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{{Short description|1872–1917 special administrative district of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{About|the Ottoman 1872–1917 district|the Ottoman 1517–1917 district|Jerusalem Sanjak}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name =Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı
|native_name = Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı
|conventional_long_name = Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
|conventional_long_name= Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
|common_name = Southern Syria
|common_name = Southern Syria
|subdivision = [[Territory]]
|subdivision = [[Mutasarrifates of the Ottoman Empire|Mutasarrifate]]
|nation = the Ottoman Empire
|nation = the [[Ottoman Empire]]
|year_start = 1872
|year_start = 1872
|year_end = 1917
|year_end = 1917
Line 17: Line 20:
|event3 =
|event3 =
|date_event3 =
|date_event3 =
|p1 = Syria Vilayet
|p1 = Jerusalem Sanjak
|flag_p1 = Ottoman Flag.svg
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
|s1 = Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
|s1 = Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
|flag_s1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
|image_flag = Ottoman Flag.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
|flag = Flag of the Ottoman Empire
|flag = Flag of the Ottoman Empire
|image_map = Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire (1900).png
|image_map = CUINET(1896) LA SYRIE.jpg
|image_map_caption = [[Vital Cuinet]]'s 1896 map of [[Syria (region)|Syria]], including the "Mutessariflik de Jerusalem"
|image_map_size = 280px
|image_map_caption = Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1900
|capital = [[Jerusalem]]
|capital = [[Jerusalem]]
|today = [[Egypt]]<br/>[[Israel]]<br/>[[Jordan]]<br/>[[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
|currency =
|stat_year1 = 1897<ref name=lopied>Mutlu (2003). Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.</ref>
|common_languages = [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Syrian Arabic]]
|stat_area1 =
|today = {{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Egypt}}
|stat_pop1 = 298,653
|stat_year1 = 1897<ref name=lopied>{{cite web|last=Mutlu|first=Servet|title=Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution|url=http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/nbd_cilt25/mutlu.pdf|pages=29-31}} Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.</ref>
|stat_year2 = 1862<ref name=pcocl>The Popular Encyclopedia (1862).</ref>
|stat_area1 =
|stat_area2 = 12486
|stat_pop1 = 298653
|stat_year2 = 1862<ref name=pcocl>{{cite web|title=The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zSNUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA698|year=1862|page=698}}</ref>
|stat_area2 = 12486
}}
}}
The '''Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem''' ({{lang-ota|Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı}}; {{lang-ar|متصرفية القدس الشريف}}), also known as the '''Sanjak of Jerusalem''' was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] district with special administrative status established in 1872.<ref name=Bussow>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908, By Johann Büssow], p5</ref><ref name="Abu Manneh">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA36 “The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century”, Butrus Abu Manneh] in The Israel/Palestine Question: A Reader, By Ilan Pappé, p36</ref><ref name="Jankowski174">Jankowski, 1997, p. 174.</ref> The district encompassed [[Jerusalem]] as well as the other major cities of [[Gaza]], [[Jaffa]], [[Hebron]], [[Bethlehem]] and [[Beersheba]].<ref name="Beshara">Beshara, 2012, Part 1.</ref> Together with the [[Sanjak of Nablus]] and [[Sanjak of Acre]], it formed the region that was commonly referred to as "Southern Syria" during the late Ottoman period.<ref name="El-Hasan">El-Hasan, 2010, p. 38.</ref>
The '''Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem''' ({{langx|ota|قُدس شَرِيف مُتَصَرِّفلغى}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı}}; {{langx|ar|متصرفية القدس الشريف}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|Mutaṣarrifiyyat al-quds aš-šarīf}}, {{langx|fr|Moutassarifat de Jérusalem}}), also known as the '''[[Sanjak of Jerusalem]]''', was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] district with special administrative status established in 1872.<ref name=Büssow5>Büssow (2011), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA5 5].</ref><ref name=AM39>Abu-Manneh (1999), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YR8M9DehvMEC&pg=PA39 39].</ref><ref name=Jankowski174>Jankowski & Gershoni (1997), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=f3axNF2GdCkC&pg=PA174 174].</ref> The district encompassed [[Jerusalem]] as well as [[Hebron]], [[Jaffa]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Beersheba]].<ref name=Beshara>Beshara (2012), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nr9Ivt-pc0IC&pg=PA23 23].</ref> During the [[late Ottoman period]], the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was commonly referred to as Palestine;<ref name=Büssow5/> a very late Ottoman document describes Palestine as including the [[Nablus Sanjak|Sanjak of Nablus]] and [[Acre Sanjak|Sanjak of Akka (Acre)]] as well, more in line with European usage.<ref group="nb">The 1915 ''Filastin Risalesi'' ("Palestine Document") is a country survey of the [[VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|VIII Corps]] of the Ottoman Army, which identified Palestine as a region including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif). "The new expanded use of the designation Filistin by the Ottoman military authorities in Risalesi therefore, is novel, but not arbitrary," since the boundaries of Filistin were never precisely defined; see [https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/78453 Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari]</ref> It was the 7th most [[population density|heavily populated]] region of the [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire#Vilayets (1864–1922)|Ottoman Empire's 36 provinces]].<ref name=Karpat1985>Karpat (1985), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yhgEAQAAIAAJ&q=26.33&pg=PA210 210].</ref>


