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[[Image:Soapsuds Enemas.jpg|right|thumb|Enema equipment for introducing a large amount of fluid into the colon via the rectum.]] |
[[Image:Soapsuds Enemas.jpg|right|thumb|Enema equipment for introducing a large amount of fluid into the colon via the rectum.]] |
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'''Rectal administration''' |
'''Rectal administration''' (colloquially known as '''boofing''' or '''plugging''') uses the [[rectum]] as a [[route of administration]] for [[medication]] and other fluids, which are [[absorption (pharmacokinetics)|absorbed]] by the rectum's [[blood vessel]]s,<ref group="Note">The rectum has numerous blood vessels available to absorb drugs: upwards <small><sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>rds</small> of the dose bypasses [[first-pass metabolism]] through systemic distribution and the rest is taken through the liver and metabolized via the hepatic portal system.</ref> and flow into the body's [[circulatory system]], which distributes the drug to the body's [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] and [[bodily system]]s.<ref group="Note">The organs and systems include, depending on if the drug is able to pass the [[blood–brain barrier]] (BBB) or not, the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), [[peripheral nervous system]] (PNS), [[cardiovascular system]] (CVS), et cetera.</ref> |
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== Mechanism and effects == |
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A drug that is administered rectally will in general (depending on the drug) have a faster onset, higher [[bioavailability]], shorter peak, and shorter duration than [[oral administration|oral]] administration.<ref>De Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD. (1982) "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations." ''Clin Pharmacokinetics''. '''7(4)''':285–311</ref><ref>Moolenaar F, Koning B, Huizinga T. (1979) "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium salt from rectal dosage forms." International Journal of Pharmacaceutics, 4:99–109</ref> Another advantage of administering a drug rectally, is that it tends to produce less [[nausea]] compared to the oral route and prevents any amount of the drug from being lost due to [[emesis]] (vomiting). In addition, the rectal route bypasses around two-thirds of the [[first-pass metabolism]] as the rectum's venous drainage is two-thirds [[systemic venous system|systemic]] ([[middle rectal vein|middle]] and [[inferior rectal vein]]) and one-third [[hepatic portal system]] ([[superior rectal vein]]). This means the drug will reach the circulatory system with significantly less alteration and in greater concentrations.<ref group="Note">Other ROAs that bypass first-pass metabolism include [[inhalation]] ([[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], etc.), [[intravenous|intravenous injection]] (IV), [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] ("snorting"), et cetera, but the [[oral administration|oral]] route does not bypass first-pass metabolism.</ref> |
A drug that is administered rectally will in general (depending on the drug) have a faster onset, higher [[bioavailability]], shorter peak, and shorter duration than [[oral administration|oral]] administration.<ref>De Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD. (1982) "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations." ''Clin Pharmacokinetics''. '''7(4)''':285–311</ref><ref>Moolenaar F, Koning B, Huizinga T. (1979) "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium salt from rectal dosage forms." International Journal of Pharmacaceutics, 4:99–109</ref> Another advantage of administering a drug rectally, is that it tends to produce less [[nausea]] compared to the oral route and prevents any amount of the drug from being lost due to [[emesis]] (vomiting). In addition, the rectal route bypasses around two-thirds of the [[first-pass metabolism]] as the rectum's venous drainage is two-thirds [[systemic venous system|systemic]] ([[middle rectal vein|middle]] and [[inferior rectal vein]]) and one-third [[hepatic portal system]] ([[superior rectal vein]]). This means the drug will reach the circulatory system with significantly less alteration and in greater concentrations.<ref group="Note">Other ROAs that bypass first-pass metabolism include [[inhalation]] ([[smoking]], [[vaporizing]], etc.), [[intravenous|intravenous injection]] (IV), [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] ("snorting"), et cetera, but the [[oral administration|oral]] route does not bypass first-pass metabolism.</ref> |
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== Use in medicine == |
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In addition to pharmacological effects, rectal administration has some properties which can be advantageous for the use in medicine. Rectal administration can allow patients to remain in the home setting when the oral route is compromised. Unlike [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] lines, which usually need to be placed in an [[inpatient]] environment and require special formulation of [[asepsis|sterile]] medications,<ref>Plumer AL. 2007. ''Plumer's Principles and Practices of Intravenous Therapy''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 753 pp.</ref> a specialized rectal [[Macy Catheter|catheter]] can be placed by a clinician, such as a [[hospice]] nurse or home health nurse, in the home. Many oral forms of medications can be crushed and suspended in water to be given via a rectal [[Macy Catheter|catheter]]. |
