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Coordinates: 58°23′N 24°30′E / 58.383°N 24.500°E / 58.383; 24.500
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{{Short description|City in Estonia}}
{{Infobox_Linn|
{{redirect|Parnu}}
fullname=Pärnu linn|
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2022}}
name=Pärnu|
{{Infobox settlement
flag=Parnu_flag.png|
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
coatofarms=Parnu_coatofarms.png|
| subdivision_name = [[Estonia]]
county=Pärnu County|
| subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Estonia|County]]
mayor=Ahti Kõo|
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pärnu County]]
area=32.22|
| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Estonia|Municipality]]
population=44,568|
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pärnu (urban municipality)|Pärnu]]
population_as_of=2004|
| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
populationdensity=1,383.2|
| utc_offset = +2
coor=58°23' N 24°30' E|
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
params=58_23_N_24_30_E|
| utc_offset_DST = +3
map=Parnu_in_Estonia.jpg|
| mapsize = 230px
| map_caption = Location of Pärnu in Estonia
| pushpin_map = Estonia#Baltic Sea#Europe
| pushpin_relief = 1
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |border=0 |size=225 |spacing=2 |color=none |photo1a=Pärnu kesklinn - Aerial photo of Pärnu in Estonia (2).jpg|photo2a=Pärnu - Punane torn (Red tower).JPG|photo2b=Pärnu Eliisabeti kirik.jpg|photo3a=Pärnu main street.jpg| photo4a=Pärnu beach 2023.jpg|}}
| imagesize = 290
| image_caption = Pärnu
| official_name = Pärnu
| settlement_type = City
| other_name = Pärnu linn<br />City of Pärnu
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1251
| area_total_km2 = 32.22
| population_total = 40228
| population_footnotes = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0240&lang=1 Population by sex, age and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January]. Statistics Estonia.</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Estonia|4th]]
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = [[Ethnicity]] (2021)
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Estonians]]
| demographics1_info1 = 83.7%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Russians]]
| demographics1_info2 = 10.6%
| demographics1_title3 = other
| demographics1_info3 = 5.7%
| elevation_m = 10
| area_code =
| registration_plate = F
| coordinates = {{Coord|58|23|N|24|30|E|region:EE|display=inline,title}}
}}
}}
'''Pärnu''' ({{IPA|et|ˈpærˑnu}}) is the fourth-largest city in [[Estonia]]. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located {{convert|128|km}} south of the Estonian capital, [[Tallinn]], and {{convert|176|km}} west of Estonia's second-largest city, [[Tartu]]. The city sits off the coast of [[Pärnu Bay]], an inlet of the [[Gulf of Riga]], which is a part of the [[Baltic Sea]]. In the city, the [[Pärnu River]] drains into the Gulf of Riga.


Pärnu is a popular summer [[Tourism|holiday]] resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches. The city is served by [[Pärnu Airport]].
'''Pärnu''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Pernau'', {{lang-ru|Пярну}}, formerly ''&#1055;&#1077;&#1088;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;'', [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Parnawa'', [[Latvian language|Latvian]]: ''P&#275;rnava'') is a [[city]] on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast in southern [[Estonia]]. Some consider the city a great summer [[vacation]] resort with many [[hotel]]s, [[restaurant]]s and large swimming [[beach]]es. Through the city flows a [[river]] having the same name, Pärnu. The city is occasionally known as ''Pyarnu'', an incorrect back-transliteration from Russian.


==Administration==
==History==
[[File:Pernau 1554.jpg|thumb|left|Pärnu in 1554]]


Pärnu or Old Pärnu ({{langx|la|Perona|links=no}}, {{langx|de|Pernau, Alt-Pernau|links=no}}, {{langx|et|Vana-Pärnu|links=no}}), which was founded by the bishop of [[Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek|Ösel–Wiek]] {{circa|1251}}, suffered heavily under pressure of the concurrent town, and was finally destroyed {{circa|1600}}. Another town, Embeke (later {{langx|de|Neu-Pernau|links=no}}, {{langx|et|Uus-Pärnu|links=no}}) was founded by the [[Livonian Order]], who began building an [[Ordensburg]] nearby in 1265. The latter town, then known by the German name of {{lang|de|Pernau}}, was a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] and an important ice-free harbor for [[Livonia]]. The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] took control of town between 1560 and 1617; the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poles]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]]ns fought the [[Swedish Empire|Swedes]] nearby in 1609. Sweden took control of the town during the 16th-century [[Livonian War]] as part of [[Swedish Livonia]], although it was not formally ceded by Poland-Lithuania until the 1660 [[Treaty of Oliva]]. Sweden then lost Livonia to the [[Russian Empire]] in the 1710 [[Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia]] and the 1721 [[Treaty of Nystad]], following the [[Great Northern War]]. It belonged to the [[Imperial Russia]]n [[Governorate of Livonia]] until 1917, when it was transferred to the short-lived [[Autonomous Governorate of Estonia]]. The city is occasionally referred to as ''Pyarnu'', an incorrect reverse-[[transliteration]] from the Russian {{lang|ru|Пярну}}.
Local administration consists of town council and town government. Election of town council takes place in every three years. The last personnel of town council were elected on October [[2002]]. The number of council deputies depends on the number of population. According to the population in Pärnu the number of the deputies is 33.

