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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Commiphora caudata leaves.jpg
| image = Commiphora caudata leaves.jpg
| image_caption = ''Commiphora caudata''
| image_caption = ''Commiphora caudata''
| taxon = Commiphora
| taxon = Commiphora
| authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]
| authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] (1797)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = ca. 190. See text.
| subdivision = ca. 190. See text.
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Balessam'' {{small|Bruce (1790)}}
*''Balsamea''
*''Balsamea'' {{small|Gled. (1782)}}
*''Balsamodendron'' L.
*''Balsamodendrum'' {{small|Kunth (1824)}}
}}
*''Balsamophloeos'' {{small|O.Berg (1862)}}
[[File:Commiphora saxicola_arbuste_MHNT.jpg|thumb|''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' - [[MHNT]]]]
*''Balsamus'' {{small|Stackh. (1814)}}

*''Bdellion'' {{small|Baill. ex Laness. (1886), not validly publ.}}
The genus of the myrrhs, '''''Commiphora''''', is the most species-rich [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]] family, [[Burseraceae]]. The genus contains approximately 190 species of [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of [[Africa]], the western Indian Ocean islands, the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[India]], and [[South America]].<ref>Daly et al. 2011. Burseraceae. Families and genera of vascular plants. 10:76–104.</ref><ref name="Weeks, A 2007">Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ''Commiphora'' (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Commiphora'' Jacq. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331509-2 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] [[Scrubland|scrub]], [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|seasonally dry tropical forests]], and [[woodland]]s of these regions.
*''Hemprichia'' {{small|Ehrenb. (1829)}}
*''Heudelotia'' {{small|A.Rich. (1831)}}
*''Hitzera'' {{small|Klotzsch (1861)}}
*''Neomangenotia'' {{small|J.-F.Leroy (1976)}}
*''Niotoutt'' {{small|Adans. (1759)}}
*''Protionopsis'' {{small|Blume (1850)}}
*''Spondiopsis'' {{small|Engl. (1895)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/>
}}'''''Commiphora''''' is the most species-rich [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Boswellia|frankincense]] and [[myrrh]] family, [[Burseraceae]]. The genus contains approximately 190 species of [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of [[Africa]], the western Indian Ocean islands, the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[India]], and [[South America]].<ref>Daly et al. 2011. Burseraceae. Families and genera of vascular plants. 10:76–104.</ref><ref name="Weeks, A 2007">Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ''Commiphora'' (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79.</ref><ref name = powo>{{Cite web |title=''Commiphora'' Jacq. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331509-2 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] [[Scrubland|scrub]], [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|seasonally dry tropical forests]], and [[woodland]]s of these regions.


The common name [[myrrh]] refers to several species of the genus, from which aromatic resins are derived for various fragrance and medicinal uses by humans.
The common name [[myrrh]] refers to several species of the genus, from which aromatic resins are derived for various fragrance and medicinal uses by humans.

A previously unknown species belonging to this genus has been grown from a single ancient seed and tentatively identified as the biblical plant mentioned in the [[Bible]] as the source of a medicinal extract called [[Balm of Gilead#tsori|''tsori'']].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sallon |first=Sarah |last2=Solowey |first2=Elaine |last3=Gostel |first3=Morgan R. |last4=Egli |first4=Markus |last5=Flematti |first5=Gavin R. |last6=Bohman |first6=Björn |last7=Schaeffer |first7=Philippe |last8=Adam |first8=Pierre |last9=Weeks |first9=Andrea |date=2024-09-10 |title=Characterization and analysis of a Commiphora species germinated from an ancient seed suggests a possible connection to a species mentioned in the Bible |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06721-5 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06721-5 |issn=2399-3642|pmc=11387840 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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==Use by humans==
==Use by humans==
Products from many species of ''Commiphora'' have been used for various purposes, sometimes as timber, building material, and natural fencing, but more often valued for the aromatic [[resin]]s produced by several members of the genus. "[[Myrrh]]", the common name for these dried resins, is fragrant and has been used both as fragrance and for medicinal purposes (e.g., [[Balsam of Mecca]], ''C. gileadensis'').<ref>Musselman, L.J. 2007. Figs, Dates, Laurel, and Myrrh: Plants of the Bible and the Quran. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon. Pp. 194–197.</ref> Use of myrrh resin is frequent and pronounced throughout historical texts of cultural significance, including the [[Bible]].
Products from many species of ''Commiphora'' have been used for various purposes, sometimes as timber, building material, and natural fencing, but more often valued for the aromatic [[resin]]s produced by several members of the genus. "[[Myrrh]]", the common name for these dried resins, is fragrant and has been used both as fragrance and for medicinal purposes (e.g., [[Balsam of Mecca]], ''C. gileadensis'').<ref>Musselman, L.J. 2007. Figs, Dates, Laurel, and Myrrh: Plants of the Bible and the Quran. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon. Pp. 194–197.</ref> Use of myrrh resin is frequent and pronounced throughout historical texts of cultural significance, including the [[Bible]].

