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Mutual aid is an organizational model where voluntary, collaborative exchanges of resources and services for common benefit take place amongst community members to overcome social, economic, and political barriers to meeting common needs. This can include physical resources like food, clothing, or medicine, as well as services like breakfast programs or education. These groups are often built for the daily needs of their communities, but mutual aid groups are also found throughout relief efforts, such as in natural disasters or pandemics like COVID-19.

Resources are shared unconditionally, contrasting this model from charity where conditions for gaining access to help are often set, such as means testing or grant stipulations. These groups often go beyond material or service exchange and are set up as a form of political participation in which people take responsibility for caring for one another and changing political conditions.

Mutual aid groups are distinct in their drive to flatten the hierarchy, searching for collective consensus decision-making across participating people rather than placing leadership within a closed executive team. With this joint decision-making, all participating members are empowered to enact change and take responsibility for the group.

History

The term "mutual aid" was popularized by the anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin in his essay collection Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which argued that cooperation, not competition, was the driving mechanism behind evolution, through biological mutualism.^[1]^[2] Kropotkin argued that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of humans and animals and has been promoted through natural selection, and that mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture.^[2] This recognition of the widespread character and individual benefit of mutual aid stood in contrast to the theories of social Darwinism that emphasized individual competition and survival of the fittest, and against the ideas of liberals such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love.^[3]

Practice

Mutual aid participants work together to figure out strategies and resources to meet each other's needs, such as food, housing, medical care, and disaster relief while organizing themselves against the system that created the shortage in the first place.^[4]

Typically, mutual-aid groups are member-led, member-organized, and open to all to participate in. They often have non-hierarchical, non-bureaucratic structures, with members controlling all resources. They are egalitarian in nature and designed to support participatory democracy, equality of member status, power-shared leadership, and consensus-based decision-making.^[5]

Some challenges to the success of mutual aid groups include lack of technical experts, lack of funding, lack of public legitimacy,^[6] and institutionalization of social hierarchies.^[7]

Vs. charity

As defined by radical activist and writer Dean Spade and explored in his University of Chicago course "Queer and Trans Mutual Aid for Survival and Mobilization", mutual aid is distinct from charity.^[8] Radical activist, social welfare scholar, and social worker Benjamin Shepard defines mutual aid as "people giv[ing] what they can and get[ting] what they need."^[9] Mutual aid projects are often critical of the charity model, and may use the motto "solidarity, not charity" to differentiate themselves from charities.

Examples

In the 1800s and early 1900s, mutual aid organizations included unions, the friendly societies that were common throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,^[10] medieval craft guilds,^[11] the American "fraternity societies" that existed during the Great Depression providing their members with health and life insurance and funeral benefits,^[12] and the English working men's clubs of the 1930s that also provided health insurance.^[13] In the United States, mutual aid has been practiced extensively in marginalized communities, notably in Black communities, working-class neighborhoods, migrant groups, LGBT communities, and others.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] The Black Panther Party's urban food programs in the 1960s were another prominent example of mutual aid. A Common Ground Relief mutual aid group organized to provide disaster relief for the 2005 Hurricane Katrina.^[18]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mutual aid and grassroots solidarity groups around the world organized networks distribution for food and personal protective equipment.^[19] The term "mutual aid", previously associated with anarchism, drifted into public parlance during the pandemic. Local mutual aid groups, sometimes as local as the street level, organized to help shop, deliver medicine, create games for kids,^[18] offering civic connection during a time of isolation. Multiple online outlets ran stories on how to create a mutual aid group.^[20]

References

^ Peter Kropotkin; Victor Robinson (26 May 2020). "Introduction". Mutual Aid – A Factor of Evolution: With an Excerpt from Comrade Kropotkin by Victor Robinson. Read Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-5287-9015-4.
^ ^a ^b Kropotkin, Petr (1902). Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Retrieved 6 May 2020 – via The Anarchist Library.
^ Bertram, Christopher (2020), "Jean Jacques Rousseau", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 2021-03-25, retrieved 2020-12-11
^ H, Katie (27 April 2020). "From Mutual Aid To Dual Power: How Do We Build A New World In The Shell Of The Old?". Plan C. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
^ Turner, Francis J. (2005). Canadian encyclopedia of social work. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 337–8. ISBN 0-88920-436-5.
^ Zola, I. K. (1972). "The problems and prospects of mutual aid groups". Rehabilitation Psychology. 19 (4): 180–183. doi:10.1037/h0091061. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
^ Izlar, Joel (2019-11-01). "Radical social welfare and anti-authoritarian mutual aid". Critical and Radical Social Work. 7 (3): 349–366. doi:10.1332/204986019X15687131179624. ISSN 2049-8608. S2CID 211453572.
^ Spade, Dean (1 March 2020). "Solidarity Not Charity: Mutual Aid for Mobilization and Survival". Social Text. 38 (1): 131–151. doi:10.1215/01642472-7971139. S2CID 216351581. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^ Shepard, Benjamin (2015). Community practice as social activism: from direct action to direct services. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4833-0937-8. OCLC 962305465.
^ Bacharach, Samuel B.; Bamberger, Peter; Sonnenstuhl, William J. (2001). Mutual aid and union renewal: cycles of logics of action. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. p. 173. ISBN 0-8014-8734-X.
^ Kropotkin, Peter (2008). Mutual aid: a factor of evolution. [Charleston, SC]: Forgotten Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-60680-071-3.
^ Beito, David T. (2000). From mutual aid to the welfare state: fraternal societies and social services, 1890–1967. Chapel Hill [u.a.]: Univ. of North Carolina Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-8078-4841-7.
^ Shapely, Peter (2007). Borsay, Anne (ed.). Medicine, charity and mutual aid: the consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550–1950; [5th international conference of the European Association of Urban Historians, which was held in Berlin in summer 2000] ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Aldershot [u.a.]: Ashgate. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-7546-5148-2.
^ NEMBHARD, JESSICA GORDON (2014). Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice. Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r. ISBN 978-0-271-06216-7. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r.
^ Bacon, Jacqueline; McClish, Glen (2000). "Reinventing the Master's Tools: Nineteenth-Century African-American Literary Societies of Philadelphia and Rhetorical Education". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 30 (4): 19–47. doi:10.1080/02773940009391187. ISSN 0277-3945. JSTOR 3886116. S2CID 144385631.
^ Williams, Colin C.; Windebank, Jan (2000). "Self-help and Mutual Aid in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Some Lessons from Southampton". Urban Studies. 37 (1): 127–147. Bibcode:2000UrbSt..37..127W. doi:10.1080/0042098002320. ISSN 0042-0980. JSTOR 43084635. S2CID 155040089. Archived from the original on 2022-04-24. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
^ Hernández-Plaza, Sonia; Alonso-Morillejo, Enrique; Pozo-Muñoz, Carmen (2006). "Social Support Interventions in Migrant Populations". The British Journal of Social Work. 36 (7): 1151–1169. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch396. ISSN 0045-3102. JSTOR 23721354.
^ ^a ^b Solnit, Rebecca (2020-05-14). "'The way we get through this is together': mutual aid under coronavirus". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ Preston, John (March 22, 2022). "Rev. of Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid During the COVID-19 Crisis". Anarchist Studies. 30 (1): 125–128. ISSN 0967-3393. Gale A708386016.
^ Tolentino, Jia (11 May 2020). "What Mutual Aid Can Do During a Pandemic". The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

