itamar|date=October 1979|title=The Compact Minorities and the Syrian State, 1918-45|journal=Journal of Contemporary History}}</ref>
His emerging power worried both local notable [[Alawites|Alawite]] families and the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French]] authorities, who arranged to have him and some of his followers sent to [[Raqqa]] in exile in the mid-1920s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945|last=Khoury|first=Philip|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=524}}</ref> Yet when al-Murshid returned, he managed to patch up his problems with local notables, not least through strategic marriages, and at one point he was married to 13 women at one time.<ref name=":1" />


The Syrian government tried to charge him with treason and other civil charges, but they could not prove any of the charges. Hence, the Judge received a direct order from the president, [[Shukri al-Quwatli]], to convict Salman by any means, and he was executed on 16 December 1946 in [[Marjeh Square]] in Damascus.
As he attempted to expand his power beyond the countryside, al-Murshid took other steps such as joining the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]] of Lattakia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yaffe|first=Gita|date=October 1993|title=Suleiman al-Murshid: Beginnings of an Alawi Leader|url=|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> With a following of some 40,000 people and extensive wealth built on land holding and tax collection duties, al-Murshid found himself in a position of great power. By the 1930s, he had united the three tribes of the Amamra, Dariusa, and Mheilbe under his control.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yaffe|first=Gitta|date=October 1993|title=Suleiman al-Murshid: Beginnings of an Alawi Leader|url=|journal=Middle East Studies|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref>


==Followers==
In 1937 he became a member of Parliament, and avoided the separatist approach advocated for by some among Syria's minority groups.<ref name=":1" /> Yet once it appeared that the French would not make good on their promise to grant Syria independence in 1936, al-Murshid began to call for separatism again.<ref name=":1" /> In 1943 he was elected again as a member of the central Syrian Parliament.
His movement respected al-Murshid and, following his death, his sons Mujib and Saji.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jason Pack |url=http://irfancolloquia.org/83/pack_messiah |title=Another Modern-Day Messiah: Sulayman Al-Murshid and the political theology of 'Alawi separatism in French Mandatory Syria |website=Irfan Colloquia |date=July 2008 }}</ref> The followers of al-Murshid later became known as Al-Murshidiyah ({{lang|ar|المرشدية}}) named after his second son Mujib Al-Murshid, who was killed by Abd Elhak Shihada ({{langx|ar|عبد الحق شحادة}}){{citation needed|date=April 2012}}, a military police commander, (by direct order from [[Adib Shishakli]]) on 27 November 1952. Murshidians were persecuted by the Syrian authorities until President [[Hafez al-Assad]] came to power in 1970. Since then, Al-Murshidyah was practiced relatively freely like any other religion. After the 1984 confrontation between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother [[Rifaat al-Assad]], the Al-Murshid family was allowed to return to the Latakia region. Murshidiya soldiers in Rifaat's [[Defense Companies]] ({{Italic correction|''Sarāyā ad-Difāʿ''}}) had sided with the President in the confrontation.


Murshidians only exist in [[Syria]] in which they mostly spread out in [[Latakia Governorate]], [[Homs Governorate]], [[Al-Ghab Plain]] and [[Damascus]]. Their numbers may vary from 300 to 500 thousand people.<ref>[http://www.aljaml.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87 المرشديون السوريون يحتفلون بعيد "الفرح بالله"]</ref> They celebrate a festival called "Joy in God" for three days, starting from 25 August of each year, this day commemorates the beginning of the new religion by Mujib al-Murshid. In these three days, people make private prayers, dress well and offer [[desserts]] as a way of celebration.<ref>[http://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/94641/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%81-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD بعد وفاة "نور المضيء المرشدي".. تعرّف إلى طقوس الطائفة المرشدية في الحزن والفرح]</ref>
In 1944, under British instigation, al-Murshid was arrested in Beirut and kept in Damascus under house arrest for a few months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rabinovich|first=Itamar|date=October 1979|title=The Compact Minorities and the Syrian State, 1918-45|url=|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref>

The Syrian government tried to charge him with treason and other civil charges, but they could not prove any of the charges. Hence, the Judge received a direct order from the president ([[Shukri al-Quwatli|Al-Quwatli]]) to convict Sulayman by any means, and he was executed on 16 December 1946 in [[Marjeh Square]] in Damascus.

===Followers===
His movement deified al-Murshid and, following his death, his sons Mujib and Saji.<ref>http://irfancolloquia.org/83/pack_messiah</ref> The followers of al-Murshid later became known as Al-Murshidyah{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} (المرشدية) named after his second son Mujib Al-Murshid, who was killed by Abd Elhak Shihada ([[Arabic]]: عبد الحق شحادة){{citation needed|date=April 2012}}, a military police commander, (by direct order from [[Adib Shishakli]]) on 27 November 1952. [[Murshidians]] were persecuted by the Syrian authorities until President [[Hafez al-Assad]] came to power in 1970. Since then, Al-Murshidyah was practiced relatively freely like any other religion. After the 1984 confrontation between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother [[Rifaat al-Assad]], the Al-Murshid family was allowed to return to the Lattakia region. Murshidyya soldiers in Rifaat's [[Defense Companies]] (Saraaya al-Difa'a) had sided with the President in the confrontation.