=== Ancient seed ===
An ancient seed recovered from an archaeological site in the [[Judean Desert]] has been confirmed to be a member of ''Commiphora''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=2024-10-03 |title=Lost biblical tree resurrected from 1,000 year-old seed |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/03/science/biblical-tree-ancient-seed-tsori/index.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The 1,000-year-old seed has produced a tree growing at Louis Borick Natural Medicine Research Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Hadassah University Medical Center solves biblical mystery with ancient seed |url=https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/article-821144 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref>


==Systematics and taxonomy==
==Systematics and taxonomy==
Recent studies using [[DNA sequence]] data have confirmed the [[monophyly]] of ''Commiphora'';<ref name="Weeks, A 2007"/><ref>Weeks, A., et al. 2005. The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35:85–101.</ref> however, this data suggests that previous classification of the genus into sections does not reflect monophyletic interspecific relationships.
Studies using [[DNA sequence]] data have confirmed the [[monophyly]] of ''Commiphora'';<ref name="Weeks, A 2007"/><ref>Weeks, A., et al. 2005. The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35:85–101.</ref> however, this data suggests that previous classification of the genus into sections does not reflect monophyletic interspecific relationships.


===Species===
===Species===
181 species are accepted:<ref name = powo/>
Species include:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=commiphora |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |access-date=June 5, 2014}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora acuminata]]'' {{small|Mattick}}
*''[[Commiphora africana]]'' <small>(A.Rich.) Engl.</small> (syn. ''Heudelotia africana''),<ref name="grin">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2849 |title=Species in GRIN for genus |publisher=www.ars-grin.gov |access-date=2009-01-15}}</ref> sometimes identified with ancient [[bdellium]]. Used indirectly by the [[bushmen|San bushmen]] to poison their arrow tips for hunting <ref>{{citation |first1=Koos |last1=Moorcroft |first2=Raphael |last2=Gunduza |title=Traditional skills of the Bushmen - Part 1: BUSHMAN WEAPONS |url=http://www.africanarcher.com/survivor/boesmans.html}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora africana]]'' <small>(A.Rich.) Engl.</small> (syn. ''Heudelotia africana''),<ref name="grin">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2849 |title=Species in GRIN for genus |publisher=www.ars-grin.gov |access-date=2009-01-15}}</ref> sometimes identified with ancient [[bdellium]]. Used indirectly by the [[bushmen|San bushmen]] to poison their arrow tips for hunting <ref>{{citation |first1=Koos |last1=Moorcroft |first2=Raphael |last2=Gunduza |title=Traditional skills of the Bushmen - Part 1: BUSHMAN WEAPONS |url=http://www.africanarcher.com/survivor/boesmans.html |access-date=2009-12-05 |archive-date=2011-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227195836/http://www.africanarcher.com/survivor/boesmans.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora alata]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora alaticaulis]]'' <small>J.B.Gillett & [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora alaticaulis]]'' <small>J.B.Gillett & [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' {{small|Dinter & Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora andranovoryensis]]'' {{small|Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel}}
*''[[Commiphora angolensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small>, also known as "sand commiphora", growing mainly in [[Angola]] and [[Namibia]]
*''[[Commiphora angolensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small>, also known as "sand commiphora", growing mainly in [[Angola]] and [[Namibia]]
*''[[Commiphora angustifoliolata]]'' {{small|Mendes}}
*''[[Commiphora ankaranensis]]'' {{small|(J.-F.Leroy) Cheek & Rakot.}}
*''[[Commiphora antunesii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora aprevalii]]'' <small>Guillaumin</small>, endemic to [[Madagascar]]
*''[[Commiphora aprevalii]]'' <small>Guillaumin</small>, endemic to [[Madagascar]]
*''[[Commiphora arafy]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora arenaria]]'' {{small|Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora baluensis]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora benguelensis]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora berardellii]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora berryi]]'' {{small|(Arn.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora boranensis]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small><ref name="grin"/>
*''[[Commiphora boranensis]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small><ref name="grin"/>
*''[[Commiphora brevicalyx]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora buruxa]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' {{small|Burtt}}
*''[[Commiphora campestris]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' {{small|(Sond.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora capuronii]]'' {{small|Bard.-Vauc.}}
*''[[Commiphora caudata]]'' <small>(Wight & Arn.) Engl.</small><ref name="grin"/>
*''[[Commiphora caudata]]'' <small>(Wight & Arn.) Engl.</small><ref name="grin"/>