The town became part of independent Estonia in 1918 following [[World War I]] and the [[Estonian War of Independence]].

The city was occupied by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]] along with the rest of Estonia in 1940 during [[World War II]], and its German population fled the town. It was briefly occupied by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] from 1941 until 1944 before it was reoccupied by the Soviet Union during its counteroffensives. Pärnu then continued as being part of the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] from 1944 to 1991, when Estonia restored its independence.

During the [[Great Northern War]], the [[University of Dorpat]] ([[Tartu]]) was relocated to Pärnu from 1699 to 1710. The university has still maintained a branch campus in Pärnu to this day (1,000 students in the 2004/2005 school year).<ref>[https://www.pc.ut.ee/en University of Tartu Pärnu College]</ref>

== Geography ==
===Districts of Pärnu===
[[File:Pärnu coastal meadow hiking trail, beach and town in Estonia.webm|thumb|Drone video of Pärnu coastal meadow hiking trail, beach and town in June 2022]]
There are seven districts in Pärnu: Ülejõe, Rääma, Vana-Pärnu, Kesklinn, Rannarajoon, Eeslinn and Raeküla.<ref name="eki.ee_neighborhoods">{{cite web|title=LINNAOSADE JA -JAGUDE LÜHENDID|url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/kb_lxhik.htm|access-date=18 March 2020|website=www.eki.ee|language=et}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Pärnu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone.
{{Weather box|location= Pärnu (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1842–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 9.0
|Feb record high C = 8.3
|Mar record high C = 19.6
|Apr record high C = 26.2
|May record high C = 31.2
|Jun record high C = 32.6
|Jul record high C = 34.1
|Aug record high C = 33.4
|Sep record high C = 28.0
|Oct record high C = 22.4
|Nov record high C = 12.6
|Dec record high C = 10.3
|year record high C = 34.1
|Jan high C = −0.8
|Feb high C = −1.0
|Mar high C = 3.0
|Apr high C = 10.2
|May high C = 16.7
|Jun high C = 20.2
|Jul high C = 23.0
|Aug high C = 21.8
|Sep high C = 16.6
|Oct high C = 9.9
|Nov high C = 4.3
|Dec high C = 1.1
|year high C = 10.4
|Jan mean C = -3.0
|Feb mean C = -3.7
|Mar mean C = -0.5
|Apr mean C = 5.4
|May mean C = 11.4
|Jun mean C = 15.4
|Jul mean C = 18.3
|Aug mean C = 17.2
|Sep mean C = 12.5
|Oct mean C = 6.8
|Nov mean C = 2.2
|Dec mean C = -0.9
|year mean C = 6.8
|Jan low C = −5.5
|Feb low C = −6.6
|Mar low C = −3.7
|Apr low C = 1.2
|May low C = 6.1
|Jun low C = 10.7
|Jul low C = 13.6
|Aug low C = 12.8
|Sep low C = 8.6
|Oct low C = 3.8
|Nov low C = 0.0
|Dec low C = −3.1
|year low C = 3.2
|Jan record low C = −34.8
|Feb record low C = −34.3
|Mar record low C = −28.5
|Apr record low C = −19.7
|May record low C = −5.3
|Jun record low C = -0.1
|Jul record low C = 3.4
|Aug record low C = 2.6
|Sep record low C = −4.7
|Oct record low C = −10.9
|Nov record low C = −22.2
|Dec record low C = −34.5
|year record low C = −34.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 61
|Feb precipitation mm = 49
|Mar precipitation mm = 43
|Apr precipitation mm = 40
|May precipitation mm = 39
|Jun precipitation mm = 78
|Jul precipitation mm = 74
|Aug precipitation mm = 84
|Sep precipitation mm = 61
|Oct precipitation mm = 83
|Nov precipitation mm = 73
|Dec precipitation mm = 71
|year precipitation mm = 761
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.6
|Feb precipitation days = 10.4
|Mar precipitation days = 9.5
|Apr precipitation days = 8.4
|May precipitation days = 7.7
|Jun precipitation days = 9.7
|Jul precipitation days = 9.6
|Aug precipitation days = 10.4
|Sep precipitation days = 9.6
