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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Przeworsk
| name = Przeworsk
| image_skyline = PL - Przeworsk - ratusz - Kroton 003.jpg
| image_skyline = Ratusz - Przeworsk.jpg
| image_caption = Town Hall
| image_caption = Town Hall
| settlement_type = Market Town
| settlement_type = Market Town
| image_flag = POL Przeworsk flag.svg
| image_flag = POL Przeworsk flag.svg
| image_shield = POL_Przeworsk_COA.svg
| image_shield = POL_Przeworsk_COA.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
⚫
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Podkarpackie Voivodeship|name=Subcarpathian}}
|
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
⚫
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:POL województwo podkarpackie flag.svg|22px]] [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship|Subcarpathian]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Przeworsk County|Przeworsk]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Przeworsk County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Przeworsk <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| subdivision_name3 = Przeworsk <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Leszek Kisiel
| leader_name = Leszek Kisiel
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 10th-11th century
| established_title2 = First mentioned
| established_date2 = 1280
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 1393
| elevation_m = 200
| elevation_m = 200
| area_total_km2 = 21.98
| area_total_km2 = 21.98
Line 29: Line 34:
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|50|4|N|22|30|E|region:PL|display=inline}}
| coordinates = {{coord|50|4|N|22|30|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 37-200
| postal_code = 37–200
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = RPZ
| blank_info = RPZ
| website = http://www.przeworsk.um.gov.pl }}
| website = {{URL|http://www.przeworsk.um.gov.pl}}
}}
⚫
'''Przeworsk''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈpʂɛvɔrsk|lang}}; {{langx|uk|Переворськ|translit=Perevors'k}}; {{langx|yi|פּרשעוואָרסק|translit=Prshevorsk}}) is a town in south-eastern [[Poland]] with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009.<ref name="GUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_P_population_size_structure_31_12_2008.pdf|title=Population. Size and structure by territorial division|date=2 June 2009|publisher=1995–2009 [http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/index_ENG_HTML.htm Central Statistical Office] 00-925 Warsaw, Al. Niepodległości 208|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Since 1999 it has been in the [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]], and is the capital of [[Przeworsk County]]. The ancient [[Przeworsk culture]] was named after the town.


⚫
Przeworsk was a settlement since the 10th century, though evidence of human settlement in the general area is even older. It is first mentioned in historical records from the 13th century, and was granted its town charter in 1394. From 1772 the town was part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] where it remained until 1918 when an independent Poland returned. Przeworsk is located on [[European route E40]]. It also is an important railway junction, with trains going in three directions – east (towards [[Przemyśl]]), west (towards [[Rzeszów]]) and north (towards [[Stalowa Wola]]).
⚫
'''Przeworsk''' {{IPAc-pl|'|p|sz|e|w|o|r|s|k}}, ({{lang-uk|Переворськ|translit=Perevors'k}}, {{lang-yi|פּרשעוואָרסק|translit=Prshevorsk}}) is a town in south-eastern [[Poland]] with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009.<ref name="GUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_P_population_size_structure_31_12_2008.pdf|title=Population. Size and structure by territorial division|date=2009-06-02|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 1995-2009 [http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/index_ENG_HTML.htm Central Statistical Office] 00-925 Warsaw, Al. Niepodległości 208|accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref> Since 1999 it has been in the [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]], and is the capital of [[Przeworsk County]]. The ancient [[Przeworsk culture]] was named after the town.

⚫
Przeworsk was a settlement since the 10th century, though evidence of human settlement in the general area is even older. It is first mentioned in historical records from the 13th century, and was granted its town charter in 1394. From 1772 the town was part of the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] where it remained until 1918 when an independent Poland returned. Przeworsk is located on [[European route E40]]. It also is an important railway junction, with trains going in three directions - east (towards [[Przemyśl]]), west (towards [[Rzeszów]]) and north (towards [[Stalowa Wola]]).


Przeworsk has some 60 historic buildings, including two fortified Gothic abbeys, a town hall, the Lubomirski Palace in [[Classical architecture|classical]] style, a [[Baroque architecture|baroque]] monastery, and an open-air museum ([[skansen]]). The town covers an area of {{convert|22|km2|abbr=off}}.
Przeworsk has some 60 historic buildings, including two fortified Gothic abbeys, a town hall, the Lubomirski Palace in [[Classical architecture|classical]] style, a [[Baroque architecture|baroque]] monastery, and an open-air museum ([[skansen]]). The town covers an area of {{convert|22|km2|abbr=off}}.