The district was separated from the [[Damascus Eyalet]] and placed directly under the supervision of the [[Sublime Porte|Ottoman central government]] in [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]) in 1841, and formally created as an independent province in 1872 by [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] [[Mahmud Nedim Pasha]].<ref name=AM38>Abu-Manneh (1999), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YR8M9DehvMEC&pg=PA38 38].</ref> Scholars provide a variety of reasons for the separation, including increased European interest in the region, and strengthening of the southern border of the Empire against the [[Khedivate of Egypt]].<ref name=AM38/><ref name=AM39/> Initially, the [[Acre Sanjak|Mutasarrifate of Acre]] and [[Nablus Sanjak|Mutasarrifate of Nablus]] were combined with the province of Jerusalem, with the combined province being referred to in the register of the court of Jerusalem as the "Jerusalem [[Eyalet]]", and referred to by the British consul as the creation of "[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] into a separate eyalet".<ref name=AM39/> After less than two months,<ref name="AM39" /> the sanjaks of Nablus and Acre were separated and added to the [[Beirut vilayet|Vilayet of Beirut]], leaving just the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.<ref name=Büssow41>Büssow (2011), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA41 41]–44.</ref> In 1906, the [[Nazareth#History|Kaza of Nazareth]] was added to the Jerusalem Mutasarrifate as an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]],<ref name=Kark1994>Kark (1994), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LkAvPDl5yfgC&pg=PA131 131].</ref> primarily in order to allow the issuance of a single tourist permit to [[Christian pilgrimage|Christian travellers]].<ref name=Büssow70>Büssow (2011), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA70 70].</ref> The area was conquered by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]] in 1917 during [[World War I]]<ref name=Powles>Powles & Wilkie (1922), pp.[http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Sina-t1-body-d6.html 167-168].</ref> and a military [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]], OETA South, was set up to replace the Ottoman administration.<ref name=Mac>Macmunn & Falls, p. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6782/page/n257 607].</ref> OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South was incorporated into the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1923.
The district was first separated from Damascus and placed directly under Istanbul in 1841,<ref name="Abu Manneh"/> and formally created as an independent province in 1872 by [[Grand Vizier]] [[Mahmud Nedim Pasha]].<ref name="Abu Manneh"/> Scholars provide a variety of reasons for the changes, including increased European interest in the region, and strengthening of the southern border of the Empire against the [[Khedivate of Egypt]].<ref name="Abu Manneh"/>


The political status of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was unique to other Ottoman province since it came under the direct authority of the state capital [[Istanbul]].<ref name="Jankowski174"/> The inhabitants identified themselves primarily on religious terms.<ref name="El-Hasan"/> However, the relative independence of the district combined with European interests in the area affected the local population's idea of belonging to a country. The district's villages were normally inhabited by farmers while its towns were populated by merchants, artisans, landowners and money-lenders. The elite consisted of the religious leadership, wealthy landlords and high-ranking civil servants.<ref name="El-Hasan"/>
The political status of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was unique from other Ottoman provinces as it was under the direct authority of the Ottoman government in Constantinople.<ref name=Jankowski174/> The inhabitants identified themselves primarily on religious terms, 84% being Muslim Arabs.<ref name=ElHasan>El-Hasan (2010), p. 38.</ref> The district's villages were normally inhabited by farmers while its towns were populated by merchants, artisans, landowners and money-lenders. The elite consisted of the religious leadership, wealthy landlords and high-ranking civil servants.<ref name=ElHasan/>