|Oct precipitation days = 12.2
|Nov precipitation days = 13.5
|Dec precipitation days = 14.0
|year precipitation days = 127.6
|Jan humidity = 88
|Feb humidity = 87
|Mar humidity = 81
|Apr humidity = 73
|May humidity = 68
|Jun humidity = 73
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 78
|Sep humidity = 82
|Oct humidity = 86
|Nov humidity = 89
|Dec humidity = 89
|year humidity = 81
|Jan sun = 38.8
|Feb sun = 69.6
|Mar sun = 148.2
|Apr sun = 210.1
|May sun = 300.3
|Jun sun = 293.5
|Jul sun = 306.4
|Aug sun = 258.6
|Sep sun = 172.8
|Oct sun = 95.5
|Nov sun = 36.5
|Dec sun = 24.3
|year sun = 1950.2
|source 1 = [[Estonian Weather Service]]<ref name=temp>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en
| title = Climate normals-Temperature
| publisher = Estonian Weather Service
| access-date = 1 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=precip>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/sademed/?lang=en
| title = Climate normals-Precipitation
| publisher = Estonian Weather Service
| access-date = 1 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=humidity>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohuniiskus/?lang=en
| title = Climate normals-Humidity
| publisher = Estonian Weather Service
| access-date = 1 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=sun>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/paikesepaiste-kestus/?lang=en
| title = Climate normals-Sunshine
| publisher = Estonian Weather Service
| access-date = 1 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=extremes>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/
| title = Rekordid
| language= Estonian
| publisher = Estonian Weather Service
| access-date = 19 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=precipdays>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.emhi.ee/index.php?ide=6,299,303
| title = Kliimanormid-Sademed, õhuniiskus
| publisher = Estonian Weather Service
| language = et
| access-date = 1 February 2021
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222112141/http://www.emhi.ee/index.php?ide=6,299,303
| archive-date = 22 February 2012
| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Estonia/CSV/Parnu_26231.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020
|language = en-us
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate = December 21, 2023
}}</ref>}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"
|-
!Colspan=14|Coastal temperature data for Pärnu
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-22.0}}"|0.4<br/>(32.72)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-23.4}}"|0.0<br/>(32.00)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-23.7}}"|-0.1<br/>(31.82)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-17.0}}"|1.9<br/>(35.42)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|2.3}}"|7.7<br/>(45.86)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|17.7}}"|14.7<br/>(58.46)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|25.4}}"|19.4<br/>(66.92)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|24.8}}"|19.1<br/>(66.38)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|19.6}}"|15.9<br/>(60.62)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|11.1}}"|10.7<br/>(51.26)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|0.0}}"|6.7<br/>(44.06)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-11.3}}"|3.6<br/>(38.48)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|4.4}}"|8.3<br/>(47.00)
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"|Source 1: Seatemperature.org<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://live.seatemperature.org/europe/estonia/parnu.htm|title =Pärnu Sea Temperature|date=2023-04-25 }}</ref>
|}