*''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]'' {{small|Van der Walt}}
*''[[Commiphora chaetocarpa]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett}}
*''[[Commiphora chevalieri]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora chiovendana]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora ciliata]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora ciliata]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora coleopsis]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora confusa]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora confusa]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora corrugata]]'' <small>J.B.Gillett & [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small><ref name="grin"/>
*''[[Commiphora corrugata]]'' <small>J.B.Gillett & [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small><ref name="grin"/>
*''[[Commiphora crenatoserrata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora cuneifolia]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Commiphora cyclophylla]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora dalzielii]]'' {{small|Hutch.}}
*''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' {{small|Mendes}}
*''[[Commiphora drake-brockmanii]]'' {{small|Sprague}}
*''[[Commiphora dulcis]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora edulis]]'' {{small|(Klotzsch) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora elliptica]]'' {{small|Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel}}
*''[[Commiphora eminii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora engleri]]'' {{small|Guillaumin}}
*''[[Commiphora enneaphylla]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora erlangeriana]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora erosa]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora erosa]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora falcata]]'' {{small|Capuron}}
*''[[Commiphora foliacea]]'' {{small|Sprague}}
*''[[Commiphora franciscana]]'' {{small|Capuron}}
*''[[Commiphora fraxinifolia]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Commiphora fraxinoides]]'' {{small|(Hiern) K.Schum.}}
*''[[Commiphora fulvotomentosa]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora gardoensis]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' {{small|Van der Walt}}
*''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' <small>(L.) C.Chr.</small><ref name="grin"/> (syn. ''Commiphora opobalsamum''), producing [[balsam of Mecca]].
*''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' <small>(L.) C.Chr.</small><ref name="grin"/> (syn. ''Commiphora opobalsamum''), producing [[balsam of Mecca]].
*''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]'' <small>Schinz</small>
*''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]'' <small>Schinz</small>
*''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora gorinii]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' {{small|Dinter ex Van der Walt}}
*''[[Commiphora grandifolia]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora grosswelleri]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora guerichiania]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora guidottii]]'' <small>Chiov. ex Guid.</small> (syn. ''Commiphora sessiliflora''), producing ''habak hadi'', known as [[bisabol]], [[Opopanax (perfumery)|opoponax]], scented or sweet myrrh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Thulin |first1=Mats |last2=Claeson |first2=Per |date=1991 |title=The Botanical Origin of Scented Myrrh (Bissabol or Habak Hadi) |journal=Economic Botany |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=487–494 |issn=0013-0001 |jstor=4255391 |doi=10.1007/BF02930711 |s2cid=22229398}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora guidottii]]'' <small>Chiov. ex Guid.</small> (syn. ''Commiphora sessiliflora''), producing ''habak hadi'', known as [[bisabol]], [[Opopanax (perfumery)|opoponax]], scented or sweet myrrh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Thulin |first1=Mats |last2=Claeson |first2=Per |date=1991 |title=The Botanical Origin of Scented Myrrh (Bissabol or Habak Hadi) |journal=Economic Botany |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=487–494 |issn=0013-0001 |jstor=4255391 |doi=10.1007/BF02930711 |s2cid=22229398}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora guillauminii]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small>
*''[[Commiphora guillauminii]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora habessinica]]'' <small>(O.Berg) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora gurreh]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora hartmannii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora harveyi]]'' <small>(Engl.) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora harveyi]]'' <small>(Engl.) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora hereroensis]]'' {{small|Schinz}}
*''[[Commiphora hildebrandtii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora hodai]]'' {{small|Sprague}}
*''[[Commiphora hornbyi]]'' {{small|Burtt}}
*''[[Commiphora horrida]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora humbertii]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small>
*''[[Commiphora humbertii]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small>