It was common at the time to refer to the Jerusalem District as "Palestine".<ref name=Bussow/>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Lydda_between_1890_and_1900.jpg|thumb|left|View of [[Lydda]] from the southwest, 1890–1900]]
[[File:Jerusalem Sanjak — Memalik-i Mahruse-i Shahane-ye Mahsus Mukemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (1907).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Map showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrifate", from an atlas dated 1907. The map shows the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906. The area north of the [[Negev Desert]] is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).]]
In 1841, the district was separated from [[Damascus Eyalet]] and placed directly under Constantinople<ref name=AM38/> and formally created as an independent Mutasarrifate in 1872. Before 1872, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was officially a ''[[sanjak]]'' within the [[Syria Vilayet]] (created in 1864, following the [[Tanzimat]] reforms).
The administrative area previously functioned as a ''[[sanjak]]'' within the [[Syria Vilayet]] (created in 1864, following the [[Tanzimat]] reforms). Towards the end of the 19th-century, the idea that Palestine or the Mutasarifate of Jerusalem alone formed a country became widespread among the educated [[Arab]] classes.{{fact|date=December 2012}}


The southern border of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was redrawn in 1906, at the instigation of the British, who were interested in safeguarding their imperial interests and in making the border as short and patrollable as possible.<ref name=negev>Gardus & Shmueli, eds. (1978–79), pp. 369–370.</ref>
In 1908 former Jerusalem official Najib Azuri proposed the elevation of the ''mutassarifate'' to the status of ''[[vilayet]]'' to the [[Ottoman Parliament]].<ref name="Jankowski174"/> The area was conquered by the [[Allied Forces]] in 1917 during [[World War I]] and became part of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]].<ref name="Beshara"/>

In the mid-19th century the inhabitants of Palestine identified themselves primarily in terms of religious affiliation. The population was 84% Muslim Arabs, 10% Christian Arabs, 5% Jewish, and 1% [[Druze]] Arabs.<ref name=ElHasan/> Towards the end of the 19th century, the idea that the region of Palestine or the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem formed a separate political entity became widespread among the district's educated Arab classes. In 1904, former Jerusalem official Najib Azuri formed in [[Paris, France]] the ''Ligue de la Patrie Arabe'' ("Arab Fatherland League") whose goal was to free [[Ottoman Syria]] and Iraq from Turkish domination. In 1908, Azuri proposed the elevation of the ''mutasarrifate'' to the status of ''[[vilayet]]'' to the [[Ottoman Parliament]]<ref name=Jankowski174/> after the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]].

The area was conquered by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]] in 1917 during the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Palestine campaign]] of [[World War I]]<ref name=Powles/> and a military [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]] (OETA South) set up to replace the Ottoman administration.<ref name=Mac/> OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South became the territory of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1923, with some border adjustments with Lebanon and Syria.

==Boundaries==
The division was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean, on the east by the [[River Jordan]] and the [[Dead Sea]], on the north by a line from the mouth of the [[Yarkon River|river Auja]] to the [[Allenby Bridge|bridge over the Jordan near Jericho]], and on the south by a line from midway between [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Arish]] to [[Aqaba]].<ref>Abu-Manneh (1999), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YR8M9DehvMEC&pg=PA43 43-44] note 27.</ref>

===Maps===
Below are a series of contemporary Ottoman maps showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Sancağı" or "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrıflığı". The 1907 maps show the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906, and the area north of the [[Negev Desert]] is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).
<gallery>
Image:Ottoman map of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, from 1882-83 (1300 AH).jpg|1883
File:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1889.jpg|1889
Image:1889 Modern Palestine, shewing Turkish provinces.jpg|1889
Image:Ottoman Syria, 1893 map.jpg| 1893
Image:Map of the Jerusalem Sanjak.jpg|c.1900
Image:Jerusalem Sanjak — Memalik-i Mahruse-i Shahane-ye Mahsus Mukemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (1907).jpg| 1907
Image:Beirut Vilayet and Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate — Memalik-i Mahruse-i Shahane-ye Mahsus Mukemmel ve Mufassal Atlas (1907).jpg| 1907
Image: 1913 Ottoman Geography Textbook Showing the Sanjak of Jerusalem and Palestine.jpeg|1912-13
</gallery>


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
C.R. Condor described the administrative duties which he saw performed in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in 1874:
Kazas of the Mutasarrifate:<ref name="a-ids">[http://tarihvemedeniyet.org/2009/10/kudus-i-serif-mutasarrifligi/ Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı | Tarih ve Medeniyet]</ref>