===Waterbodies===
[[Pärnu River]], [[Sauga (river)|Sauga River]], [[Reiu (river)|Reiu River]], [[Pärnu Moat]], [[Pärnu Bay]].

Pärnu Moat was previously a part of Pärnu Fortress. Nowadays, it is mainly used as a venue for different events.<ref name="Visitestonia.com">{{cite web |title=Pärnu moat, Estonia |url=https://www.visitestonia.com/en/parnu-moat |website=Visitestonia.com |access-date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year || 1881||1897||1922||1934||1959||1970||1979||1989||2000||2011||2012||2017||2021
|-
! Population
|12,966||12,898||18,499||20,334||22,367||50,224||54,051||53,885||45,500||39,728||40,401||40,700||40,228
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ethnic composition 1922–2021
! rowspan="2" |Ethnicity
! colspan="2" |[[1922 Estonian Census|1922]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:440178 |title=1922 a. üldrahvalugemise andmed. Vihk I ja II, Rahva demograafiline koosseis ja korteriolud Eestis |publisher=Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo |year=1924 |isbn=9789916103067 |location=Tallinn |page=33 |language=et, fr |via=Digar}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[1934 Estonian Census|1934]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10062/4439 |title=Rahvastiku koostis ja korteriolud. 1.III 1934 rahvaloenduse andmed. Vihk II |publisher=Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo |year=1935 |location=Tallinn |pages=47–53 |language=et, fr |hdl=10062/4439}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.digar.ee/id/nlib-digar:117429 |title=Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 |publisher=Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo |year=1942 |editor-last= |location=Tallinn |pages=66–67 |language=de, et}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1959)|1959]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katus |first=Kalev |url=https://www.ester.ee/record=b2024713*est |title=Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Pärnumaa 1965-1990 |last2=Puur |first2=Allan |last3=Põldma |first3=Asta |date= |publisher=Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus |others= |year=2005 |isbn=9985-820-83-5 |series=Sari C |location=Tallinn |pages=31–32 |language=et, en}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1970)|1970]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ester.ee/record=b1655518*est |title=Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года |publisher=Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus |year=1972 |location=Tallinn |page=75 |language=ru}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1979)|1979]]<ref name=":02">{{cite book |url=https://www.digar.ee/viewer/et/nlib-digar:375699/330970/page/30 |title=Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik. 1. osa, Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi : 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed |publisher=Eesti Vabariigi Riiklik Statistikaamet |year=1990 |isbn=978-9949-7193-2-7 |location=Tallinn |pages=28, 33 |language=et |via=Digar}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989]]<ref name=":02" />
! colspan="2" |[[2000 Estonia Census|2000]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI |url=https://andmed.stat.ee:443/pxweb/et/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2000__rahvus-emakeel-veerkeelte-oskus/RL222.px/ |access-date= |website=Estonian Statistical Database |language=et}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Estonia Census|2011]]<ref name="RL0429">{{cite web |title=RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2011__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel-ja-keelteoskus-murded/RL0429 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Estonian Statistical Database}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Estonia Census|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=RL21429: Rahvastik Rahvuse, Soo, Vanuserühma Ja ELukoha (Haldusüksus) Järgi, 31. DETSEMBER 2021 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee:443/pxweb/et/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21429.px/ |access-date= |website=Estonian Statistical Database |language=et}}</ref>
|-
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
!amount
!%
|-
|[[Estonians]]
|16440
|89.0
|18436
|90.7
|18370
|96.7
|26669
|73.9
|34370
|74.2
|36748
|74.1
|37939
|72.4
|36112
|79.4
|33000
|83.1
|33682
|83.7
|-
|[[Russians]]
|494
|2.67
|469
|2.31
|328
|1.73
| -
| -
|9146
|19.7
|9676
|19.5
|10753
|20.5
|6951
|15.3
|5076
|12.8
|4256
|10.6
|-
|[[Ukrainians]]
| -
| -
|7
|0.03
| -
| -
| -
| -
|1010
|2.18
|1255
|2.53
|1631
|3.11
|966
|2.12
|671
|1.69
|887
|2.20
|-
|[[Belarusians]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|412
|0.89
|493
|0.99
|546
|1.04
|297
|0.65
|179
|0.45
|184
|0.46
|-
|[[Finns]]
| -
| -
|14
|0.07
|11
|0.06
| -
| -
|517
|1.12
|543
|1.09
|534
|1.02
|331
|0.73
|254
|0.64
|324
|0.81
|-
|[[Jews]]
|236
|1.28
|248
|1.22
|0
|0.00
| -
| -
|190
|0.41
|138
|0.28
|76
|0.15
|35
|0.08
|20
|0.05
|13
|0.03
|-
|[[Latvians]]
| -
| -
|143
|0.70
|88
|0.46
| -
| -
|135
|0.29
|165
|0.33
|150
|0.29
|85
|0.19
|65
|0.16
|128
|0.32
|-
|[[Germans]]
|1030
|5.57
|871
|4.28
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|105
|0.21
|132
|0.25
|69
|0.15
|50
|0.13
|55
|0.14
|-
|[[Tatars]]
| -
| -
|0
|0.00
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|76
|0.15
|103
|0.20
|45
|0.10
|33
|0.08
|31
|0.08
|-
|[[Polish people|Poles]]
| -
| -
|34
|0.17
|26
|0.14
| -
| -
| -
| -
|108
|0.22
|81
|0.15
|60
|0.13
|35
|0.09
|37
|0.09
|-
|[[Lithuanians]]
| -
| -
|10
|0.05
|6
|0.03
| -
| -
|60
|0.13
|80
|0.16
|83
|0.16
|82
|0.18
|60
|0.15
|58
|0.14
|-
|unknown
|0
|0.00
|28
|0.14
|8
|0.04
|0
|0.00
|0
|0.00
|0
|0.00
|0
|0.00
|226
|0.50
|59
|0.15
|129
|0.32
|-
|other
|281
|1.52
|74
|0.36
|167
|0.88
|9398
|26.1
|476
|1.03
|236
|0.48
|361
|0.69
|241
|0.53
|226
|0.57
|444
|1.10
|-
!Total
!18481
!100
!20334
!100
!19004
!100
!36067
!100
!46316
!100
!49623
!100
!52389
!100
!45500
!100
!39728
!100
!40228
!100
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Rüütli Pärnu 3.jpg|thumb|Rüütli street in Pärnu.]]
Today Pärnu is an economically balanced region with a comprehensive range of industries. Foreign investments and new businesses with up-to-date technologies have enhanced job creation and higher competitiveness of the businesses in the world markets. Several enterprises of Pärnu region stand out as the best in Estonia.