Bibliography

Amaro Hernández, José (1983). Mutual Aid for Survival: The Case of the Mexican American. Krieger. ISBN 9780898745467.
Awry, Wren, ed. (2023). Nourishing Resistance: Stories of Food, Protest, and Mutual Aid. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-62963-996-3. LCCN 2022943234.
Bacharach, Samuel B.; Bamberger, Peter; Sonnenstuhl, William J. (2001). Mutual Aid and Union Renewal: Cycles of Logics of Action. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8734-X. LCCN 00-012151. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
Baylouny, Anne Marie (2010). Privatizing Welfare in the Middle East: Kin Mutual Aid Associations in Jordan and Lebanon. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22195-7. LCCN 2009045228.
Beito, David T. (2000). From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4841-7. LCCN 99-41895.
Borkman, Thomasina (1999). Understanding Self-help/mutual Aid: Experiential Learning in the Commons. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2630-2. LCCN 98-50649. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
Borsay, Anne (2016) [2007]. Borsay, Anne; Shapely, Pete (eds.). Medicine, Charity and Mutual Aid: The Consumption of Health and Welfare in Britain, c.1550–1950. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315594699. ISBN 978-0-7546-5148-2. LCCN 2006030263.
Bridgen, Paul; Harris, Bernard, eds. (2007). Charity and Mutual Aid in Europe and North America since 1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93240-7. LCCN 2007031877.
Delalande, Nicolas (2023). Struggle and Mutual Aid: The Age of Worker Solidarity. Other Press. ISBN 9781635420111. LCCN 2022027364.
Firth, Rhiannon (2022). Disaster Anarchy: Mutual Aid and Radical Action. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-4046-3. OCLC 1288196115.
Gitterman, Alex; Shulman, Lawrence, eds. (2005). Mutual Aid Groups, Vulnerable and Resilient Populations, and the Life Cycle. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12885-1. LCCN 2005056035.
Grubačić, Andrej; O'Hearn, Denis (2016). Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520962484. LCCN 2015036704.
Midgley, James; Hosaka, Mitsuhiko, eds. (2011). Grassroots Social Security in Asia: Mutual Aid, Microinsurance and Social Welfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-83178-6. LCCN 2010031554.
Moyse Steinberg, Dominique (2009) [2004]. The Mutual-aid Approach to Working with Groups: Helping People Help One Another (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7890-1462-7. LCCN 2004007025.
Preston, John; Firth, Rhiannon (2020). Coronavirus, Class and Mutual Aid in the United Kingdom. Springer. ISBN 9783030577131.
Servigne, Pablo; Chapelle, Gauthier (2022). Mutual Aid: The Other Law of the Jungle. Wiley. ISBN 978-1509547920.
Rebecca, Solnit (2020). Sitrin, Marina; Sembrar, Colectiva (eds.). Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid During the Covid-19 Crisis. Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv12sdx5v. ISBN 978-0-7453-4320-4. JSTOR j.ctv12sdx5v. S2CID 240768553.
Swain, Dan; Urban, Petr; Malabou, Catherine; Kouba, Petr, eds. (2021). Unchaining Solidarity: On Mutual Aid and Anarchism with Catherine Malabou. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538157961. LCCN 2021034081.
Winfield Fretz, Joseph (2020). Christian Mutual Aid: A Handbook of Brotherhood Economics. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 9781725283695.

External links

Mutual Aid Societies (lecture by Sheldon Richman)
Mutual aid and physical distancing is not new to the Black and racialized minorities in the Americas By Caroline S. Hossein.

[KropotkinRobinson2020-1] Peter Kropotkin; Victor Robinson (26 May 2020). "Introduction". Mutual Aid – A Factor of Evolution: With an Excerpt from Comrade Kropotkin by Victor Robinson. Read Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-5287-9015-4.

[Kropotkin-2] Kropotkin, Petr (1902). Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Retrieved 6 May 2020 – via The Anarchist Library.

[3] Bertram, Christopher (2020), "Jean Jacques Rousseau", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 2021-03-25, retrieved 2020-12-11

[:1-4] H, Katie (27 April 2020). "From Mutual Aid To Dual Power: How Do We Build A New World In The Shell Of The Old?". Plan C. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

[5] Turner, Francis J. (2005). Canadian encyclopedia of social work. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 337–8. ISBN 0-88920-436-5.

[6] Zola, I. K. (1972). "The problems and prospects of mutual aid groups". Rehabilitation Psychology. 19 (4): 180–183. doi:10.1037/h0091061. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2020.

[7] Izlar, Joel (2019-11-01). "Radical social welfare and anti-authoritarian mutual aid". Critical and Radical Social Work. 7 (3): 349–366. doi:10.1332/204986019X15687131179624. ISSN 2049-8608. S2CID 211453572.

[8] Spade, Dean (1 March 2020). "Solidarity Not Charity: Mutual Aid for Mobilization and Survival". Social Text. 38 (1): 131–151. doi:10.1215/01642472-7971139. S2CID 216351581. Retrieved 10 May 2020.

[9] Shepard, Benjamin (2015). Community practice as social activism: from direct action to direct services. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4833-0937-8. OCLC 962305465.

[10] Bacharach, Samuel B.; Bamberger, Peter; Sonnenstuhl, William J. (2001). Mutual aid and union renewal: cycles of logics of action. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. p. 173. ISBN 0-8014-8734-X.

[11] Kropotkin, Peter (2008). Mutual aid: a factor of evolution. [Charleston, SC]: Forgotten Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-60680-071-3.

[12] Beito, David T. (2000). From mutual aid to the welfare state: fraternal societies and social services, 1890–1967. Chapel Hill [u.a.]: Univ. of North Carolina Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-8078-4841-7.