# Kaza of [[Kudüs]]
{{quote|The whole of Syria is under the ''Wâly'' of Damascus, and Palestine is under the ''Mutaserifs'' of Acre and Jerusalem, who are appointed by that ''Wâly''. These provinces are again subdivided, and ''Kaimakâms'' or lieutenant-governors, are placed in such towns as Jaffa, Ramleh, Jenin, etc. ... The system of government is simple. The only duties are to collect the taxes, and to put down riots, which constantly occur. The crown-lands are farmed to the highest bidder... Soldiers are sent to collect the money, and the crop is assessed before reaping... The tax in the ''Mulk''-lands has been definitely fixed, without regard to the difference of the harvests in good and bad years.| sign=[[Claude Reignier Conder|C.R. Condor]] | source=''Tent Work in Palestine''<ref>{{cite book|last=Conder|first=C.R.|author-link=Claude Reignier Conder|title=Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure|volume=2 |publisher=Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]])|year=1879|location=London|pages=264-266 |language=en|url=https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up |oclc=23589738 }}</ref>}}
# Kaza of [[Jaffa|Yafa]]

# Kaza of [[Beersheba|Birü's Seb'a]]
Administrative divisions of the Mutasarrifate (1872–1909):
# Kaza of [[Gaza|Gazze]]

# Kaza of [[Hebron|Halilü'r Rahman]]
# '''[[Beersheba Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire|Beersheba Kaza]]''' ({{langx|ota|'''قضا بءرالسبع'''}}; {{langx|tr|Birüsseb' kazası}}; {{langx|ar|قضاء بئر السبع}}), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
#*[[Auja al-Hafir|a-Hafir]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه حفير'''}}; {{langx|tr|Hafır nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية عوجة الحفير}}), created in 1908 as a middle point between Beersheba and [[Aqaba]], close to the newly agreed border with [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]<ref name=Kushner>Kushner (2005), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aTAXAQAAIAAJ&q=Hafir&pg=PA96 96].</ref>
#*[[al-Mulayha]], created in 1908 as a midway point between Hafir and Aqaba<ref name=Kushner/>
#*[[Beersheba]] ({{langx|ota|'''بلدية بءرالسبع'''}}; {{langx|tr|Birüsseb' belediyesı}}; {{langx|ar|بلدية بئر السبع}}), created in 1901
# '''[[Gaza Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire|Gaza Kaza]]''' ({{langx|ota|'''قضا غزّه'''}}; {{langx|tr|Gazze kazası }}; {{langx|ar|قضاء غزة}}), which included three sub-districts and a municipality:
#*[[Al-Faluja]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه فلوجه'''}}; {{langx|tr|Felluce nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية الفالوجة}}), created in 1903
#*[[Khan Yunis]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه خان يونس'''}}; {{langx|tr|Hanyunus nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية خان يونس}}), created in 1903 and became a municipality in 1917
#*[[Ashkelon|al-Majdal]] ({{langx|ota|'''... ناحيه'''}}; {{langx|tr|Mücdel nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية المجدل}}), created in 1880
#*[[Gaza City|Gaza]] ({{langx|ota|'''بلدية غزّه'''}}; {{langx|tr|Gazze belediyesı }}; {{langx|ar|بلدية غزة}}), created in 1893
#'''[[Hebron Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire|Hebron Kaza]]''' ({{langx|ota|'''قضا خليل الرحمن'''}}; {{langx|tr|Halilü'r Rahman kazası}}; {{langx|ar|قضاء الخليل}}), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
#*[[Bayt 'Itab]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه بيت اعطاب'''}}; {{langx|tr| Beyt-i a'tâb nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية بيت عطاب}}), created in 1903
#*[[Bayt Jibrin]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه بيت جبرين'''}}; {{langx|tr|Beyt-i Cireyn nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية بيت جبرين}}), created in 1903
#*[[Hebron]] ({{langx|ota|'''بلدية خليل الرحمن'''}}; {{langx|tr|Halilü'r Rahman belediyesı}}; {{langx|ar|بلدية الخليل}}), created in 1886
# '''[[Jaffa Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire|Jaffa Kaza]]''' ({{langx|ota|'''قضا يافه'''}}; {{langx|tr|Yafa kazası }}; {{langx|ar|قضاء يَافَا}}), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
#*[[Ni'lin]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه نعلين'''}}; {{langx|tr|Na’leyn nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية نعلين}}), created in 1903
#*[[Ramla]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه رمله'''}}; {{langx|tr|Remle nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية الرملة}}), created in 1880, became municipality before 1888 and re-established as sub-district in 1889
#*[[Lod|Lydda]] ({{langx|ota|'''... بلدية'''}}; {{langx|tr|Lod belediyesı }}; {{langx|ar|... بلدية}})
# '''[[Jerusalem Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire|Jerusalem Kaza]]''' ({{langx|ota|'''قضا قدس'''}}; {{langx|tr|Kudüs-i Şerif kazası}}; {{langx|ar|قضاء القدس الشريف}}), which included four sub-districts and two municipalities:
#*[[Abwein]] ({{langx|ota|'''... ناحيه'''}}; {{langx|tr|Abaveyn nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية عبوين}}), created in 1903;
#*[[Bethlehem]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه بيت اللحم'''}}; {{langx|tr|Beytü'l lahim nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية بيت لحم}}), created in 1883 and became a municipality in 1894;
#*[[Ramallah]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه رام الله'''}}; {{langx|tr|Ramallah nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية رام الله}}), created in 1903 and became a municipality in 1911,
#*[[Saffa, Ramallah|Saffa]] ({{langx|ota|'''ناحيه صفا'''}}; {{langx|tr|Safa nahiyesı}}; {{langx|ar|ناحية صفّا}}),
#*[[Jerusalem]] ({{langx|ota|'''بلدية قدس'''}}; {{langx|tr|Kudüs-i Şerif belediyesı}}; {{langx|ar|بلدية القدس الشريف}}), created in 1867 and
#*[[Beit Jala]] ({{langx|ota|'''... بلدية'''}}; {{langx|tr|... belediyesı}}; {{langx|ar|بلدية بيت جالا}}), created in 1912.
#'''[[Nazareth Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire|Nazareth Kaza]]''' ({{langx|ota|'''قضا الْنَاصِرَة'''}}; {{langx|tr|Nasra kazası}}; {{langx|ar|قضاء الْنَاصِرَة}}), established 1906.

==Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem==
The Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem were appointed by the [[Sublime Porte]] to govern the district. They were usually experienced civil servants who spoke little or no Arabic, but knew a European language - most commonly French - in addition to [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].<ref>Kushner (July 1987).</ref>

===Pre-separation from Damascus===
* Sureyya Pasha 1857–63
* Izzet Pasha 1864–67
* Nazif Pasha 1867–69
* Kamil Pasha 1869–71
* Ali Bey 1871–72

===Post-separation from Damascus===
* Nazif Pasha (same as above) 1872–73
* Kamil Pasha (same as above) 1873–75
* Ali Bey (same as above) 1874–76
* Faik Bey 1876–77
* [[Mehmed Rauf Pasha]] 1877–89
* Resad Pasha 1889–90
* [[Ibrahim Hakki Pasha]] 1890–97
* [[Mehmet Tevfik Biren]] 1897–01
* [[Mehmet Cavit Bey]] 1901–02
* Osman Kazim Bey 1902–04
* Ahmed Resid Bey 1904–06
* [[Ali Ekrem Bolayır]] 1906–08

===Post-Young Turk Revolution===
List of mutasarrıfs after the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]]:
* Subhi Bey 1908–09
* Nazim Bey 1909–10
* Azmi Bey 1910–11
* Cevdet Bey 1911–12
* [[Mehdi Frashëri]] (Muhdi Bey) 1912
* Tahir Hayreddin Bey 1912–13
* Ahmed Macid Bey 1913–15