*''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora kataf]]'' <small>(Forssk.) Engl.</small>(syn. ''[[Commiphora holtziana]]'' <small>Engl</small>, ''[[Commiphora erythraea]]'' <small>(Ehrenb.) Engl.</small>), producing ''habak hagar'', known as sweet myrrh, sometimes sold as opoponax.<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Commiphora karibensis]]'' {{small|Wild}}
*''[[Commiphora kua]]'' <small>([[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]] ex [[John Forbes Royle|Royle]]) [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora kataf]]'' <small>(Forssk.) Engl.</small>(syn. ''Commiphora holtziana'' <small>Engl</small>, ''Commiphora erythraea'' <small>(Ehrenb.) Engl.</small>), producing ''habak hagar'', known as sweet myrrh, sometimes sold as opoponax.<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Commiphora kerstingii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' {{small|Heine}}
*''[[Commiphora kua]]'' <small>([[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]] ex [[John Forbes Royle|Royle]]) [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small> (syn. ''Commiphora habessinica'' <small>(O.Berg) Engl.</small>)
*''[[Commiphora kucharii]]'' {{small|Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora lacerata]]'' {{small|Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora lamii]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora lasiodisca]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora laxecymigera]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora leandriana]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora leptophloeos]]'' <small>(Mart.) J.B.Gillett</small>, the only species of ''Commiphora'' present in the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Commiphora leptophloeos'' (Mart.) J.B.Gillett {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:63940-2 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora leptophloeos]]'' <small>(Mart.) J.B.Gillett</small>, the only species of ''Commiphora'' present in the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Commiphora leptophloeos'' (Mart.) J.B.Gillett {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:63940-2 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora lobatospathulata]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora longibracteata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora madagascariensis]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
*''[[Commiphora madagascariensis]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
*''[[Commiphora mafaidoha]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}<ref>[https://protectedareas.mg/document/show/206602 TRANS-MAD Development Parc National de Kirindy-Mite]</ref>
*''[[Commiphora mahafaliensis]]'' {{small|Capuron}}
*''[[Commiphora marchandii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora marlothii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora merkeri]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora merkii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora mildbraedii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora mollis]]'' {{small|(Oliv.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora mombassensis]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora monoica]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora monoica]]'' <small>[[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora monstruosa]]'' {{small|(H.Perrier) Capuron}}
*''[[Commiphora mafaidoha]]''<ref>[https://protectedareas.mg/document/show/206602 TRANS-MAD Development Parc National de Kirindy-Mite]</ref>
*''[[Commiphora morondavensis]]'' {{small|Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel}}
*''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]'' <small>(Oliv.) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora myrrha]]'' <small>(Nees) Engl.</small> (syn. ''Commiphora molmol''), producing [[myrrh]].
*''[[Commiphora mossamedensis]]'' {{small|Mendes}}
*''[[Commiphora mulelame]]'' {{small|(Hiern) K.Schum.}}
*''[[Commiphora multifoliolata]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' {{small|(Hiern) K.Schum.}}
*''[[Commiphora murraywatsonii]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora myrrha]]'' <small>(Nees) Engl.</small> (syn. ''Commiphora molmol''), producing [[myrrh]].
*''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' {{small|Schinz}}
*''[[Commiphora namibensis]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora neglecta]]'' {{small|I.Verd.}}
*''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' {{small|Schinz}}
*''[[Commiphora oblongifolia]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett}}
*''[[Commiphora obovata]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora oddurensis]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora omundomba]]'' {{small|Swanepoel & A.Weeks}}
*''[[Commiphora orbicularis]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora ornifolia]]'' {{small|(Balf.f.) J.B.Gillett}}
*''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora ovalifolia]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett}}
*''[[Commiphora paolii]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora parvifolia]]'' {{small|(Balf.f.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora pedunculata]]'' {{small|(Kotschy & Peyr.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora pervilleana]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora planifrons]]'' {{small|(Balf.f.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora playfairii]]'' {{small|(Hook.f. ex Oliv.) Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora pruinosa]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora pseudopaolii]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett}}