[13] Shapely, Peter (2007). Borsay, Anne (ed.). Medicine, charity and mutual aid: the consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550–1950; [5th international conference of the European Association of Urban Historians, which was held in Berlin in summer 2000] ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Aldershot [u.a.]: Ashgate. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-7546-5148-2.

[14] NEMBHARD, JESSICA GORDON (2014). Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice. Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r. ISBN 978-0-271-06216-7. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r.

[15] Bacon, Jacqueline; McClish, Glen (2000). "Reinventing the Master's Tools: Nineteenth-Century African-American Literary Societies of Philadelphia and Rhetorical Education". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 30 (4): 19–47. doi:10.1080/02773940009391187. ISSN 0277-3945. JSTOR 3886116. S2CID 144385631.

[16] Williams, Colin C.; Windebank, Jan (2000). "Self-help and Mutual Aid in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Some Lessons from Southampton". Urban Studies. 37 (1): 127–147. Bibcode:2000UrbSt..37..127W. doi:10.1080/0042098002320. ISSN 0042-0980. JSTOR 43084635. S2CID 155040089. Archived from the original on 2022-04-24. Retrieved 2020-12-11.

[17] Hernández-Plaza, Sonia; Alonso-Morillejo, Enrique; Pozo-Muñoz, Carmen (2006). "Social Support Interventions in Migrant Populations". The British Journal of Social Work. 36 (7): 1151–1169. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch396. ISSN 0045-3102. JSTOR 23721354.

[Solnit-18] Solnit, Rebecca (2020-05-14). "'The way we get through this is together': mutual aid under coronavirus". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020-06-14.

[19] Preston, John (March 22, 2022). "Rev. of Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid During the COVID-19 Crisis". Anarchist Studies. 30 (1): 125–128. ISSN 0967-3393. Gale A708386016.