== History ==
== History ==
====Name variations====
=== Name variations ===
In 13th century [[Ruthenia|Ruthenian]] documents, Przeworsk was spelt ''Pereworesk''. In the 14th and 15th centuries, its name was subject to variation. It was called ''Preworsko'', ''Przeworsko'', ''Przeworszko'', ''Przeworscho'', ''Przeiworsko'', ''Przyworsko'' and ''Prziborsko''. Since the 15th century, the name ''Przeworsko'' was most often used.
In 13th century [[Ruthenia]]n documents, Przeworsk was spelt ''Pereworesk''. In the 14th and 15th centuries, its name was subject to variation. It was called ''Preworsko'', ''Przeworsko'', ''Przeworszko'', ''Przeworscho'', ''Przeiworsko'', ''Przyworsko'' and ''Prziborsko''. Since the 15th century, the name ''Przeworsko'' was most often used.


=== Recorded history ===
In the early [[Middle Ages]], a defensive [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]] existed there. It was first mentioned in documents from 1280, when, after the Battle of Gozlice (23 February 1280) between Lesser Polish and Ruthenian-Tatar forces, Duke [[Leszek II the Black]] raided the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], then part of the [[Kingdom of Ruthenia]], capturing and setting alight the city of "Perevoresk" (Переворескъ):
In the early [[Middle Ages]], a defensive [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]] existed there. The area was included in the emerging Polish state by its first historic ruler [[Mieszko I]] in the 10th century. In 981 it was annexed from Poland by the [[Kievan Rus']], and afterwards, in the [[High Middle Ages]], it changed owners several times between [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] and the Rus', and even fell to the [[Mongol Empire]] in the mid-13th century. It was first mentioned in documents from 1280, when, after the Battle of Gozlice (23 February 1280) between Lesser Polish and Ruthenian-Tatar forces, Duke [[Leszek II the Black]] raided the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], then vassal of the [[Golden Horde]], capturing and setting alight the city of "Perevoresk"


''Въ лѣт̑ 6789 (1281) Иде Льстько на Лва и взѧ оу него городъ Переворескъ и исъсѣче и люди в нем̑ вси ѿ мала и до велика и город̑ зажьже и поиде назадъ во своӕси"''<ref>[http://izbornyk.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat39.htm Ruthenian chronicle after the Hypatian list, Galicia-Volhynian chronicle]</ref>
<blockquote>"Въ лѣт̑ 6789 (1281) Иде Льстько на Лва и взѧ оу него городъ Переворескъ и исъсѣче и люди в нем̑ вси ѿ мала и до велика и город̑ зажьже и поиде назадъ во своӕси"<ref>[http://izbornyk.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat39.htm Ruthenian chronicle after the Hypatian list, Galicia-Volhynian chronicle]</ref></blockquote>


''In the year 6789, (European date 1281) Leszek attacked [[Leo I of Galicia]] and took his city of Perevoresk and killed in it all people from young to old and burnt the city to the ground and left afterwards.''
<blockquote>''In the year 6789, (1281) Leszek attacked [[Leo I of Galicia]], and took his city of Perevoresk and killed all in it, sparing neither young or old and having burnt the town to the ground he left.''</blockquote>


After the [[Galicia–Volhynia Wars]] in mid-14th century, the territory of the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] (Kingdom of Ruthenia) was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] and transformed into the ''[[Ruthenian Voivodeship]]''. Soon Polish settlers came to the deserted border areas, and in November 1387, King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] ceded Przeworsk to the Voivode of [[Sandomierz]], [[Jan of Tarnow]], [[Leliwa coat of arms]]. Przeworsk grew fast, and on 25 February 1393, Jagiełło granted it a town charter.
[[File:King Przeworsk.JPG|thumb|left|185px|Monument of Polish King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] who vested Przeworsk with town rights in 1393]]
After the [[Galicia–Volhynia Wars]] in mid-14th century, this territory of the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], was reincorporated to the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] by King [[Casimir III the Great]] and afterwards transformed into the [[Ruthenian Voivodeship]] within the larger [[Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown]]. Soon Polish settlers came to the deserted border areas, and in November 1387, King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] ceded Przeworsk to the Voivode of [[Sandomierz]], [[Jan of Tarnow]], [[Leliwa coat of arms]]. Przeworsk grew fast, and on 25 February 1393, Jagiełło granted it a town charter.