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Ottoman Syria]]
* [[Ottoman Syria]]
* [[History of Jerusalem]]
* [[History of Jerusalem]]
* [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]]
* [[Timeline of the name "Palestine"]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|35em}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Abu-Manneh |first=Butrus |editor=Ilan Pappé |title=The Israel/Palestine Question |year=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |chapter=The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century |isbn=978-0-415-16948-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YR8M9DehvMEC |access-date=2022-02-12 }}
*{{cite book|first=Adel|last=Beshara|title=The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nr9Ivt-pc0IC&dq=Mutasarrifiyya+Jerusalem&source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher=CRC Press|year=2012|isbn=1136724508}}
*{{cite book|first=Hasan Afif|last=El-Hasan|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&dq=Mutasarrifiyya+Jerusalem&source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2010|isbn=0875867936}}
* {{cite book |last=Büssow |first=Johann |author-link=Johann Büssow |title=Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908 |year=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20569-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC |access-date=2022-02-12 }}
* {{cite book|last=Conder|first=C.R.|author-link=Claude Reignier Conder|title=Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure|volume=2 |publisher=Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]])|year=1879|location=London|language=en|url=https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up |oclc=23589738 }}
*{{cite book|first=James P.|last=Jankowski|title=Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f3axNF2GdCkC&dq=Jerusalem+1874+Ottoman&source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1997|isbn=0231106955}}
* {{cite book |author= El-Hasan, Hasan Afif |title= Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead? |page= 38 |year= 2010 |publisher= Algora Publishing |isbn= 978-0-87586-793-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA38 |access-date= 2013-06-29 }}
* {{cite book |editor1= Gardus, Yehuda |editor2= Shmueli, Avshalom |title=[The Land of the Negev] |pages=369–370 |publisher=[[Israeli Defense Ministry|Ministry of Defense]] Publishing |year=1978–79 |language=he}}
* {{cite book |author= Jankowski, James P. |author2= Gershoni, Israel |title= Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East |year= 1997 |publisher= Columbia University Press |isbn= 978-0-231-10695-5 |page= 174 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=f3axNF2GdCkC&pg=PA174 |access-date= 2013-06-29 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Macmunn |first1=G. F. |last2=Falls |first2=C. |series=History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From June 1917 to the End of the War Part II |volume=II |others=accompanying Map Case |year=1930 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=1st |oclc=656066774 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6782 |access-date=12 February 2022 }}
* {{cite book |last=Powles |first=Lieut.-Col. C. Guy |author2=Wilkie, Alexander Herbert |chapter=Chapter VI: The Capture of Jerusalem |title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine |series=Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War |volume=III |year=1922 |publisher=[[Whitcombe & Tombs]] |location=Auckland |oclc=2959465 |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Sina.html |access-date=12 February 2022 }}
* {{cite book |author= [[Ruth Kark|Kark, Ruth]] |title= American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832–1914 |page= 131 |year= 1994 |publisher= Wayne State University Press |isbn= 978-0-8143-2523-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LkAvPDl5yfgC |access-date= 2013-05-17 }}
* {{cite book |last= Karpat |first= Kemal H. |author-link= Kemal Karpat |title= Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics |page= 210 |year= 1985 |publisher= University of Wisconsin Press |quote= Table IV.2 Population Density per km2, and Density Rank, 1894/95 (R. 1310), "Qudūs": Rank 7, with population of 247,000 and density of 26.33 per km2; underlying source IUKTY 9075 |isbn= 978-0-299-09160-6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yhgEAQAAIAAJ |access-date= 11 February 2022 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kushner |first=David |title=The Ottoman Governors of Palestine, 1864–1914 |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |date=July 1987 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=274–290 |jstor=4283185 |doi= 10.1080/00263208708700707}}
* {{cite book|author=Kushner, David |title= To be governor of Jerusalem: the city and district during the time of Ali Ekrem Bey, 1906–1908 |page=96 |year= 2005 |publisher= Isis Press |location= Istanbul |isbn= 978-975-428-310-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mutlu |first=Servet |title=Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution |pages=3-38 (see 29–31) |journal=Turkish Journal of Population Studies |publisher=[[Hacettepe University]] |location=[[Ankara]] |volume=25 |year=2003 |url=http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/nbd_cilt25/mutlu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-26 |archive-date=2015-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918193153/http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/nbd_cilt25/mutlu.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author= Shehadeh, Lamia Rustum |editor= Beshara, Adel |chapter= The name of Syria in ancient and modern usage |title= The origins of Syrian nationhood: histories, pioneers and identity |pages= 17-29 [see 23] |year= 2011 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9780415615044 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nr9Ivt-pc0IC&pg=PA23 |access-date= 2022-02-12 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title= Turkey: Names and Areas of the Eyalets and Sanjaks of the Turkish Empire |encyclopedia= The Popular Encyclopedia: or, Conversations Lexicon |volume= VI |year= 1862 |publisher= [[Blackie and Son]] |location= London |page= 698 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zSNUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA698 |access-date= 2013-06-01 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|expanded = Vassals}}
{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|expanded = Vassals}}


{{coord missing|Asia}}
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:History of Palestine]]
[[Category:History of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:1874 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]


[[Category:Late modern history of Jerusalem]]
[[it:Mutasarrifato di Gerusalemme]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in Ottoman Syria]]
[[tr:Kudüs Sancağı]]
[[Category:1917 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Land of Israel]]
[[Category:Ottoman Palestine]]
[[Category:Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in Asia|Jerusalem]]

Latest revision as of 23:28, 22 December 2024

This article is about the Ottoman 1872–1917 district. For the Ottoman 1517–1917 district, see Jerusalem Sanjak.

Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı
Mutasarrifate of the Ottoman Empire
1872–1917
Flag of Southern Syria

Vital Cuinet's 1896 map of Syria, including the "Mutessariflik de Jerusalem"
CapitalJerusalem
Area 
• 1862[2]
12,486 km2 (4,821 sq mi)
Population 
• 1897[1]
298,653
History 
• Established
1872
1917
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Jerusalem Sanjak
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
Today part ofEgypt
Israel
Jordan
Palestine

The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (Ottoman Turkish: قُدس شَرِيف مُتَصَرِّفلغى, Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı; Arabic: متصرفية القدس الشريف, Mutaṣarrifiyyat al-quds aš-šarīf, French: Moutassarifat de Jérusalem), also known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872.[3][4][5] The district encompassed Jerusalem as well as Hebron, Jaffa, Gaza and Beersheba.[6] During the late Ottoman period, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was commonly referred to as Palestine;[3] a very late Ottoman document describes Palestine as including the Sanjak of Nablus and Sanjak of Akka (Acre) as well, more in line with European usage.[nb 1] It was the 7th most heavily populated region of the Ottoman Empire's 36 provinces.[7]

The district was separated from the Damascus Eyalet and placed directly under the supervision of the Ottoman central government in Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1841, and formally created as an independent province in 1872 by Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha.[8] Scholars provide a variety of reasons for the separation, including increased European interest in the region, and strengthening of the southern border of the Empire against the Khedivate of Egypt.[8][4] Initially, the Mutasarrifate of Acre and Mutasarrifate of Nablus were combined with the province of Jerusalem, with the combined province being referred to in the register of the court of Jerusalem as the "Jerusalem Eyalet", and referred to by the British consul as the creation of "Palestine into a separate eyalet".[4] After less than two months,[4] the sanjaks of Nablus and Acre were separated and added to the Vilayet of Beirut, leaving just the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.[9] In 1906, the Kaza of Nazareth was added to the Jerusalem Mutasarrifate as an exclave,[10] primarily in order to allow the issuance of a single tourist permit to Christian travellers.[11] The area was conquered by the Allied Forces in 1917 during World War I[12] and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, OETA South, was set up to replace the Ottoman administration.[13] OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923.

The political status of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was unique from other Ottoman provinces as it was under the direct authority of the Ottoman government in Constantinople.[5] The inhabitants identified themselves primarily on religious terms, 84% being Muslim Arabs.[14] The district's villages were normally inhabited by farmers while its towns were populated by merchants, artisans, landowners and money-lenders. The elite consisted of the religious leadership, wealthy landlords and high-ranking civil servants.[14]

History

View of Lydda from the southwest, 1890–1900

In 1841, the district was separated from Damascus Eyalet and placed directly under Constantinople[8] and formally created as an independent Mutasarrifate in 1872. Before 1872, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was officially a sanjak within the Syria Vilayet (created in 1864, following the Tanzimat reforms).

The southern border of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was redrawn in 1906, at the instigation of the British, who were interested in safeguarding their imperial interests and in making the border as short and patrollable as possible.[15]

In the mid-19th century the inhabitants of Palestine identified themselves primarily in terms of religious affiliation. The population was 84% Muslim Arabs, 10% Christian Arabs, 5% Jewish, and 1% Druze Arabs.[14] Towards the end of the 19th century, the idea that the region of Palestine or the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem formed a separate political entity became widespread among the district's educated Arab classes. In 1904, former Jerusalem official Najib Azuri formed in Paris, France the Ligue de la Patrie Arabe ("Arab Fatherland League") whose goal was to free Ottoman Syria and Iraq from Turkish domination. In 1908, Azuri proposed the elevation of the mutasarrifate to the status of vilayet to the Ottoman Parliament[5] after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.

The area was conquered by the Allied Forces in 1917 during the Palestine campaign of World War I[12] and a military Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA South) set up to replace the Ottoman administration.[13] OETA South consisted of the Ottoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre. The military administration was replaced by a British civilian administration in 1920 and the area of OETA South became the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923, with some border adjustments with Lebanon and Syria.

Boundaries

The division was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean, on the east by the River Jordan and the Dead Sea, on the north by a line from the mouth of the river Auja to the bridge over the Jordan near Jericho, and on the south by a line from midway between Gaza and Arish to Aqaba.[16]

Maps

Below are a series of contemporary Ottoman maps showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Sancağı" or "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrıflığı". The 1907 maps show the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the Khedivate of Egypt, although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906, and the area north of the Negev Desert is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).