*''[[Commiphora pteleifolia]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora pterocarpa]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora quadricincta]]'' {{small|Schweinf.}}
*''[[Commiphora quercifoliola]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora rangeana]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora razakamalalae]]'' {{small|Gostel, Phillipson & A.Weeks}}
*''[[Commiphora rostrata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora ruquietiana]]'' {{small|Dinter & Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora ruspolii]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora samharensis]]'' {{small|Schweinf.}}
*''[[Commiphora sarandensis]]'' {{small|Burtt}}
*''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' <small>Engl.</small>, Rock corkwood, a shrub endemic to Namibia<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Rock-corkwood (''Commiphora saxicola'') |last=Hoffmann |first=Luise |newspaper=[[The Namibian]] |date=1 June 2017 |page=9 |series=Meet the trees of Namibia}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' <small>Engl.</small>, Rock corkwood, a shrub endemic to Namibia<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Rock-corkwood (''Commiphora saxicola'') |last=Hoffmann |first=Luise |newspaper=[[The Namibian]] |date=1 June 2017 |page=9 |series=Meet the trees of Namibia}}</ref>
*''[[Commiphora schimperi]]'' <small>(O.Bergman) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora schimperi]]'' <small>(O.Bergman) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora schlechteri]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora schultzei]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora sennii]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora serrata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora serrulata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora setulifera]]'' {{small|Chiov. ex Guid.}}
*''[[Commiphora simplicifolia]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=250069186 |title=''Commiphora simplicifolia'' in A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar @ efloras.org |publisher=www.efloras.org |access-date=2009-02-19}}
*''[[Commiphora simplicifolia]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=250069186 |title=''Commiphora simplicifolia'' in A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar @ efloras.org |publisher=www.efloras.org |access-date=2009-02-19}}
</ref>
</ref>
*''[[Commiphora sinuata]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora socotrana]]'' <small>(Balf.f.) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora socotrana]]'' <small>(Balf.f.) Engl.</small>
*''[[Commiphora spathulata]]'' {{small|Mattick}}
*''[[Commiphora spathulifoliolata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora sphaerocarpa]]'' <small>Chiov</small>
*''[[Commiphora sphaerocarpa]]'' <small>Chiov</small>
*''[[Commiphora spinulosa]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora staphyleifolia]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora stellatopubescens]]'' {{small|J.B.Gillett ex Thulin}}
*''[[Commiphora stellulata]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' {{small|Swanepoel}}
*''[[Commiphora stocksiana]]'' <small>(Engl.) Engl.</small>, known in Pakistan as ''bayisa gugal''
*''[[Commiphora stocksiana]]'' <small>(Engl.) Engl.</small>, known in Pakistan as ''bayisa gugal''
*''[[Commiphora sulcata]]'' {{small|Chiov.}}
*''[[Commiphora swynnertonii]]'' {{small|Burtt}}
*''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora tetramera]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora truncata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora tsimanampetsae]]'' {{small|Capuron}}
*''[[Commiphora ugogensis]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora ulugurensis]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora unilobata]]'' <small>J.B.Gillett & [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora unilobata]]'' <small>J.B.Gillett & [[Kaj Borge Vollesen|Vollesen]]</small>
*''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' {{small|Burtt Davy}}
*''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' <small>(Arn.) Bhandari</small> (syn. ''Commiphora mukul''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.info/Name/50313440?tab=synonyms |title=Tropicos.org |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>), producing [[Commiphora wightii|gum guggul]], sometimes identified with ancient [[bdellium]].
*''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' <small>(Arn.) Bhandari</small> (syn. ''Commiphora mukul''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tropicos.info/Name/50313440?tab=synonyms |title=Tropicos.org |access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref>), producing [[Commiphora wightii|gum guggul]], sometimes identified with ancient [[bdellium]].
*''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' {{small|Merxm.}}
*''[[Commiphora woodii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' {{small|(Baill.) Engl.}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1648255}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1648255}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Commiphora| ]]
[[Category:Commiphora| ]]
[[Category:Burseraceae genera]]
[[Category:Burseraceae genera]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]]