Until the 18th century, Przeworsk was the private [[Fiefdom|fiefdom]] of several [[Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania|Polish]] noble families, as it passed through the [[Tarnowski family|Tarnowski]], [[Ostrogski family|Ostrogski]] and [[Lubomirski family|Lubomirski]] ownership. Since 1470, it was the seat of the [[Land court]] for the western territory of [[Przemysl Land]] in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Przeworsk became the second largest town in the area after [[Przemyśl]], prospering in the period known as, the [[Polish Golden Age]]. It was situated on a round hill, {{convert|212|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]]. Its center was protected by a rampart with a moat. The town hall was built in the 15th century.
Until the 18th century, Przeworsk was a [[private town]] of several [[Szlachta|Polish noble]] families, as it passed through [[Tarnowski family|Tarnowski]], [[Ostrogski family|Ostrogski]] and [[Lubomirski family|Lubomirski]] ownership. Since 1470, it was the seat of the [[Land court]] for the western territory of [[Przemyśl Land]] in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Przeworsk became the second largest town in the area after [[Przemyśl]], prospering in the period known as, the [[Polish Golden Age]]. It was situated on a round hill, {{convert|212|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]]. Its center was protected by a rampart with a moat. The town hall was built in the 15th century.


Since [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]]s often raided the southeastern corner of [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]], in 1510 the construction of [[defensive wall|ramparts]] was started. The defences of Przeworsk consisted of three main elements: a fortified Bernardine monastery in the east, a fortified [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] monastery in the west, and the town with its three gates in the middle. These fortifications turned out to be inadequate, as both in 1612 and 1624, Przeworsk was captured by the Tatars. Later, the town was captured by the Cossacks (1672, 1677), Swedes (1702) and Russians during the [[Great Northern War]]. On 22/23 March 1656, [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] spent one night here, during his failed raid on south-central Poland. Przeworsk suffered in several successive fires (1712, 1717, 1739, 1740, 1759). All these events contributed to the town's steep decline.
Since [[Crimean Tatars]] often raided the southeastern [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]], and sometimes even reached its south-central parts, in 1510 the construction of [[defensive wall|ramparts]] was started. The defences of Przeworsk consisted of three main elements: a fortified Bernardine monastery in the east, a fortified [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] monastery in the west, and the town with its three gates in the middle. These fortifications turned out to be inadequate, as both in 1612 and 1624, Przeworsk was captured by the Tatars. Later, the town was captured by the Cossacks (1672, 1677), Swedes (1702) and Russians during the [[Great Northern War]]. On 22/23 March 1656, [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] spent one night here, during his failed raid on south-central Poland. Przeworsk suffered in several successive fires (1712, 1717, 1739, 1740, 1759). All these events contributed to the town's steep decline.


[[File:POL Przeworsk Cukrownia2.jpg|thumb|Sugar factory in the early 20th century]]
In 1772 (see [[Partitions of Poland]]), Przeworsk was annexed by the [[Habsburg Empire]], remaining in Austrian [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] until November 1918. In the late 18th century, the Austrian authorities pulled down the obsolete late-medieval ramparts and gates. The town remained in decline until the late 19th century, when it became a railway junction, and a center of sugar production, with the Przeworsk Sugar Refinery (1895). In 1859, Przeworsk was connected by rail with [[Kraków]]. In 1902 it had a new railroad to [[Rozwadow]], and in 1904, a narrow gauge line to [[Dynow]] was completed. The population began to grow, new housing was built, together with a monument dedicated to [[Wladyslaw Jagiello|Władysław Jagiełło]] (1910), but [[World War One]] brought destruction to the town.
In [[First Partition of Poland]], in 1772, Przeworsk was annexed by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], remaining in Austrian [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] until November 1918. In the late 18th century, the Austrian authorities pulled down the obsolete late-medieval ramparts and gates. The town remained in decline until the late 19th century, when it became a railway junction, and a center of sugar production, with the Przeworsk Sugar Refinery (1895). In 1859, Przeworsk was connected by rail with [[Kraków]] by the [[Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis]]. In 1902 it had a new railroad to [[Rozwadów]], and in 1904, a narrow gauge line to [[Dynów]] was completed. The population began to grow, new housing was built, together with a monument dedicated to King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] (1910), but [[World War I]] brought destruction to the town.