[20] Tolentino, Jia (11 May 2020). "What Mutual Aid Can Do During a Pandemic". The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Voluntary exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit}}
+{{other uses}}
-{{see also|Communal work}}
 {{Libertarian socialism sidebar}}
+'''Mutual aid''' is an [[Organizational theory|organizational model]] where voluntary, collaborative exchanges of resources and services for common benefit take place amongst community members to overcome social, economic, and political barriers to meeting common needs. This can include physical resources like food, clothing, or medicine, as well as services like breakfast programs or education. These groups are often built for the daily needs of their communities, but mutual aid groups are also found throughout relief efforts, such as in [[Natural disaster|natural disasters]] or [[Pandemic|pandemics]] like [[COVID-19]].
-In [[organization theory]], '''mutual aid''' is a voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit. Mutual aid projects can be a form of political participation in which people take responsibility for caring for one another and changing political conditions.
+Resources are shared unconditionally, contrasting this model from [[Charity (practice)|charity]] where conditions for gaining access to help are often set, such as [[Means test|means testing]] or grant stipulations. These groups often go beyond material or service exchange and are set up as a form of political participation in which people take responsibility for caring for one another and changing political conditions.
-Mutual aid has been used to provide people with [[food]], [[Health care|medical care]], and supplies, as well as provide relief from disasters, such as [[Natural disaster|natural disasters]] and [[Pandemic|pandemics]].
+Mutual aid groups are distinct in their drive to flatten the hierarchy, searching for collective consensus decision-making across participating people rather than placing leadership within a closed executive team. With this joint decision-making, all participating members are empowered to enact change and take responsibility for the group.
-== Origins ==
+== History ==
 [[File:Irish-stew dinners for the poor. Wellcome L0003267.jpg|thumb|A mutual-aid [[soup kitchen]] Conder Street [[Limehouse (UK Parliament constituency)|Mission Hall]], 1881]]
-The term "mutual aid" was popularised by the [[anarchist]] philosopher [[Peter Kropotkin]] in his essay collection ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'', which argued that cooperation, not competition, was the driving mechanism behind [[evolution]], through [[biological mutualism]].<ref name="KropotkinRobinson2020">{{cite book |author1=Peter Kropotkin |author2=Victor Robinson |title=Mutual Aid – A Factor of Evolution: With an Excerpt from Comrade Kropotkin by Victor Robinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbLoDwAAQBAJ |chapter=Introduction |date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Read Books Limited |isbn=978-1-5287-9015-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution |last=Kropotkin |first=Petr |date=1902 |website=The Anarchist Library |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> Kropotkin argued that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of humans and animals and has been promoted through [[natural selection]], and that mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture.<ref name=":0"/> This recognition of the widespread character and individual benefit of mutual aid stood in contrast to the theories of [[social Darwinism]] that emphasized individual competition and [[survival of the fittest]], and against the ideas of [[liberalism|liberals]] such as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bertram|first=Christopher|title=Jean Jacques Rousseau|date=2020|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/rousseau/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2020|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref>
+The term "mutual aid" was popularized by the [[anarchist]] philosopher [[Peter Kropotkin]] in his essay collection ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'', which argued that cooperation, not competition, was the driving mechanism behind [[evolution]], through [[biological mutualism]].<ref name="KropotkinRobinson2020">{{cite book |author1=Peter Kropotkin |author2=Victor Robinson |title=Mutual Aid – A Factor of Evolution: With an Excerpt from Comrade Kropotkin by Victor Robinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbLoDwAAQBAJ |chapter=Introduction |date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Read Books Limited |isbn=978-1-5287-9015-4}}</ref><ref name="Kropotkin">{{cite book |title=Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution |last=Kropotkin |first=Petr |date=1902 |via=The Anarchist Library |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> Kropotkin argued that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of humans and animals and has been promoted through [[natural selection]], and that mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture.<ref name="Kropotkin"/> This recognition of the widespread character and individual benefit of mutual aid stood in contrast to the theories of [[social Darwinism]] that emphasized individual competition and [[survival of the fittest]], and against the ideas of [[liberalism|liberals]] such as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bertram|first=Christopher|title=Jean Jacques Rousseau|date=2020|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/rousseau/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2020|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2020-12-11|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325184914/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/rousseau/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Practice ==
-Mutual aid participants work together to figure out strategies and resources to meet each other's needs, such as food, housing, medical care, and disaster relief, while organizing themselves against the system that created the shortage in the first place.<ref name=":1" />
+Mutual aid participants work together to figure out strategies and resources to meet each other's needs, such as food, housing, medical care, and disaster relief while organizing themselves against the system that created the shortage in the first place.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=H |first=Katie |date=27 April 2020 |title=From Mutual Aid To Dual Power: How Do We Build A New World In The Shell Of The Old? |url=https://www.weareplanc.org/blog/from-mutual-aid-to-dual-power-how-do-we-build-a-new-world-in-the-shell-of-the-old/ |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=Plan C}}</ref>
 Typically, mutual-aid groups are member-led, member-organized, and open to all to participate in. They often have [[Non-hierarchical Organization|non-hierarchical]], [[Bureaucracy|non-bureaucratic]] structures, with members controlling all resources. They are [[egalitarian]] in nature and designed to support [[participatory democracy]], [[Social equality|equality]] of member status, power-shared [[leadership]], and [[consensus-based decision-making]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Francis J. |title=Canadian encyclopedia of social work |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacana00turn |url-access=limited |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-88920-436-5 |location=Waterloo, Ont. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacana00turn/page/n359 337]–8}}</ref>
+Some challenges to the success of mutual aid groups include lack of technical experts, lack of funding, lack of public legitimacy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zola |first1=I. K. |title=The problems and prospects of mutual aid groups. |journal=Rehabilitation Psychology |date=1972 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=180–183 |doi=10.1037/h0091061 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06279-001 |access-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920122803/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06279-001 |url-status=live }}</ref> and institutionalization of social hierarchies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Izlar|first=Joel|date=2019-11-01|title=Radical social welfare and anti-authoritarian mutual aid|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1332/204986019X15687131179624|journal=Critical and Radical Social Work|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=349–366|doi=10.1332/204986019X15687131179624|s2cid=211453572|issn=2049-8608}}</ref>
-=== Mutual aid vs. charity ===
+=== Vs. charity ===
-As defined by radical activist and writer [[Dean Spade]] and explored in his University of Chicago course "Queer and Trans Mutual Aid for Survival and Mobilization", mutual aid is distinct from charity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spade |first1=Dean |title=Solidarity Not Charity: Mutual Aid for Mobilization and Survival |journal=Social Text |date=1 March 2020 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1215/01642472-7971139 |s2cid=216351581 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article/38/1%20(142)/131/160175/Solidarity-Not-CharityMutual-Aid-for-Mobilization |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Radical activist, social welfare scholar, and social worker Benjamin Shepard defines mutual aid as "people giv[ing] what they can and get[ting] what they need."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shepard|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962305465|title=Community practice as social activism : from direct action to direct services|date=2015|isbn=978-1-4833-0937-8|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=166|oclc=962305465}}</ref> Mutual aid projects are often critical of the charity model, and may use the motto "solidarity, not charity" to differentiate themselves from charities.