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The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as [[dysphagia]], [[ileus]], or [[bowel obstruction]], that would interfere with the progression of the medication through the tract. This often includes patients [[end-of-life care|near the end of life]] (an estimated 1.65 million people are in [[hospice]] care in the US each year).<ref>[http://www.nhpco.org/sites/default/files/public/Statistics_Research/2013_Facts_Figures.pdf "National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization's Facts and Figures: Hospice Care in America, 2013 Edition" (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513154152/http://www.nhpco.org/sites/default/files/public/Statistics_Research/2013_Facts_Figures.pdf |date=2014-05-13 }}</ref> Because using the rectal route enables a rapid, safe, and lower cost alternative to administration of medications,<ref>[http://www.hpna.org/PicView.aspx?ID=1638 A Quality Improvement Study: Use of a Rectal Medication Administration Device Intervention to manage end-stage symptoms in hospice patients when the oral route fails. Poster Presentations. 6th Annual Hospice Palliative Nurses Association Clinical Practice Forum, Pittsburgh, PA, September 15-15, 2012]</ref> it may also facilitate the care of patients in [[long-term care]] or [[palliative care]], or as an alternative to [[intravenous]] or [[subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]] medication delivery in other instances. |
The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as [[dysphagia]], [[ileus]], or [[bowel obstruction]], that would interfere with the progression of the medication through the tract. This often includes patients [[end-of-life care|near the end of life]] (an estimated 1.65 million people are in [[hospice]] care in the US each year).<ref>[http://www.nhpco.org/sites/default/files/public/Statistics_Research/2013_Facts_Figures.pdf "National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization's Facts and Figures: Hospice Care in America, 2013 Edition" (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513154152/http://www.nhpco.org/sites/default/files/public/Statistics_Research/2013_Facts_Figures.pdf |date=2014-05-13 }}</ref> Because using the rectal route enables a rapid, safe, and lower cost alternative to administration of medications,<ref>[http://www.hpna.org/PicView.aspx?ID=1638 A Quality Improvement Study: Use of a Rectal Medication Administration Device Intervention to manage end-stage symptoms in hospice patients when the oral route fails. Poster Presentations. 6th Annual Hospice Palliative Nurses Association Clinical Practice Forum, Pittsburgh, PA, September 15-15, 2012]</ref> it may also facilitate the care of patients in [[long-term care]] or [[palliative care]], or as an alternative to [[intravenous]] or [[subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]] medication delivery in other instances. |
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== Use for the consumption of psychoactive drugs == |
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Besides its application in medicine, rectal administration is also employed by users of [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive substances]]. Like in the medical procedure, the psychoactive drug is inserted into the anus, where it gets absorbed by the rectum's [[blood vessel]]s. |
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A study shows that awareness of rectal administration as a possible route of administration varies greatly among users of different drugs. The knowledge of rectal administration is highest among groups of users of [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[stimulant]]s and [[opioid]]s, where over 30% of users are aware of it.<ref name="Strange Routes">{{cite journal |last1=Rivers Allen |first1=Jessica |last2=Bridge |first2=William |title=Strange Routes of Administration for Substances of Abuse |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal |date=December 2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=7–11 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.121203 |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.121203 |access-date=27 October 2024 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |language=English|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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The reasons for rectal administration are largely the same as with medicinal drugs: Bypassing the first-pass effect, fast onset, and a relatively high bioavailability with some drugs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dodou |first1=Kalliopi |title=Exploring the unconventional routes — rectal and vaginal dosage formulations |url=https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/feature/exploring-the-unconventional-routes-rectal-and-vaginal-dosage-formulations |website=The Pharmaceutical Journal |publisher=Royal Pharmaceutical Society |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=English |date=29 August 2012}}</ref> |
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Rectal administration is sometimes thought of as a safer alternative to [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous injection]] of psychoactive substances,<ref>{{cite web |title=Transitioning Routes of Administration: from snorting to injecting to eating to smoking to booty bumping |url=https://nextdistro.org/resources-collection/transitioning-routes-of-administration |website=NEXT Distro |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=English |date=10 August 2021}}</ref> which carries a significant risk of infections and illnesses like [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|pulmonary granulomatosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wurcel |first1=Alysse G. |last2=Merchant |first2=Elisabeth A. |last3=Clark |first3=Roger P. |last4=Stone |first4=David R. |title=Emerging and Underrecognized Complications of Illicit Drug Use |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=15 December 2015 |volume=61 |issue=12 |pages=1840–1849 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ689 |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/61/12/1840/337912 |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=English|pmc=4657534 }}</ref> |