During the [[Second Polish Republic]], Przeworsk was part of [[Lwow Voivodeship]]. In 1929, it became of a county seat and in 1930, several buildings burned down in a fire.
In 1918 Poland regained independence, and in the [[Second Polish Republic]] Przeworsk was part of [[Lwów Voivodeship]]. In 1929, it became of a county seat and in 1930, several buildings burned down in a fire.


During the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], Germany conducted air raids on 3, 5 and 6 September 1939, in which several people were killed and many were wounded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mojprzeworsk.pl/2020/09/muzeum-przeworsku-wspomina-pierwsze-dni-ii-wojny-swiatowej/|title=Muzeum w Przeworsku wspomina pierwsze dni II wojny światowej|website=MojPrzeworsk.pl|access-date=28 December 2020|language=pl}}</ref> Przeworsk was captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] on 9 September 1939, and then the ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe I]]'' entered the town to commit various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against Poles]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=58–59}}</ref> The [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]] lasted until 27 July 1944. During the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', on November 3, 1939, the Germans deceitfully gathered the local Polish [[intelligentsia]] for a formal meeting, then arrested 58 people and imprisoned them in [[Rzeszów]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 257</ref> The [[Jews|Jewish]] community was decimated in [[German extermination camps]].
===Jewish community===
⚫
The [[Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)|Pshevorsk]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] dynasty, which originated in Przeworsk, is now mainly located in [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]].


⚫
The [[Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)|Pshevorsk]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] dynasty, which originated in Przeworsk, is now mainly located in [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]].
Przeworsk was captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] on 9 September 1939. The [[German occupation of Poland|German occupation]] lasted until 27 July 1944 and the Jewish community was decimated in [[German extermination camps]].


== Tourist attractions ==
== Tourist attractions ==
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=375 |header=Sights of Przeworsk
⚫
* Basilica, built in the 15th century with a unique chapel - Tomb of Jesus Christ (the same as in [[Jerusalem]])
| image1 = PL - Przeworsk - pałac Lubomirskich - Kroton 003.jpg
⚫
* Church of the Bernardine Order
| image2 = Przeworsk basilica.jpg
| image3 = 631601 podkarpackie gm Przeworsk Przeworsk Krakowska 15 kościół MB Śnieżnej 2.JPG
| image4 = 631605 podkarpackie gm Przeworsk Przeworsk mury obronne 4.JPG
| image5 = POL-Przeworsk-Kosciol-OO.-Bernardynów.jpg
| image6 = 631556 podkarpackie gm Przeworsk Przeworsk skansen dwór z Krzeczowic 6.JPG
| caption1 = Lubomirski Palace
| caption2 = Basilica of the Holy Spirit
| caption3 = [[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|Daughters of Charity]] monastery
| caption4 = Defensive town walls
| caption5 = Bernardine Church
| caption6 = Open-air museum
}}
⚫
* Basilica of the Holy Spirit, built in the 15th century with a unique chapel – Tomb of Jesus Christ (the same as in [[Jerusalem]])
⚫
* [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] Church of the Bernardine Order
* Palace and park of [[Lubomirski]] family
* Palace and park of [[Lubomirski]] family
* [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] [[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|Daughters of Charity]] monastery and Our Lady of the Snow church
* Gothic defensive town walls
* Monument of Polish King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] at the ''Rynek'' (Market Square)
* The only truly "vivid" [[open-air museum]] in Poland, with wooden houses from Przeworsk and the surrounding region.
* The only truly "vivid" [[open-air museum]] in Poland, with wooden houses from Przeworsk and the surrounding region.
* The Wąskotorówka Train ([[narrow gauge railway]]) going from Przeworsk to Dynów.
* The Wąskotorówka Train ([[narrow gauge railway]]) going from Przeworsk to Dynów.
* Firefighting Museum

==Sport==
The local [[Association football|football]] team is {{interlanguage link|Orzeł Przeworsk|pl|display=1}}. It competes in the lower leagues.