-<!-- Spade makes the following distinctions between mutual aid and charity:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutual Aid Chart – Dean Spade |url=https://www.deanspade.net/2019/12/04/mutual-aid-chart/ |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> -->
+As defined by radical activist and writer [[Dean Spade]] and explored in his University of Chicago course "Queer and Trans Mutual Aid for Survival and Mobilization", mutual aid is distinct from charity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spade |first1=Dean |title=Solidarity Not Charity: Mutual Aid for Mobilization and Survival |journal=Social Text |date=1 March 2020 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1215/01642472-7971139 |s2cid=216351581 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article/38/1%20(142)/131/160175/Solidarity-Not-CharityMutual-Aid-for-Mobilization |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Radical activist, social welfare scholar, and social worker Benjamin Shepard defines mutual aid as "people giv[ing] what they can and get[ting] what they need."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shepard|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962305465|title=Community practice as social activism: from direct action to direct services|date=2015|isbn=978-1-4833-0937-8|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=Sage|pages=166|oclc=962305465}}</ref> Mutual aid projects are often critical of the charity model, and may use the motto "solidarity, not charity" to differentiate themselves from charities.
-=== Challenges to mutual aid ===
+<!-- Spade makes the following distinctions between mutual aid and charity:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutual Aid Chart – Dean Spade |url=https://www.deanspade.net/2019/12/04/mutual-aid-chart/ |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> -->
-{{more citations needed section|date=September 2021}}
-* Lack of technical experts, funding, and legitimization by the public<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zola |first1=I. K. |title=The problems and prospects of mutual aid groups. |journal=Rehabilitation Psychology |date=1972 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=180–183 |doi=10.1037/h0091061 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06279-001 |access-date=December 17, 2020}}</ref>
-* Lack of full-time staff may limit the volume of work that can be completed, especially work that must be done during traditional operating hours
-* Informal status may disqualify eligibility for government grants and tax benefits
-* Development of concentrated social hierarchies may lead to discrimination and a movement away from mutual aid principles<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Izlar|first=Joel|date=2019-11-01|title=Radical social welfare and anti-authoritarian mutual aid|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.1332/204986019X15687131179624|journal=Critical and Radical Social Work|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=349–366|doi=10.1332/204986019X15687131179624|s2cid=211453572|issn=2049-8608}}</ref>
-*[[Occupational burnout|Burnout]] by those that are able to help maintain mutual aid projects
 == Examples ==
-{{Globalize|section|date=August 2020}}
-In the 1800s and early 1900s, mutual aid organizations included unions, the [[Friendly Societies]] that were common throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sonnenstuhl |first=Samuel B. Bacharach, Peter A. Bamberger, William J. |title=Mutual aid and union renewal: cycles of logics of action |year=2001 |publisher=Cornell University |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-8734-X |pages=173}}</ref> [[medieval]] [[craft guilds]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=Mutual aid: a factor of evolution |year=2008 |publisher=Forgotten Books |location=[Charleston, SC] |isbn=978-1-60680-071-3 |pages=117}}</ref> the American "[[Fraternity#Trade guilds|fraternity societies]]" that existed during the [[Great Depression]] providing their members with [[health insurance|health]] and [[life insurance]] and [[Burial society|funeral benefits]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Beito |first=David T. |title=From mutual aid to the welfare state: fraternal societies and social services, 1890–1967 |year=2000 |publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill [u.a.] |isbn=0-8078-4841-7 |pages=1–2}}</ref> and the English [[working men's club]]s of the 1930s that also provided health insurance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shapely |first=Peter |title=Medicine, charity and mutual aid: the consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550–1950; [5th international conference of the European Association of Urban Historians, which was held in Berlin in summer 2000] |publisher=Ashgate |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-5148-2 |editor-last=Borsay |editor-first=Anne |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |location=Aldershot [u.a.] |pages=7–8}}</ref> In the United States, mutual aid has been practiced extensively in marginalized communities, notably in Black communities, working-class neighborhoods, migrant groups, [[LGBT community|LGBT communities]], and others.<ref>{{cite book |last=NEMBHARD |first=JESSICA GORDON |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r |title=Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice |date=2014 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-06216-7 |doi=10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r |jstor=10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bacon |first1=Jacqueline |last2=McClish |first2=Glen |date=2000 |title=Reinventing the Master's Tools: Nineteenth-Century African-American Literary Societies of Philadelphia and Rhetorical Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3886116 |journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=19–47 |doi=10.1080/02773940009391187 |jstor=3886116 |s2cid=144385631 |issn=0277-3945}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Colin C. |last2=Windebank |first2=Jan |date=2000 |title=Self-help and Mutual Aid in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Some Lessons from Southampton |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43084635 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=127–147 |doi=10.1080/0042098002320 |jstor=43084635 |s2cid=155040089 |issn=0042-0980}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hernández-Plaza |first1=Sonia |last2=Alonso-Morillejo |first2=Enrique |last3=Pozo-Muñoz |first3=Carmen |date=2006 |title=Social Support Interventions in Migrant Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23721354 |journal=The British Journal of Social Work |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=1151–1169 |doi=10.1093/bjsw/bch396 |jstor=23721354 |issn=0045-3102}}</ref>
+In the 1800s and early 1900s, mutual aid organizations included unions, the [[friendly societies]] that were common throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bacharach |first1=Samuel B. |last2=Bamberger |first2=Peter |last3=Sonnenstuhl |first3=William J. |title=Mutual aid and union renewal: cycles of logics of action |year=2001 |publisher=Cornell University |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-8734-X |pages=173}}</ref> [[medieval]] [[craft guilds]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=Mutual aid: a factor of evolution |year=2008 |publisher=Forgotten Books |location=[Charleston, SC] |isbn=978-1-60680-071-3 |pages=117}}</ref> the American "[[Fraternity#Trade guilds|fraternity societies]]" that existed during the [[Great Depression]] providing their members with [[health insurance|health]] and [[life insurance]] and [[Burial society|funeral benefits]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Beito |first=David T. |title=From mutual aid to the welfare state: fraternal societies and social services, 1890–1967 |year=2000 |publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill [u.a.] |isbn=0-8078-4841-7 |pages=1–2}}</ref> and the English [[working men's club]]s of the 1930s that also provided health insurance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shapely |first=Peter |title=Medicine, charity and mutual aid: the consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550–1950; [5th international conference of the European Association of Urban Historians, which was held in Berlin in summer 2000] |publisher=Ashgate |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-5148-2 |editor-last=Borsay |editor-first=Anne |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |location=Aldershot [u.a.] |pages=7–8}}</ref> In the United States, mutual aid has been practiced extensively in marginalized communities, notably in Black communities, working-class neighborhoods, migrant groups, [[LGBT community|LGBT communities]], and others.