Significant flows of exports from Pärnu region and South-Estonia pass through the Port of Pärnu which lies at the mouth of the Pärnu River. In recent years, the port has developed into an important regional harbour for south-western and southern Estonia.
Pärnu's fame as a rehabilitation and holiday resort dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The foundation of the first bathing facility in 1838 is considered the birth date of Pärnu resort. Today Pärnu has all desirable qualities of a modern holiday resort – it has spas and rehabilitation centres, hotels, conference and concert venues, golf courses and tennis courts, restaurants and pubs. It's long tradition as a resort has made Pärnu well known in Finland and Scandinavian countries.


==Tourism==
==Tourism==
[[File:Pärnu mudaravila 2.JPG|thumb|Pärnu [[mud bath]]s]]
[[File:Straßenszene Pärnu.jpg|thumb|]]
The majority of the tourists in Pärnu are Finns, Swedes and Russians. German, Latvian, and Norwegian tourists have also become more common.

In 1837, a tavern near the beach was made into a bathing establishment. The establishment accommodated 5–6 bathrooms that provided hot seawater baths in summer and operated as a sauna in winter. The wooden building was burnt down in the course of [[World War I]]. In 1927, the present stone building of Pärnu Mud Baths was erected at the same site.

Since 1996 Pärnu has been known as Estonia's Summer Capital.<ref>[http://www.suvepealinn.ee/ suvepealinn]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitparnu.ee/en/short-history |title=Short history – VisitPärnu.com |access-date=2012-06-15 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213447/http://www.visitparnu.ee/en/short-history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Starting from 2015 the city of Pärnu hosts the annual [[Weekend Festival]], the largest dance music festival in the [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] and [[Baltic states|Baltic]] region. Stages are headlined by DJs from across the [[electronic dance music]] spectrum, with audiovisual support. Some of the past and upcoming artists to perform include [[Martin Garrix]], [[David Guetta]], [[Avicii]], [[Steve Aoki]], [[The Chainsmokers]], [[Tiësto]], [[Armin van Buuren]], [[Hardwell]], [[Robin Schulz]], [[Afrojack]], [[deadmau5]], [[Knife Party]], [[Desiigner]] and many more.
Pärnu is also known for its seawall. According to legend, if a couple holds hands while journeying along the wall and kisses at its endpoint they will stay together forever.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/parnu-seawall|title = Pärnu Seawall}}</ref>

{{Wide image|Pärnu banner.jpg|800px|Pärnu beach}}

==Notable people==
[[File:Lydia Koidula monument1.jpg|thumb|Memorial monument of [[Lydia Koidula]] created by [[Amandus Adamson]]]]
* [[Elisabeth Aspe]], writer
* [[Gustav Fabergé]], jeweller
* [[Johann Voldemar Jannsen]], journalist and poet
* [[Lili Kaelas]], archeologist
* [[Tõnis Kasemets]], race-car driver who has competed in [[ChampCar]] and [[International Motor Sports Association|IMSA]]
* [[Egon Kaur]], rally driver
* [[Paul Keres]], chess grandmaster
* [[Lydia Koidula]], poet
* [[Ilmi Kolla]], poet
* [[Kaie Kõrb]], prima ballerina
* [[Karin Luts]], artist
* [[Friedrich Martens]], lawyer
* [[Kaili Närep]], actress
* [[Syn Cole|Rene Pais]], professionally known as Syn Cole, DJ and musician
* [[Liisa Pulk]], actress
* [[Rasmus Rändvee]], singer
* [[Salme Reek]], actress
* [[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]], German physicist
* [[Erika Salumäe]], track bicycle racer
* [[David Samoylov]], poet
* [[August Sang]], poet
* [[Olev Siinmaa]], architect
* [[David Shrayer-Petrov]], poet, fiction writer, translator, medical scientist
* [[Maxim D. Shrayer]], author and literary scholar
* [[Lilli Suburg]], writer
* [[Avo Sõmer]], musicologist, music theorist, composer
* [[Kristin Tattar]], athlete, disc golf world champion

===Honorary citizens===
*1886 [[Konstantin Possiet]]
*1901 [[Friedrich Fromhold Martens]]
*1934 [[Konstantin Päts]]
*2007 [[Neeme Järvi]]
*2008 [[Valter Ojakäär]]
*2009 [[Jüri Jaanson]]


==Gallery==
Pärnu is a health resort of international stature. In addition to guests arriving from around fifty countries, it is also proved by its membership in the [[European Spas Association]] (since [[2000]]) and the [[European Blue Flag]] that has been flying at the beach of Pärnu since [[2001]]. Most tourists in Pärnu are [[Finland|Finnish]] or [[Estonia|Estonian]]. Hotel and restaurant staff speak English and some Finnish in addition to Estonian.
<gallery>
File:Endla teatrihoone 2024.jpg|[[Endla Theatre]]
File:St. Elizabeth's Church, Pärnu 4.jpg|Nikolai street with St. Elizabeth's Church
File:Pärnu rannapromenaad 2014.jpg|Pärnu beach promenade
File:Sunset in Pärnu beach (1).jpg|Sunset in Pärnu beach
</gallery>