== People associated with Przeworsk ==
* [[Piotr Aigner]] – architect of the Lubomirski Palace
* [[Fryderyk Bauman]] – architect, sculptor and designer of the Lubomirski Palace interiors
* [[Andrzej Ćwierz]] – Member of the [[Sejm]]
* [[Antoni Lubomirski]] – founder with his wife, [[Zofia Lubomirska]], of the [[Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul]] convent and church
* [[Zofia Lubomirska]] – founder of the vast textile and silk factories
* [[Izabela Maria Lubomirska]] – princess
* [[Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski]] – prince
* [[Paweł Miesiąc]] – [[Motorcycle speedway]] rider
* [[Zygmunt Mycielski]] – composer and [[Musicology|musicologist]]
* [[Tadeusz Rut]] – athlete
* [[Andrzej Sztolf]] – [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] ski-jumper
* Stanisław Żuk – creator of the [[Skansen]] Museum and shepherd


==International relations==
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}


===Twin towns — Sister cities===
===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Przeworsk is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Przeworsk is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 91: Line 133:
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==See also==
==External links==
* [http://www.przeworsk.um.gov.pl Official site (pl)]
* [http://www.przeworsk.um.gov.pl Official website] {{in lang|pl}}

{{coord|50|04|N|22|30|E|region:PL_type:city|display=title}}


<br>
{{Przeworsk County}}
{{Przeworsk County}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Cities and towns in Podkarpackie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Subcarpathian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Przeworsk County]]
[[Category:Przeworsk County]]
[[Category:Palaces in Poland]]

Latest revision as of 07:25, 23 December 2024

Przeworsk
Market Town
Town Hall
Town Hall
Flag of Przeworsk
Flag
Coat of arms of Przeworsk
Coat of arms
Przeworsk is located in Poland
Przeworsk
Przeworsk
Coordinates: 50°4′N 22°30′E / 50.067°N 22.500°E / 50.067; 22.500
Country Poland
Voivodeship Subcarpathian
CountyPrzeworsk
GminaPrzeworsk (urban gmina)
Established10th-11th century
First mentioned1280
Town rights1393
Government
 • MayorLeszek Kisiel
Area
 • Total
21.98 km2 (8.49 sq mi)
Elevation
200 m (700 ft)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total
15,747
 • Density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
37–200
Car platesRPZ
Websitewww.przeworsk.um.gov.pl

Przeworsk (Polish: [ˈpʂɛvɔrsk]; Ukrainian: Переворськ, romanized: Perevors'k; Yiddish: פּרשעוואָרסק, romanized: Prshevorsk) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009.[1] Since 1999 it has been in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and is the capital of Przeworsk County. The ancient Przeworsk culture was named after the town.

Przeworsk was a settlement since the 10th century, though evidence of human settlement in the general area is even older. It is first mentioned in historical records from the 13th century, and was granted its town charter in 1394. From 1772 the town was part of the Habsburg monarchy where it remained until 1918 when an independent Poland returned. Przeworsk is located on European route E40. It also is an important railway junction, with trains going in three directions – east (towards Przemyśl), west (towards Rzeszów) and north (towards Stalowa Wola).

Przeworsk has some 60 historic buildings, including two fortified Gothic abbeys, a town hall, the Lubomirski Palace in classical style, a baroque monastery, and an open-air museum (skansen). The town covers an area of 22 square kilometres (8.5 square miles).

History

[edit]

Name variations

[edit]

In 13th century Ruthenian documents, Przeworsk was spelt Pereworesk. In the 14th and 15th centuries, its name was subject to variation. It was called Preworsko, Przeworsko, Przeworszko, Przeworscho, Przeiworsko, Przyworsko and Prziborsko. Since the 15th century, the name Przeworsko was most often used.

Recorded history

[edit]

In the early Middle Ages, a defensive gord existed there. The area was included in the emerging Polish state by its first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century. In 981 it was annexed from Poland by the Kievan Rus', and afterwards, in the High Middle Ages, it changed owners several times between Poland and the Rus', and even fell to the Mongol Empire in the mid-13th century. It was first mentioned in documents from 1280, when, after the Battle of Gozlice (23 February 1280) between Lesser Polish and Ruthenian-Tatar forces, Duke Leszek II the Black raided the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, then vassal of the Golden Horde, capturing and setting alight the city of "Perevoresk"

"Въ лѣт̑ 6789 (1281) Иде Льстько на Лва и взѧ оу него городъ Переворескъ и исъсѣче и люди в нем̑ вси ѿ мала и до велика и город̑ зажьже и поиде назадъ во своӕси"[2]

In the year 6789, (1281) Leszek attacked Leo I of Galicia, and took his city of Perevoresk and killed all in it, sparing neither young or old and having burnt the town to the ground he left.

Monument of Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło who vested Przeworsk with town rights in 1393

After the Galicia–Volhynia Wars in mid-14th century, this territory of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, was reincorporated to the Kingdom of Poland by King Casimir III the Great and afterwards transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship within the larger Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Soon Polish settlers came to the deserted border areas, and in November 1387, King Władysław II Jagiełło ceded Przeworsk to the Voivode of Sandomierz, Jan of Tarnow, Leliwa coat of arms. Przeworsk grew fast, and on 25 February 1393, Jagiełło granted it a town charter.