<ref>{{cite book |last=NEMBHARD |first=JESSICA GORDON |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r |title=Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice |date=2014 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-06216-7 |doi=10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r |jstor=10.5325/j.ctv14gpc5r}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bacon |first1=Jacqueline |last2=McClish |first2=Glen |date=2000 |title=Reinventing the Master's Tools: Nineteenth-Century African-American Literary Societies of Philadelphia and Rhetorical Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3886116 |journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=19–47 |doi=10.1080/02773940009391187 |jstor=3886116 |s2cid=144385631 |issn=0277-3945}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Colin C. |last2=Windebank |first2=Jan |date=2000 |title=Self-help and Mutual Aid in Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: Some Lessons from Southampton |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43084635 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=127–147 |doi=10.1080/0042098002320 |jstor=43084635 |bibcode=2000UrbSt..37..127W |s2cid=155040089 |issn=0042-0980 |access-date=2020-12-11 |archive-date=2022-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424225059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43084635 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hernández-Plaza |first1=Sonia |last2=Alonso-Morillejo |first2=Enrique |last3=Pozo-Muñoz |first3=Carmen |date=2006 |title=Social Support Interventions in Migrant Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23721354 |journal=The British Journal of Social Work |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=1151–1169 |doi=10.1093/bjsw/bch396 |jstor=23721354 |issn=0045-3102}}</ref> The [[Black Panther Party]]'s urban food programs in the 1960s were another prominent example of mutual aid. A [[Common Ground Relief]] mutual aid group organized to provide [[Hurricane Katrina disaster relief|disaster relief for the 2005 Hurricane Katrina]].{{r|Solnit}}
-=== Food, medical care, and supplies ===
+During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], mutual aid and grassroots solidarity groups around the world organized networks distribution for food and [[personal protective equipment]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Preston |first1=John |title=Rev. of Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid During the COVID-19 Crisis |journal=[[Anarchist Studies]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=125–128 |date=2022-03-22 |id={{gale|A708386016}} |language=English |issn=0967-3393 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The term "mutual aid", previously associated with anarchism, drifted into public parlance during the pandemic. Local mutual aid groups, sometimes as local as the street level, organized to help shop, deliver medicine, create games for kids,<ref name=Solnit>{{cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title='The way we get through this is together': mutual aid under coronavirus |first=Rebecca |last=Solnit |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/14/mutual-aid-coronavirus-pandemic-rebecca-solnit |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><!-- more to paraphrase in source --> offering civic connection during a time of isolation. Multiple online outlets ran stories on how to create a mutual aid group.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tolentino |first=Jia |author-link=Jia Tolentino |date=11 May 2020 |title=What Mutual Aid Can Do During a Pandemic |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/what-mutual-aid-can-do-during-a-pandemic |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><!-- more to paraphrase in source -->
-[[File:Free Soup For the Revolution.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Food Not Bombs]] a [[cooperative]] food bank]]
-In 1969, the [[Black Panther Party|Black Panthers]] created the [[Free Breakfast for Children]] programme to serve families in [[Oakland, California]]. By the end of 1969, the program fed 20,000 children across 19 cities. Other survival programs included clothing distribution, classes on politics and economics, free medical clinics, lessons on self-defense and first aid, transportation to upstate prisons for family members of inmates, an emergency-response ambulance program, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and testing for [[Sickle cell disease|sickle-cell disease]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Huey P. Newton Story – Actions – Survival Programs {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/actions/actions_survival.html |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>
-In the 1970s, the [[Young Lords]], an organization devoted to neighborhood empowerment and self-determination of [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Ricans]], Latinos, and colonized people in the United States, operated multiple community programs, including free breakfast for children, the Emeterio Betances free health clinic, free dental clinic, community testing for [[tuberculosis]] and [[Lead poisoning|lead-poisoning]], community day care center, free clothing drives, and "Garbage Offensive" to clean up garbage in Puerto Rican neighborhoods neglected by city sanitation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
-[[Food Not Bombs]] was founded in the United States in 1980 by anti-nuclear activists to share free vegetarian food with hungry people and protest war, poverty, and destruction of the environment. Today, Food Not Bombs continues to recover food that would otherwise be discarded and shares free food in over 1,000 cities in 65 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=FOODNOTBOMBS.NET |url=http://foodnotbombs.net/ |website=foodnotbombs.net |language=en |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
-=== War ===
-{{expand section|date=December 2022}}
-=== Disaster relief ===
-==== Hurricane Katrina ====
-In 2005 after [[Hurricane Katrina]], mutual aid efforts in [[New Orleans]] began through the [[Common Ground Collective]]. Efforts included aid distribution centers, opening seven medical clinics, house-gutting, roof-tarping, building neighborhood computer centers, debris removal, a tree planting service, establishing 90+ community gardens, and legal counselling services. In 2012 after [[Hurricane Sandy]], people formerly associated with [[Occupy Wall Street]] formed [[Occupy Sandy]] to provide mutual aid to those affected by the storm. Occupy Sandy distributed clothes, blankets and food through various neighborhood hubs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Feuer |first=Alan |date=2012-11-09 |title=Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/nyregion/where-fema-fell-short-occupy-sandy-was-there.html |access-date=2020-05-06 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-[[Mutual Aid Disaster Relief]], a network of activists, has responded to flooding in [[Baton Rouge]], flooding in [[West Virginia]], [[Hurricane Matthew]], [[Hurricane Harvey]], [[Hurricane Irma]], and [[Hurricane Maria]] by building health clinics, distributing medication and medical supplies, cleaning debris, gutting buildings, building infrastructure, and distributing supplies. Their aim is to support peoples' survival, empowerment, and self-determination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://mutualaiddisasterrelief.org/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=Mutual Aid Disaster Relief |language=en-US}}</ref>
-==== 2017 Puebla earthquake ====
-Due to mistrust of the [[federal government of Mexico]] and its corruption, a number of organizations and volunteers were prepared to meet the needs of the people of [[Mexico City]] immediately after the [[2017 Puebla earthquake|Tuesday, 19 September 2017 earthquake]]. This included removing debris from collapsed buildings, searching for survivors, providing medical attention, disseminating news and information, donating and distributing food, etc.<ref>{{cite web |last=Campoy |first=Ana |title=Photos: Mexicans show the world how to work together when an earthquake hits |url=https://qz.com/1083037/mexico-earthquake-mexicans-show-the-world-how-to-work-together-when-disaster-strikes/ |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=Quartz |date=20 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
-==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
-During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], local mutual aid groups and tools were established to help share resources and run errands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sitrin |first=Marina |collaboration=Colectiva Sembrar |author-link=Marina Sitrin |date=2020 |title=Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid during the Covid-19 Crisis |location=345 [[Archway Road]], [[London]] N6 5AA |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |isbn=978-0-7453-4316-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title='The way we get through this is together': mutual aid under coronavirus {{!}} Rebecca Solnit |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/14/mutual-aid-coronavirus-pandemic-rebecca-solnit |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gig workers have created a tool to offer mutual aid during COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/18/gig-workers-collective-covid-19/ |access-date=21 March 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Mutual Aid |url=https://itsgoingdown.org/c19-mutual-aid/ |website=[[It's Going Down (collective)|It's Going Down]] |date=16 March 2020 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tolentino |first=Jia |date=11 May 2020 |title=What Mutual Aid Can Do During a Pandemic |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/what-mutual-aid-can-do-during-a-pandemic |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=[[United States]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-===== In the Philippines =====
-{{more|Red-tagging in the Philippines}}