==See also==
In [[1837]], a few business-minded entrepreneurs decided to rebuild a lonely tavern near the beach into a bathing establishment, thus preparing the ground for the development of the resort of Pärnu. This wooden building was the predecessor of the present-day mud baths. The establishment, which was opened in [[1838]], accommodated 5-6 bathrooms that provided hot seawater baths in summer and operated as a sauna in winter. The wooden building was burnt down in the course of [[World War I]]. In [[1927]], the present stone building of Pärnu Mud Baths was erected at the same site. Later, the wings were attached to the building to accommodate a bath unit and a pool.
*''[[Pärnu Leht]]''


==References==
Today, disorders of joints, spinal column and [[peripheral nervous system]], gynaecological problems and dysfunction of central nervous system are treated at Pärnu Mud Baths. The therapies include [[hydrotherapy]], mud and ozocerite therapies, [[massage]], laser and electrotherapies, lymph and inhalation therapies, [[aromatherapy]] and [[ECG]]. There are 130 rooms in the hotel of the Mud Baths.
{{Reflist}}24. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu#:~:text=It%20was%20briefly%20occupied%20by,when%20Estonia%20restored%20its%20independence. Republic of Pärnu website] [https://politicsandwar.com/nation/id=469444 Republic of Pärnu in-game page] "The Republic of Pärnu", fictional nation on sim-strat game politicsandwar.com. browser-video-game. Created C. 2022


==External Links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.parnu.ee/index.php?id=427 Official site]
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://archive.spaceimaging.com/ikonos/2/kpms/2004/05//browse.238688.crss_sat.0.0.jpg Satellite photo from May, 2004]
* [http://www.visitparnu.com The Official Tourist Information Centre Foundation of Pärnu]
* [http://www.nwi.ru/id=6/city_id=11/lang=1/city.cgi Parnu tour overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907065624/http://www.nwi.ru/id=6/city_id=11/lang=1/city.cgi |date=2006-09-07 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803070055/http://www.victoriahotel.ee/index.php/Sightseeing.html Sightseeing on Your own]
* [http://www.merko.ee/en/projekt/parnu-moat-bank-fortification-and-park-area/ MERKO: 2010–2011 Pärnu moat and park area reconstruction, land reclamation and landscaping], with 6 photos
* [[Maxim D. Shrayer]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202931/http://fmwww.bc.edu/SL-V/ShrayerBalticWorldsSept2013.pdf Dunes of Happiness: Fifteen Summers in Estonia]. Baltic Worlds (September 2013).
* [https://therepublicofparnugov.odoo.com/en https://there]
* [https://therepublicofparnugov.odoo.com/en publicofparnugov.odoo.com/en] [ fictional country ]
* [https://sonks.ee SONKS! Best hair salon to visit in Pärnu]


[[Category:Populated places in Estonia]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Estonia]]


{{Cities of Estonia}}
{{Pärnu (urban municipality)}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Pärnu landmarks}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Estonia-geo-stub}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Parnu}}
[[da:Pärnu]]
[[de:Pärnu]]
[[Category:Pärnu| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Estonia]]
[[et:Pärnu]]
[[fr:Pärnu]]
[[Category:Populated places in Pärnu County]]
[[Category:Gulf of Riga]]
[[lv:P&#275;rnava]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Estonia]]
[[nl:Pärnu]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea]]
[[ro:Pärnu]]
[[Category:Spa towns in Estonia]]
[[ru:&#1055;&#1103;&#1088;&#1085;&#1091;]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Estonia]]
[[uk:&#1055;'&#1103;&#1088;&#1085;&#1091;]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1250s]]
[[fi:Pärnu]]
[[Category:1251 establishments in Europe]]
[[sv:Pärnu]]
[[Category:Kreis Pernau]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Estonia]]

Latest revision as of 16:23, 23 December 2024

"Parnu" redirects here. For other uses, see Parnu (disambiguation).
Pärnu
Pärnu linn
City of Pärnu
City
Pärnu
Pärnu is located in Estonia
Pärnu
Pärnu
Location of Pärnu in Estonia
Pärnu is located in Baltic Sea
Pärnu
Pärnu
Pärnu (Baltic Sea)
Pärnu is located in Europe
Pärnu
Pärnu
Pärnu (Europe)
Coordinates: 58°23′N 24°30′E / 58.383°N 24.500°E / 58.383; 24.500
CountryEstonia
CountyPärnu County
MunicipalityPärnu
Founded1251
Area
 • Total
32.22 km2 (12.44 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
40,228
 • Rank4th
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Ethnicity (2021)
 • Estonians83.7%
 • Russians10.6%
 • other5.7%
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Vehicle registrationF

Pärnu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈpærˑnu]) is the fourth-largest city in Estonia. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located 128 kilometres (80 mi) south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and 176 kilometres (109 mi) west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga, which is a part of the Baltic Sea. In the city, the Pärnu River drains into the Gulf of Riga.