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However, rectal administration of psychoactive drugs has risks associated with it also.<ref name="Strange Routes" /> The combination of a brief acting time (compared to oral administration) and an unpredictable absorption-rate can, particularly for new users, result in a risk of [[Drug overdose|overdoses]]. Use of shared or [[Sterilization (microbiology)|non-sterile]] equipment can increase the risk of acquiring [[sexually transmitted infection]]s.<ref name="Surreptitious">{{cite journal |last1=Fleisch |first1=Sheryl B. |last2=Walker |first2=Jessica N. |title=Surreptitious Opioid Misuse in the General Hospital via Rectal Administration: A Case Report |journal=Psychosomatics |date=1 July 2020 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=405–407 |doi=10.1016/j.psym.2019.12.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318219302464#bib13 |access-date=27 October 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |language=English}}</ref> Some psychoactive substances like [[substituted amphetamine]]s can induce a strong [[vasoconstriction]] in the rectal vasculature and lead to [[intestinal ischemia]].<ref name="Strange Routes" /> |
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As with illicit psychoactive drugs in general, risks connected to rectal administration stem from the often unknown purity and composition of the drugs. This leads to the user not knowing if and what substances, [[by-product]]s or [[Lacing (drugs)|cutting agents]] are present in their drugs<ref name="Multi Drug coctails">{{cite journal |last1=Peck |first1=Yoshimi |last2=Clough |first2=Alan R. |last3=Culshaw |first3=Peter N. |last4=Liddell |first4=Michael J. |title=Multi-drug cocktails: Impurities in commonly used illicit drugs seized by police in Queensland, Australia |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |date=August 2019 |volume=201 |pages=49–57 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.019 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871619301577?via%3Dihub |access-date=28 October 2024 |publisher=Elsevier |language=English |issn=0376-8716}}</ref> before administering them rectally. Possible impurities or falsely marketed substances greatly increase the risk of administering illicit drugs rectally. |
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==Methods== |
==Methods== |
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Latest revision as of 02:08, 23 December 2024
Rectal administration (colloquially known as boofing or plugging) uses the rectum as a route of administration for medication and other fluids, which are absorbed by the rectum's blood vessels,[Note 1] and flow into the body's circulatory system, which distributes the drug to the body's organs and bodily systems.[Note 2]
Mechanism and effects
[edit]A drug that is administered rectally will in general (depending on the drug) have a faster onset, higher bioavailability, shorter peak, and shorter duration than oral administration.[1][2] Another advantage of administering a drug rectally, is that it tends to produce less nausea compared to the oral route and prevents any amount of the drug from being lost due to emesis (vomiting). In addition, the rectal route bypasses around two-thirds of the first-pass metabolism as the rectum's venous drainage is two-thirds systemic (middle and inferior rectal vein) and one-third hepatic portal system (superior rectal vein). This means the drug will reach the circulatory system with significantly less alteration and in greater concentrations.[Note 3]
Use in medicine
[edit]In addition to pharmacological effects, rectal administration has some properties which can be advantageous for the use in medicine. Rectal administration can allow patients to remain in the home setting when the oral route is compromised. Unlike intravenous lines, which usually need to be placed in an inpatient environment and require special formulation of sterile medications,[3] a specialized rectal catheter can be placed by a clinician, such as a hospice nurse or home health nurse, in the home. Many oral forms of medications can be crushed and suspended in water to be given via a rectal catheter.
The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as dysphagia, ileus, or bowel obstruction, that would interfere with the progression of the medication through the tract. This often includes patients near the end of life (an estimated 1.65 million people are in hospice care in the US each year).[4] Because using the rectal route enables a rapid, safe, and lower cost alternative to administration of medications,[5] it may also facilitate the care of patients in long-term care or palliative care, or as an alternative to intravenous or subcutaneous medication delivery in other instances.
Use for the consumption of psychoactive drugs
[edit]Besides its application in medicine, rectal administration is also employed by users of psychoactive substances. Like in the medical procedure, the psychoactive drug is inserted into the anus, where it gets absorbed by the rectum's blood vessels.