-Practical bottom–up efforts rooted in the traditional and precolonial spirit of ''[[bayanihan]]'' have been threatened with glib [[Red-tagging in the Philippines|accusations of sympathizing]] with causes condemned by the National Task Force to End [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|Local Communist Armed Conflict]] (NTF–ELCAC).<ref name=delmundo2021>Del Mundo, R. (2021, April 21). ''Mutual aid, community pantries bring out the best in [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|Filipinos]] and the worst in Duterte's [[Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|inhumane regime]]''. Philippine Revolution Web Central. https://cpp.ph/statements/mutual-aid-community-pantries-bring-out-the-best-in-filipinos-and-the-worst-in-dutertes-inhumane-regime/</ref> [[Community pantries]],<ref name=sadongdong2021>Sadongdong, M. (2021, April 20). Parladé: Community pantry could be used to [[Agitprop|urge]] public to revolt vs gov't. ''[[Manila Bulletin]]''. https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/20/parlade-community-pantry-could-be-used-to-urge-public-to-revolt-vs-govt</ref><ref name=chúa2021>Chúa, A. (2021, April 21). "[[Communist Party of the Philippines|Communist]]" tag halts community pantry for a day. ''[[Manila Standard]]''. https://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/352408/-communist-tag-halts-community-pantry-for-a-day.html</ref> set up in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name=delmundo2021/> had been denounced by state officials as being [[National Democratic Mass Organization|fronts]] for the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]].<ref name=yuvallos2021>Yuvallos, A. (2021, April 20). The [[Government of the Philippines|gov't]]'s response to the community pantry movement? [[Philippine National Police|Policing]] and [[Red tape|bureaucracy]]. ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. https://nolisoli.ph/96642/opinion-maginhawa-community-pantry-ayuvallos-20210420/</ref> [[Military ranks of the Philippines|Lt. Gen.]] Antonio Parladé disapproved of the widely circulating narrative that the state had been inadequate in [[Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|responding]] to the effects of its own measures in containing COVID-19.<ref name=cayabyat&al2021>Cayabyab, M. J., Mateo, J., Tupas, E., Hallare, K., Macaíran, E., & Romero, A. (2021, April 21). ''[[Malacañang Palace|Palace]], [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|DILG]], [[Philippine National Police|PNP]], [[Department of Justice (Philippines)|DOJ]], mayors say community pantries should continue as NTF–ELCAC [[Red-tagging in the Philippines|red-tags]], profiles organizers''. [[One News (TV channel)|One News]]. https://www.onenews.ph/palace-dilg-pnp-doj-mayors-say-community-pantries-should-continue-as-ntf-elcac-red-tags-profiles-organizers</ref> [[Presidential Communications Operations Office|Communications Usec.]] Lorraine Badoy also slammed the [[National Democratic Front of the Philippines]] for allegedly setting up community pantries for [[Sedition|seditious]] purposes.<ref name=cayabyat&al2021/>
-The [[National Democracy (Philippines)|national-democratic]] [[Human rights in the Philippines|human-rights]] network [[Karapatan]], in an official statement, hit back, stressing, "Having already been the cause of hardship in the first place, they now have the [[Hubris|gall]] to intimidate?"<ref name="karapatan2021">[[Karapatan]]. (2021, April 20). ''Karapatan hits [[Red-tagging in the Philippines|red-tagging]] of community pantries''. https://www.karapatan.org/karapatan+hits+red+tagging+of+community+pantries</ref> [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Pánfilo Lacson]] also praised the mutual-aid efforts of pantry organizers.<ref name="torregoza2021">Torregoza, H. (2021, April 18). Community pantries a sign of people's desperation amid [[Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]] —Lacson. ''[[Manila Bulletin]]''. https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/18/community-pantries-a-sign-of-peoples-desperation-amid-covid-19-pandemic-lacson/</ref>
-===== In the United Kingdom =====
-The first COVID-19 mutual aid groups in the [[United Kingdom]] were founded in [[Lewisham]], [[Battersea]] and [[Hackney, London|Hackney]] on Thursday, 12 March 2020. The pandemic came shortly after the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], and relationships formed by young activists as well as a growing political awareness during the [[Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn]] were important to the building of these groups.<ref name="novara">{{cite podcast |url=https://podcast.novaramedia.com/2020/03/the-burner-204-after-corbyn-mutual-aid/ |title=THE BURNER 204: After Corbyn + Mutual Aid |publisher=[[Novara Media]] |host=Butler, James |date=26 March 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/covid19-mutual-aid-solidarity/ |title=COVID-19 mutual aid groups have the potential to increase intergroup solidarity – but can they actually do so? |last=O'Dwyer |first=Emma |date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-The UK mutual aid groups have a wide variety of politics. The first groups took inspiration from anarchistic models of community organisation. For example, the [[Battersea]] group had a core team of local activists helping residents to self-organise in a non-hierarchical manner. This also allowed the group to connect with local, grassroots organisations providing social care and mental health services. Other groups were more charity-orientated with politics around saviorism rather than a horizontalist interpretation of mutual aid. Although the proliferation of mutual aid groups in the UK brought the term into the common parlance, not everyone involved in the groups are necessarily working from the same understanding of the origins and practice of mutual aid; for example some groups are more deferential to [[Local government in England|local authorities]] and politicians than others. Other conflicts in the early days of the groups included disputes over approaches to [[safeguarding]] and [[data protection]] (synonymous in the UK with the [[General Data Protection Regulation|EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)]]), for example over whether volunteers should be required to have a [[Disclosure and Barring Service|background check]] for simply checking in on their neighbours.<ref name="novara" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/blog/mutual-aid-and-radical-neighbourliness |title=Mutual aid and radical neighbourliness |last=Grayson |first=Deborah |date=28 April 2020 |publisher=[[Lawrence & Wishart]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomnews.org.uk/local-councils-are-already-trying-to-sabotage-the-mutual-aid-networks/ |title=Local councils are already trying to sabotage the mutual aid networks |last=Spender |first=Carl |date=16 March 2020 |website=Freedom News |publisher=[[Freedom Press]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.weareplanc.org/blog/from-mutual-aid-to-dual-power-how-do-we-build-a-new-world-in-the-shell-of-the-old/ |title=From Mutual Aid To Dual Power: How Do We Build A New World In The Shell Of The Old? |last=H |first=Katie |date=27 April 2020 |website=Plan C |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dhillon |first=Amardeep Singh |date=4 May 2020 |title=The politics of Covid-19: the frictions and promises of mutual aid |url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/the-politics-of-covid-19-the-frictions-and-promises-of-mutual-aid/ |magazine=[[Red Pepper (magazine)|Red Pepper]] |location=[[London]], [[England]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-After the first few groups were set up, a website called "Covid-19 Mutual Aid" was created to help develop an organisational model for the mutual aid groups and facilitate the sharing of resources. It was frequently misreported as coordinating the groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Mutual Aid UK |url=https://covidmutualaid.org/ |website=Mutual Aid UK |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
-COVID-19 mutual aid groups in the UK undertake a broadly similar range of activities: offering support around shopping, collecting prescriptions, dog walking, and offering a chat to those who are lonely due to [[Isolation (health care)|self-isolation]]. Groups tend to organise themselves by initially setting up a [[Facebook]] group corresponding to a local authority area, and then from there linking to a [[WhatsApp]] group corresponding to a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|council ward]]. From there the way that groups organise themselves vary greatly but they usually involve producing leaflets with the phone number of one or several volunteers and then trying to reach as many people in the neighbourhood as possible.<ref name="novara" /> Other tools commonly used for organising include [[Slack (software)|Slack]], [[Google Docs]], and [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/openmovements/creating-hyperlocal-infrastructure-care-covid-19-mutual-aid-groups/ |title=Creating a hyperlocal infrastructure of care: COVID-19 Mutual Aid Groups |last=Kavada |first=Anastasia |date=12 June 2020 |website=[[openDemocracy]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-In the context of the rapid growth of mutual aid groups across the UK, the government attempted to create a centralised effort with the [[NHS Volunteer Responders]] scheme. Almost 750,000 people signed up to it, although most of these people were not called upon due to organisational issues.