Latest revision as of 08:55, 23 December 2024

Commiphora
Commiphora caudata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Burseraceae
Genus: Commiphora
Jacq. (1797)
Species

ca. 190. See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Balessam Bruce (1790)
  • Balsamea Gled. (1782)
  • Balsamodendrum Kunth (1824)
  • Balsamophloeos O.Berg (1862)
  • Balsamus Stackh. (1814)
  • Bdellion Baill. ex Laness. (1886), not validly publ.
  • Hemprichia Ehrenb. (1829)
  • Heudelotia A.Rich. (1831)
  • Hitzera Klotzsch (1861)
  • Neomangenotia J.-F.Leroy (1976)
  • Niotoutt Adans. (1759)
  • Protionopsis Blume (1850)
  • Spondiopsis Engl. (1895)

Commiphora is the most species-rich genus of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. The genus contains approximately 190 species of shrubs and trees, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of Africa, the western Indian Ocean islands, the Arabian Peninsula, India, and South America.[2][3][1] The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the xerophytic scrub, seasonally dry tropical forests, and woodlands of these regions.

The common name myrrh refers to several species of the genus, from which aromatic resins are derived for various fragrance and medicinal uses by humans.

A previously unknown species belonging to this genus has been grown from a single ancient seed and tentatively identified as the biblical plant mentioned in the Bible as the source of a medicinal extract called tsori.[4]

Description

[edit]

Leaves in Commiphora are pinnately compound (or very rarely unifoliolate). Many species are armed with spines. Bark is often exfoliating, peeling in thin sheets to reveal colorful, sometimes photosynthetic, bark below. Stems are frequently succulent, especially in species native to drier environments. Flowers are typically dioecious (subdioecious) and fruits are drupes, usually with a 2-locular ovary (one is abortive).[5] In response to wounding, the stems of many species will exude aromatic resins.

Ecology and biogeography

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Commiphora can serve as a model genus for understanding plant evolution in the drier regions of the Old World tropics, particularly in eastern continental Africa and Madagascar, where diversity in the genus is concentrated. The closely related sister genus to Commiphora, Bursera, has been used as a model genus to study patterns of evolution in the New World seasonally dry tropical forests.[6]

Use by humans

[edit]

Products from many species of Commiphora have been used for various purposes, sometimes as timber, building material, and natural fencing, but more often valued for the aromatic resins produced by several members of the genus. "Myrrh", the common name for these dried resins, is fragrant and has been used both as fragrance and for medicinal purposes (e.g., Balsam of Mecca, C. gileadensis).[7] Use of myrrh resin is frequent and pronounced throughout historical texts of cultural significance, including the Bible.

Ancient seed

[edit]

An ancient seed recovered from an archaeological site in the Judean Desert has been confirmed to be a member of Commiphora.[8][4] The 1,000-year-old seed has produced a tree growing at Louis Borick Natural Medicine Research Center.[9]

Systematics and taxonomy

[edit]

Studies using DNA sequence data have confirmed the monophyly of Commiphora;[3][10] however, this data suggests that previous classification of the genus into sections does not reflect monophyletic interspecific relationships.

Species

[edit]

181 species are accepted:[1]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Commiphora Jacq. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  2. ^ Daly et al. 2011. Burseraceae. Families and genera of vascular plants. 10:76–104.
  3. ^ a b Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Commiphora (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79.
  4. ^ a b Sallon, Sarah; Solowey, Elaine; Gostel, Morgan R.; Egli, Markus; Flematti, Gavin R.; Bohman, Björn; Schaeffer, Philippe; Adam, Pierre; Weeks, Andrea (2024-09-10). "Characterization and analysis of a Commiphora species germinated from an ancient seed suggests a possible connection to a species mentioned in the Bible". Communications Biology. 7 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06721-5. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 11387840.
  5. ^ Gillett, J.B. 1991. Burseraceae. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pp. 1–95.
  6. ^ De Nova, A. et al. 2011. Insights into the historical construction of species-rich Mesoamerican seasonally dry tropical forests: the diversification of Bursera (Burseraceae, Sapindales). New Phytologist. 193(1):276–287.
  7. ^ Musselman, L.J. 2007. Figs, Dates, Laurel, and Myrrh: Plants of the Bible and the Quran. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, Oregon. Pp. 194–197.
  8. ^ Hunt, Katie (2024-10-03). "Lost biblical tree resurrected from 1,000 year-old seed". CNN. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  9. ^ "Hadassah University Medical Center solves biblical mystery with ancient seed". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-09-22. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  10. ^ Weeks, A., et al. 2005. The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35:85–101.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Species in GRIN for genus". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  12. ^ Moorcroft, Koos; Gunduza, Raphael, Traditional skills of the Bushmen - Part 1: BUSHMAN WEAPONS, archived from the original on 2011-02-27, retrieved 2009-12-05
  13. ^ a b Thulin, Mats; Claeson, Per (1991). "The Botanical Origin of Scented Myrrh (Bissabol or Habak Hadi)". Economic Botany. 45 (4): 487–494. doi:10.1007/BF02930711. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4255391. S2CID 22229398.
  14. ^ "Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  15. ^ TRANS-MAD Development Parc National de Kirindy-Mite
  16. ^ Hoffmann, Luise (1 June 2017). "The Rock-corkwood (Commiphora saxicola)". The Namibian. Meet the trees of Namibia. p. 9.
  17. ^ "Commiphora simplicifolia in A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
  18. ^ "Tropicos.org". Retrieved June 6, 2014.
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