Pärnu is a popular summer holiday resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches. The city is served by Pärnu Airport.

History

[edit]
Pärnu in 1554

Pärnu or Old Pärnu (Latin: Perona, German: Pernau, Alt-Pernau, Estonian: Vana-Pärnu), which was founded by the bishop of Ösel–Wiek c. 1251, suffered heavily under pressure of the concurrent town, and was finally destroyed c. 1600. Another town, Embeke (later German: Neu-Pernau, Estonian: Uus-Pärnu) was founded by the Livonian Order, who began building an Ordensburg nearby in 1265. The latter town, then known by the German name of Pernau, was a member of the Hanseatic League and an important ice-free harbor for Livonia. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took control of town between 1560 and 1617; the Poles and Lithuanians fought the Swedes nearby in 1609. Sweden took control of the town during the 16th-century Livonian War as part of Swedish Livonia, although it was not formally ceded by Poland-Lithuania until the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. Sweden then lost Livonia to the Russian Empire in the 1710 Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia and the 1721 Treaty of Nystad, following the Great Northern War. It belonged to the Imperial Russian Governorate of Livonia until 1917, when it was transferred to the short-lived Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. The city is occasionally referred to as Pyarnu, an incorrect reverse-transliteration from the Russian Пярну.

The town became part of independent Estonia in 1918 following World War I and the Estonian War of Independence.

The city was occupied by the Soviet Red Army along with the rest of Estonia in 1940 during World War II, and its German population fled the town. It was briefly occupied by Germany from 1941 until 1944 before it was reoccupied by the Soviet Union during its counteroffensives. Pärnu then continued as being part of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, when Estonia restored its independence.

During the Great Northern War, the University of Dorpat (Tartu) was relocated to Pärnu from 1699 to 1710. The university has still maintained a branch campus in Pärnu to this day (1,000 students in the 2004/2005 school year).[2]

Geography

[edit]

Districts of Pärnu

[edit]
Drone video of Pärnu coastal meadow hiking trail, beach and town in June 2022

There are seven districts in Pärnu: Ülejõe, Rääma, Vana-Pärnu, Kesklinn, Rannarajoon, Eeslinn and Raeküla.[3]

Climate

[edit]

Pärnu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone.

Climate data for Pärnu (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1842–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		8.3
(46.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		31.2
(88.2) 		32.6
(90.7) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		34.1
(93.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		−1
(30) 		3.0
(37.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.0
(73.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		1.1
(34.0) 		10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		6.8
(44.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		3.2
(37.8)
Record low °C (°F) −34.8
(−30.6) 		−34.3
(−29.7) 		−28.5
(−19.3) 		−19.7
(−3.5) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−34.5
(−30.1) 		−34.8
(−30.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61
(2.4) 		49
(1.9) 		43
(1.7) 		40
(1.6) 		39
(1.5) 		78
(3.1) 		74
(2.9) 		84
(3.3) 		61
(2.4) 		83
(3.3) 		73
(2.9) 		71
(2.8) 		761
(30.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.6 10.4 9.5 8.4 7.7 9.7 9.6 10.4 9.6 12.2 13.5 14.0 127.6
Average relative humidity (%) 88 87 81 73 68 73 75 78 82 86 89 89 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38.8 69.6 148.2 210.1 300.3 293.5 306.4 258.6 172.8 95.5 36.5 24.3 1,950.2
Source: Estonian Weather Service[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Coastal temperature data for Pärnu
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 0.4
(32.72) 		0.0
(32.00) 		-0.1
(31.82) 		1.9
(35.42) 		7.7
(45.86) 		14.7
(58.46) 		19.4
(66.92) 		19.1
(66.38) 		15.9
(60.62) 		10.7
(51.26) 		6.7
(44.06) 		3.6
(38.48) 		8.3
(47.00)
Source 1: Seatemperature.org[11]

Waterbodies

[edit]

Pärnu River, Sauga River, Reiu River, Pärnu Moat, Pärnu Bay.