<ref>{{cite news |last=Moritz |first=Judith |date=24 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Volunteers 'not being called upon' to help NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52418946 |work=[[BBC News]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-Academics from the Bennett Institute for Public Policy at the [[University of Cambridge]] found that the density of COVID-19 mutual aid groups in the United Kingdom was positively correlated with [[social capital]] (that is, areas which are already wealthy are more likely to benefit from the presence of mutual aid groups).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/blog/social-capital-and-response-covid-19/ |title=Social capital and the response to Covid-19 |last=Felici |first=Marco |date=21 April 2020 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> In deprived areas like [[Wolverhampton]], mutual aid groups were hampered by the legacy of the [[United Kingdom government austerity programme]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heppenstall-West |first=Luke |date=29 April 2020 |title=How Austerity Is Undermining Mutual Aid |url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/04/how-austerity-is-undermining-mutual-aid |magazine=[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]] |location=[[London]], [[England]] |publisher=[[Bhaskar Sunkara]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-A report by the [[New Local Government Network]] concluded that mutual aid groups are an 'indispensable' part of the United Kingdom's coronavirus response.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlgn.org.uk/public/2020/mutual-aid/ |title=Communities vs. Coronavirus: The Rise of Mutual Aid |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=13 July 2020 |publisher=[[New Local Government Network]] |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
-=== Technology ===
-Academic and author [[Joseph M. Reagle Jr.]] has described contributing to [[Wikipedia]] as a form of mutual aid.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reagle |first=Joseph M. |date=2005-07-28 |title=A Case of Mutual Aid: Wikipedia, Politeness, and Perspective Taking |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2004/agree/wikip-agree.html |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=reagle.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
-=== Redistribution of wealth and community care ===
-A Black-run Facebook group called "UK Mutual Aid" was set up in late 2018 to facilitate the voluntary [[redistribution of income and wealth|sharing of wealth]] within [[Social exclusion|marginalised communities]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kiama Zuri |first=Eshe |date=5 June 2020 |title='We've been organising like this since day' – why we must remember the Black roots of mutual aid groups |url=https://gal-dem.com/weve-been-organising-like-this-since-day-why-we-must-remember-the-black-roots-of-mutual-aid-groups/ |magazine=[[gal-dem]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=28 July 2020 }}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 95: / Line 37: @@
 {{div col}}
 * [[Benefit society]]
+* [[Communal work]]
 * [[Community fridge]]
 * [[Gift economy]]
@@ Line 111: / Line 54: @@
 {{reflist}}
-== Further reading ==
+== Bibliography ==
+{{Refbegin|2}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Amaro Hernández|first=José|year=1983|title=Mutual Aid for Survival: The Case of the Mexican American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh1HAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Krieger|isbn=9780898745467}}
+* {{Cite book|editor-last=Awry|editor-first=Wren|year=2023|title=Nourishing Resistance: Stories of Food, Protest, and Mutual Aid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QhpEAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[PM Press]]|isbn=978-1-62963-996-3|lccn=2022943234}}
+* {{Cite book|last1=Bacharach|first1=Samuel B.|last2=Bamberger|first2=Peter|last3=Sonnenstuhl|first3=William J.|year=2001|title=Mutual Aid and Union Renewal: Cycles of Logics of Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_o39enf6DsC|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=0-8014-8734-X|lccn=00-012151|access-date=2023-02-06|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206191129/https://books.google.com/books?id=A_o39enf6DsC|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite book|last=Baylouny|first=Anne Marie|year=2010|title=Privatizing Welfare in the Middle East: Kin Mutual Aid Associations in Jordan and Lebanon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOleUU47AmMC|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-22195-7|lccn=2009045228}}
+* {{cite book|last=Beito|first=David T.|year=2000|title=From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIOp0ofIwDwC|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=0-8078-4841-7|lccn=99-41895}}
+* {{cite book|last=Borkman|first=Thomasina|year=1999|title=Understanding Self-help/mutual Aid: Experiential Learning in the Commons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaCyXL2vvWEC|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=0-8135-2630-2|lccn=98-50649|access-date=2023-02-06|archive-date=2023-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206191130/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaCyXL2vvWEC|url-status=live}}
+* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Borsay|editor-first1=Anne|editor-last2=Shapely|editor-first2=Pete|year=2016|orig-year=2007|title=Medicine, Charity and Mutual Aid: The Consumption of Health and Welfare in Britain, c.1550–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yogWDAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7546-5148-2|lccn=2006030263|doi=10.4324/9781315594699 |last1=Borsay |first1=Anne }}
+* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Bridgen|editor-first1=Paul|editor-last2=Harris|editor-first2=Bernard|year=2007|title=Charity and Mutual Aid in Europe and North America since 1800|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-93240-7|lccn=2007031877}}
+* {{cite book|last=Delalande|first=Nicolas|year=2023|title=Struggle and Mutual Aid: The Age of Worker Solidarity|publisher=[[Other Press]]|isbn=9781635420111|lccn=2022027364}}
+* {{Cite book|last1=Firth |first1=Rhiannon|title=Disaster Anarchy: Mutual Aid and Radical Action|year=2022|isbn=978-0-7453-4046-3|publisher=[[Pluto Press]]|oclc=1288196115}}
+* {{cite book|editor-last1=Gitterman|editor-first1=Alex|editor-last2=Shulman|editor-first2=Lawrence|year=2005|title=Mutual Aid Groups, Vulnerable and Resilient Populations, and the Life Cycle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK6rAgAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=0-231-12885-1|lccn=2005056035}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Grubačić|first1=Andrej|author-link1=Andrej Grubačić|last2=O'Hearn|first2=Denis|author-link2=Denis O'Hearn|year=2016|title=Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raowDwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=9780520962484|lccn=2015036704}}
+* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Midgley|editor-first1=James|editor-last2=Hosaka|editor-first2=Mitsuhiko|year=2011|title=Grassroots Social Security in Asia: Mutual Aid, Microinsurance and Social Welfare|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-83178-6|lccn=2010031554}}
+* {{cite book|last=Moyse Steinberg|first=Dominique|year=2009|orig-year=2004|title=The Mutual-aid Approach to Working with Groups: Helping People Help One Another|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7890-1462-7|lccn=2004007025}}
+* {{Cite book|last1=Preston|first1=John|last2=Firth|first2=Rhiannon|year=2020|title=Coronavirus, Class and Mutual Aid in the United Kingdom|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=9783030577131}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Servigne|first1=Pablo|last2=Chapelle|first2=Gauthier|year=2022|title=Mutual Aid: The Other Law of the Jungle|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1509547920}}
+* {{cite book|editor-last1=Sitrin|editor-first1=Marina|editor-last2=Sembrar|editor-first2=Colectiva|year=2020|title=Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid During the Covid-19 Crisis|publisher=[[Pluto Press]]|isbn=978-0-7453-4320-4|jstor=j.ctv12sdx5v|doi=10.2307/j.ctv12sdx5v|last1=Rebecca |first1=Solnit |s2cid=240768553 }}
+* {{cite book|editor-last1=Swain|editor-first1=Dan|editor-last2=Urban|editor-first2=Petr|editor-last3=Malabou|editor-first3=Catherine|editor-last4=Kouba|editor-first4=Petr|year=2021|title=Unchaining Solidarity: On Mutual Aid and Anarchism with Catherine Malabou|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNOEAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=9781538157961|lccn=2021034081}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Winfield Fretz|first=Joseph|year=2020|title=Christian Mutual Aid: A Handbook of Brotherhood Economics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwUCEAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]]|isbn=9781725283695}}
+{{refend}}
+== Further reading ==
 * ''[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]'', Peter Kropotkin, 1902
 *Hossein, Caroline Shenaz. 2018. ''[https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781137602787 The Black Social Economy]''. NY:Palgrave Macmillan
@@ Line 130: / Line 95: @@
 {{Co-operatives}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Mutual aid}}
-[[Category:Organizational theory]]
+[[Category:Collectivism]]
+[[Category:Communism]]
+[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
 [[Category:Mutualism (movement)]]
+[[Category:Organizational theory]]
 [[Category:Social anarchism]]
-[[Category:Communism]]
 [[Category:Socialism]]
 [[Category:Syndicalism]]
-[[Category:Collectivism]]
-[[Category:Left-wing politics]]

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