A study shows that awareness of rectal administration as a possible route of administration varies greatly among users of different drugs. The knowledge of rectal administration is highest among groups of users of alcohol, stimulants and opioids, where over 30% of users are aware of it.[6]
The reasons for rectal administration are largely the same as with medicinal drugs: Bypassing the first-pass effect, fast onset, and a relatively high bioavailability with some drugs.[7]
Rectal administration is sometimes thought of as a safer alternative to intravenous injection of psychoactive substances,[8] which carries a significant risk of infections and illnesses like pulmonary granulomatosis.[9]
However, rectal administration of psychoactive drugs has risks associated with it also.[6] The combination of a brief acting time (compared to oral administration) and an unpredictable absorption-rate can, particularly for new users, result in a risk of overdoses. Use of shared or non-sterile equipment can increase the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections.[10] Some psychoactive substances like substituted amphetamines can induce a strong vasoconstriction in the rectal vasculature and lead to intestinal ischemia.[6]
As with illicit psychoactive drugs in general, risks connected to rectal administration stem from the often unknown purity and composition of the drugs. This leads to the user not knowing if and what substances, by-products or cutting agents are present in their drugs[11] before administering them rectally. Possible impurities or falsely marketed substances greatly increase the risk of administering illicit drugs rectally.
Methods
[edit]Rectal administration of medication may be performed with any of the following:
- A suppository, a solid drug delivery system inserted into the rectum, where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects.
- A micro-enema, a small amount (usually less than 10 millilitres) of a liquid-drug solution injected into the rectum.
- A large volume enema[12] to inject liquid into the colon either to cleanse feces from as much of the colon as possible[13] or to deliver a drug solution.
- A specialized catheter designed for rectal administration of medications and liquids, that can be placed safely and remain comfortably in the rectum for repeated use.
See also
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rectal administration.
Notes
[edit]- ^ The rectum has numerous blood vessels available to absorb drugs: upwards 2/3rds of the dose bypasses first-pass metabolism through systemic distribution and the rest is taken through the liver and metabolized via the hepatic portal system.
- ^ The organs and systems include, depending on if the drug is able to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or not, the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), cardiovascular system (CVS), et cetera.
- ^ Other ROAs that bypass first-pass metabolism include inhalation (smoking, vaporizing, etc.), intravenous injection (IV), insufflation ("snorting"), et cetera, but the oral route does not bypass first-pass metabolism.
References
[edit]- ^ De Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD. (1982) "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations." Clin Pharmacokinetics. 7(4):285–311
- ^ Moolenaar F, Koning B, Huizinga T. (1979) "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium salt from rectal dosage forms." International Journal of Pharmacaceutics, 4:99–109
- ^ Plumer AL. 2007. Plumer's Principles and Practices of Intravenous Therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 753 pp.
- ^ "National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization's Facts and Figures: Hospice Care in America, 2013 Edition" (PDF) Archived 2014-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ A Quality Improvement Study: Use of a Rectal Medication Administration Device Intervention to manage end-stage symptoms in hospice patients when the oral route fails. Poster Presentations. 6th Annual Hospice Palliative Nurses Association Clinical Practice Forum, Pittsburgh, PA, September 15-15, 2012
- ^ a b c Rivers Allen, Jessica; Bridge, William (December 2017). "Strange Routes of Administration for Substances of Abuse". American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal. 12 (12). American Psychiatric Association: 7–11. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.121203. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ Dodou, Kalliopi (29 August 2012). "Exploring the unconventional routes — rectal and vaginal dosage formulations". The Pharmaceutical Journal. Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Transitioning Routes of Administration: from snorting to injecting to eating to smoking to booty bumping". NEXT Distro. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ Wurcel, Alysse G.; Merchant, Elisabeth A.; Clark, Roger P.; Stone, David R. (15 December 2015). "Emerging and Underrecognized Complications of Illicit Drug Use". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 61 (12): 1840–1849. doi:10.1093/cid/civ689. PMC 4657534. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ Fleisch, Sheryl B.; Walker, Jessica N. (1 July 2020). "Surreptitious Opioid Misuse in the General Hospital via Rectal Administration: A Case Report". Psychosomatics. 61 (4). Elsevier: 405–407. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2019.12.001. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ Peck, Yoshimi; Clough, Alan R.; Culshaw, Peter N.; Liddell, Michael J. (August 2019). "Multi-drug cocktails: Impurities in commonly used illicit drugs seized by police in Queensland, Australia". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 201. Elsevier: 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.019. ISSN 0376-8716. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "high enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
- ^ Rhodora Cruz. "Types of Enemas". Fundamentals of Nursing Practice. Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
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