[[Murshidians]] only exist in [[Syria]] in which they mostly spread out in [[Latakia Governorate]], [[Homs Governorate]], [[Al-Ghab Plain]] and [[Damascus]]. Their numbers may vary from 300 to 500 thousand people.<ref>[http://www.aljaml.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87 المرشديون السوريون يحتفلون بعيد "الفرح بالله"]</ref> They celebrate a festival called "Joy in God" for three days, starting from 25 August of each year, this day commemorates the beginning of the new religion by Mujib al-Murshid. In these three days, people make private prayers, dress well and offer particularly large amounts of [[desserts]] as a way of celebration (in fact, Alawites refer to their festival as ''عيد الحلو'', literally "festival of desserts"). In Latakia, there is subsequently a higher-than-usual demand for desserts before and during this period. <ref>[http://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/94641/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%81-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AD بعد وفاة "نور المضيء المرشدي".. تعرّف إلى طقوس الطائفة المرشدية في الحزن والفرح]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* [https://archive.org/details/87965_20170427 لمحات حول المرشدية] {{in lang|ar}}
* Shoaa Kapl Al Fajer (Mozakerat Ahmed Nehad Al Sayyaf)- Muhammad Jamal Barut, 2005 شعاع قبل الفجر: تقديم وتحقيق: الكاتب والناقد محمد جمال لـ " مذكرات احمد نهاد السياف
* Shoaa Kapl Al Fajer (Mozakerat Ahmed Nehad Al Sayyaf)- Muhammad Jamal Barut, 2005 شعاع قبل الفجر: تقديم وتحقيق: الكاتب والناقد محمد جمال لـ " مذكرات احمد نهاد السياف
* http://www.odabasham.net/show.php?sid=11934 {{ar icon}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080226055816/http://www.odabasham.net/show.php?sid=11934 {{in lang|ar}}
* http://magazine.qunaya.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=291 {{dead link|date=April 2012}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110715140524/http://magazine.qunaya.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=291
* http://www.marmarita.com/vb/showpost.php?p=40901&postcount=1 {{ar icon}}
* http://www.marmarita.com/vb/showpost.php?p=40901&postcount=1 {{in lang|ar}}


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[[Category:People executed by Syria by hanging]]

Latest revision as of 18:53, 22 December 2024

Salman al-Murshid
سلمان المرشد
Personal life
Born
سلمان يونس
Salman Yunus

1907 (1907)
Jawbat Burghal, Latakia Sanjak, Ottoman Syria
DiedDecember 16, 1946(1946-12-16) (aged 38–39)
Marjeh Square, Damascus, Syria
Cause of deathExecuted by hanging
ChildrenMuhammad "Fatih"
Mujib (born 1930, assassinated 1952)
Saji (born 1931, died 1998)
Nur al-Mudhi' (born 1944, died 2015)
Known forfounder of al-Murshidyah sect
Religious life
ReligionIslam

Salman al-Murshid (Arabic: سلمان المرشد; 1907 – 16 December 1946) was a Alawite religious figure, political leader, and the founder of al-Murshidiyah religious sect.

Early beginnings

[edit]

Salman al-Murshid was born as Salman Yunus (سلمان يونس) in the village of Jawbat Burghal, in the Latakia Sanjak.

His emerging power worried both local notable Alawite families and the French authorities, who arranged to have him and some of his followers sent to Raqqa in exile in the mid-1920s.[1] Yet when al-Murshid returned, he managed to patch up his problems with local notables.[1]

In 1937, he became a member of Parliament, and avoided the separatist approach advocated for by some among Syria's minority groups.[1] Yet once it appeared that the French would not make good on their promise to grant Syria independence in 1936, al-Murshid began to call for independence again.[1] In 1943, he was elected again as a member of the central Syrian Parliament.

In 1944, under British instigation, al-Murshid was arrested in Beirut and kept in Damascus under house arrest for a few months.[2]

The Syrian government tried to charge him with treason and other civil charges, but they could not prove any of the charges. Hence, the Judge received a direct order from the president, Shukri al-Quwatli, to convict Salman by any means, and he was executed on 16 December 1946 in Marjeh Square in Damascus.

Followers

[edit]

His movement respected al-Murshid and, following his death, his sons Mujib and Saji.[3] The followers of al-Murshid later became known as Al-Murshidiyah (المرشدية) named after his second son Mujib Al-Murshid, who was killed by Abd Elhak Shihada (Arabic: عبد الحق شحادة)[citation needed], a military police commander, (by direct order from Adib Shishakli) on 27 November 1952. Murshidians were persecuted by the Syrian authorities until President Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1970. Since then, Al-Murshidyah was practiced relatively freely like any other religion. After the 1984 confrontation between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother Rifaat al-Assad, the Al-Murshid family was allowed to return to the Latakia region. Murshidiya soldiers in Rifaat's Defense Companies (Sarāyā ad-Difāʿ) had sided with the President in the confrontation.

Murshidians only exist in Syria in which they mostly spread out in Latakia Governorate, Homs Governorate, Al-Ghab Plain and Damascus. Their numbers may vary from 300 to 500 thousand people.[4] They celebrate a festival called "Joy in God" for three days, starting from 25 August of each year, this day commemorates the beginning of the new religion by Mujib al-Murshid. In these three days, people make private prayers, dress well and offer desserts as a way of celebration.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Khoury, Philip (1987). Syria and the French Mandate: the Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 524.
  2. ^ Rabinovich, Itamar (October 1979). "The Compact Minorities and the Syrian State, 1918-45". Journal of Contemporary History.
  3. ^ Jason Pack (July 2008). "Another Modern-Day Messiah: Sulayman Al-Murshid and the political theology of 'Alawi separatism in French Mandatory Syria". Irfan Colloquia.
  4. ^ المرشديون السوريون يحتفلون بعيد "الفرح بالله"
  5. ^ بعد وفاة "نور المضيء المرشدي".. تعرّف إلى طقوس الطائفة المرشدية في الحزن والفرح

Sources

[edit]
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