  • 1883
    1883
  • 1889
    1889
  • 1889
    1889
  • 1893
    1893
  • c.1900
    c.1900
  • 1907
    1907
  • 1907
    1907
  • 1912-13
    1912-13

Administrative divisions

C.R. Condor described the administrative duties which he saw performed in Palestine in 1874:

The whole of Syria is under the Wâly of Damascus, and Palestine is under the Mutaserifs of Acre and Jerusalem, who are appointed by that Wâly. These provinces are again subdivided, and Kaimakâms or lieutenant-governors, are placed in such towns as Jaffa, Ramleh, Jenin, etc. ... The system of government is simple. The only duties are to collect the taxes, and to put down riots, which constantly occur. The crown-lands are farmed to the highest bidder... Soldiers are sent to collect the money, and the crop is assessed before reaping... The tax in the Mulk-lands has been definitely fixed, without regard to the difference of the harvests in good and bad years.

— C.R. Condor, Tent Work in Palestine[17]

Administrative divisions of the Mutasarrifate (1872–1909):

  1. Beersheba Kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا بءرالسبع; Turkish: Birüsseb' kazası; Arabic: قضاء بئر السبع), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
  2. Gaza Kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا غزّه; Turkish: Gazze kazası; Arabic: قضاء غزة), which included three sub-districts and a municipality:
  3. Hebron Kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا خليل الرحمن; Turkish: Halilü'r Rahman kazası; Arabic: قضاء الخليل), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
  4. Jaffa Kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا يافه; Turkish: Yafa kazası; Arabic: قضاء يَافَا), which included two sub-districts and a municipality:
  5. Jerusalem Kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا قدس; Turkish: Kudüs-i Şerif kazası; Arabic: قضاء القدس الشريف), which included four sub-districts and two municipalities:
  6. Nazareth Kaza (Ottoman Turkish: قضا الْنَاصِرَة; Turkish: Nasra kazası; Arabic: قضاء الْنَاصِرَة), established 1906.

Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem

The Mutasarrıfs of Jerusalem were appointed by the Sublime Porte to govern the district. They were usually experienced civil servants who spoke little or no Arabic, but knew a European language - most commonly French - in addition to Ottoman Turkish.[19]

Pre-separation from Damascus

  • Sureyya Pasha 1857–63
  • Izzet Pasha 1864–67
  • Nazif Pasha 1867–69
  • Kamil Pasha 1869–71
  • Ali Bey 1871–72

Post-separation from Damascus

Post-Young Turk Revolution

List of mutasarrıfs after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution:

  • Subhi Bey 1908–09
  • Nazim Bey 1909–10
  • Azmi Bey 1910–11
  • Cevdet Bey 1911–12
  • Mehdi Frashëri (Muhdi Bey) 1912
  • Tahir Hayreddin Bey 1912–13
  • Ahmed Macid Bey 1913–15

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The 1915 Filastin Risalesi ("Palestine Document") is a country survey of the VIII Corps of the Ottoman Army, which identified Palestine as a region including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif). "The new expanded use of the designation Filistin by the Ottoman military authorities in Risalesi therefore, is novel, but not arbitrary," since the boundaries of Filistin were never precisely defined; see Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari

References

  1. ^ Mutlu (2003). Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.
  2. ^ The Popular Encyclopedia (1862).
  3. ^ a b Büssow (2011), p. 5.
  4. ^ a b c d Abu-Manneh (1999), p. 39.
  5. ^ a b c Jankowski & Gershoni (1997), p. 174.
  6. ^ Beshara (2012), pp. 23.
  7. ^ Karpat (1985), p. 210.
  8. ^ a b c Abu-Manneh (1999), p. 38.
  9. ^ Büssow (2011), pp. 41–44.
  10. ^ Kark (1994), p. 131.
  11. ^ Büssow (2011), p. 70.
  12. ^ a b Powles & Wilkie (1922), pp.167-168.
  13. ^ a b Macmunn & Falls, p. 607.
  14. ^ a b c El-Hasan (2010), p. 38.
  15. ^ Gardus & Shmueli, eds. (1978–79), pp. 369–370.
  16. ^ Abu-Manneh (1999), pp. 43-44 note 27.
  17. ^ Conder, C.R. (1879). Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the PEF). pp. 264–266. OCLC 23589738.
  18. ^ a b Kushner (2005), p. 96.
  19. ^ Kushner (July 1987).

Bibliography

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