Until the 18th century, Przeworsk was a private town of several Polish noble families, as it passed through Tarnowski, Ostrogski and Lubomirski ownership. Since 1470, it was the seat of the Land court for the western territory of Przemyśl Land in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Przeworsk became the second largest town in the area after Przemyśl, prospering in the period known as, the Polish Golden Age. It was situated on a round hill, 212 metres (696 feet) above sea level. Its center was protected by a rampart with a moat. The town hall was built in the 15th century.

Since Crimean Tatars often raided the southeastern Poland, and sometimes even reached its south-central parts, in 1510 the construction of ramparts was started. The defences of Przeworsk consisted of three main elements: a fortified Bernardine monastery in the east, a fortified Order of the Holy Sepulchre monastery in the west, and the town with its three gates in the middle. These fortifications turned out to be inadequate, as both in 1612 and 1624, Przeworsk was captured by the Tatars. Later, the town was captured by the Cossacks (1672, 1677), Swedes (1702) and Russians during the Great Northern War. On 22/23 March 1656, Charles X Gustav of Sweden spent one night here, during his failed raid on south-central Poland. Przeworsk suffered in several successive fires (1712, 1717, 1739, 1740, 1759). All these events contributed to the town's steep decline.

Sugar factory in the early 20th century

In First Partition of Poland, in 1772, Przeworsk was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, remaining in Austrian Galicia until November 1918. In the late 18th century, the Austrian authorities pulled down the obsolete late-medieval ramparts and gates. The town remained in decline until the late 19th century, when it became a railway junction, and a center of sugar production, with the Przeworsk Sugar Refinery (1895). In 1859, Przeworsk was connected by rail with Kraków by the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis. In 1902 it had a new railroad to Rozwadów, and in 1904, a narrow gauge line to Dynów was completed. The population began to grow, new housing was built, together with a monument dedicated to King Władysław II Jagiełło (1910), but World War I brought destruction to the town.

In 1918 Poland regained independence, and in the Second Polish Republic Przeworsk was part of Lwów Voivodeship. In 1929, it became of a county seat and in 1930, several buildings burned down in a fire.

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Germany conducted air raids on 3, 5 and 6 September 1939, in which several people were killed and many were wounded.[3] Przeworsk was captured by the Wehrmacht on 9 September 1939, and then the Einsatzgruppe I entered the town to commit various atrocities against Poles.[4] The German occupation lasted until 27 July 1944. During the Intelligenzaktion, on November 3, 1939, the Germans deceitfully gathered the local Polish intelligentsia for a formal meeting, then arrested 58 people and imprisoned them in Rzeszów.[5] The Jewish community was decimated in German extermination camps.

The Pshevorsk Hasidic dynasty, which originated in Przeworsk, is now mainly located in Antwerp, Belgium.

Tourist attractions

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Sights of Przeworsk
Lubomirski Palace
Basilica of the Holy Spirit
Daughters of Charity monastery
Defensive town walls
Bernardine Church
Open-air museum
  • Basilica of the Holy Spirit, built in the 15th century with a unique chapel – Tomb of Jesus Christ (the same as in Jerusalem)
  • Gothic Church of the Bernardine Order
  • Palace and park of Lubomirski family
  • Baroque Daughters of Charity monastery and Our Lady of the Snow church
  • Gothic defensive town walls
  • Monument of Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło at the Rynek (Market Square)
  • The only truly "vivid" open-air museum in Poland, with wooden houses from Przeworsk and the surrounding region.
  • The Wąskotorówka Train (narrow gauge railway) going from Przeworsk to Dynów.
  • Firefighting Museum

Sport

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The local football team is Orzeł Przeworsk [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

People associated with Przeworsk

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International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

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Przeworsk is twinned with:

References

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Notes
  1. ^ "Population. Size and structure by territorial division" (PDF). 1995–2009 Central Statistical Office 00-925 Warsaw, Al. Niepodległości 208. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Ruthenian chronicle after the Hypatian list, Galicia-Volhynian chronicle
  3. ^ "Muzeum w Przeworsku wspomina pierwsze dni II wojny światowej". MojPrzeworsk.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  4. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 58–59.
  5. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 257
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