Pärnu Moat was previously a part of Pärnu Fortress. Nowadays, it is mainly used as a venue for different events.[12]

Demographics

[edit]
Year 1881 1897 1922 1934 1959 1970 1979 1989 2000 2011 2012 2017 2021
Population 12,966 12,898 18,499 20,334 22,367 50,224 54,051 53,885 45,500 39,728 40,401 40,700 40,228
Ethnic composition 1922–2021
Ethnicity 1922[13] 1934[14] 1941[15] 1959[16] 1970[17] 1979[18] 1989[18] 2000[19] 2011[20] 2021[21]
amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount %
Estonians 16440 89.0 18436 90.7 18370 96.7 26669 73.9 34370 74.2 36748 74.1 37939 72.4 36112 79.4 33000 83.1 33682 83.7
Russians 494 2.67 469 2.31 328 1.73 - - 9146 19.7 9676 19.5 10753 20.5 6951 15.3 5076 12.8 4256 10.6
Ukrainians - - 7 0.03 - - - - 1010 2.18 1255 2.53 1631 3.11 966 2.12 671 1.69 887 2.20
Belarusians - - - - - - - - 412 0.89 493 0.99 546 1.04 297 0.65 179 0.45 184 0.46
Finns - - 14 0.07 11 0.06 - - 517 1.12 543 1.09 534 1.02 331 0.73 254 0.64 324 0.81
Jews 236 1.28 248 1.22 0 0.00 - - 190 0.41 138 0.28 76 0.15 35 0.08 20 0.05 13 0.03
Latvians - - 143 0.70 88 0.46 - - 135 0.29 165 0.33 150 0.29 85 0.19 65 0.16 128 0.32
Germans 1030 5.57 871 4.28 - - - - - - 105 0.21 132 0.25 69 0.15 50 0.13 55 0.14
Tatars - - 0 0.00 - - - - - - 76 0.15 103 0.20 45 0.10 33 0.08 31 0.08
Poles - - 34 0.17 26 0.14 - - - - 108 0.22 81 0.15 60 0.13 35 0.09 37 0.09
Lithuanians - - 10 0.05 6 0.03 - - 60 0.13 80 0.16 83 0.16 82 0.18 60 0.15 58 0.14
unknown 0 0.00 28 0.14 8 0.04 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 226 0.50 59 0.15 129 0.32
other 281 1.52 74 0.36 167 0.88 9398 26.1 476 1.03 236 0.48 361 0.69 241 0.53 226 0.57 444 1.10
Total 18481 100 20334 100 19004 100 36067 100 46316 100 49623 100 52389 100 45500 100 39728 100 40228 100

Economy

[edit]
Rüütli street in Pärnu.

Today Pärnu is an economically balanced region with a comprehensive range of industries. Foreign investments and new businesses with up-to-date technologies have enhanced job creation and higher competitiveness of the businesses in the world markets. Several enterprises of Pärnu region stand out as the best in Estonia.

Significant flows of exports from Pärnu region and South-Estonia pass through the Port of Pärnu which lies at the mouth of the Pärnu River. In recent years, the port has developed into an important regional harbour for south-western and southern Estonia. Pärnu's fame as a rehabilitation and holiday resort dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The foundation of the first bathing facility in 1838 is considered the birth date of Pärnu resort. Today Pärnu has all desirable qualities of a modern holiday resort – it has spas and rehabilitation centres, hotels, conference and concert venues, golf courses and tennis courts, restaurants and pubs. It's long tradition as a resort has made Pärnu well known in Finland and Scandinavian countries.

Tourism

[edit]
Pärnu mud baths

The majority of the tourists in Pärnu are Finns, Swedes and Russians. German, Latvian, and Norwegian tourists have also become more common.

In 1837, a tavern near the beach was made into a bathing establishment. The establishment accommodated 5–6 bathrooms that provided hot seawater baths in summer and operated as a sauna in winter. The wooden building was burnt down in the course of World War I. In 1927, the present stone building of Pärnu Mud Baths was erected at the same site.

Since 1996 Pärnu has been known as Estonia's Summer Capital.[22][23]

Starting from 2015 the city of Pärnu hosts the annual Weekend Festival, the largest dance music festival in the Nordic and Baltic region. Stages are headlined by DJs from across the electronic dance music spectrum, with audiovisual support. Some of the past and upcoming artists to perform include Martin Garrix, David Guetta, Avicii, Steve Aoki, The Chainsmokers, Tiësto, Armin van Buuren, Hardwell, Robin Schulz, Afrojack, deadmau5, Knife Party, Desiigner and many more. Pärnu is also known for its seawall. According to legend, if a couple holds hands while journeying along the wall and kisses at its endpoint they will stay together forever.[24]

Pärnu beach

Notable people

[edit]
Memorial monument of Lydia Koidula created by Amandus Adamson

Honorary citizens

[edit]
[edit]
  • Endla Theatre
    Endla Theatre
  • Nikolai street with St. Elizabeth's Church
    Nikolai street with St. Elizabeth's Church
  • Pärnu beach promenade
    Pärnu beach promenade
  • Sunset in Pärnu beach
    Sunset in Pärnu beach

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Population by sex, age and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January. Statistics Estonia.
  2. ^ University of Tartu Pärnu College
  3. ^ "LINNAOSADE JA -JAGUDE LÜHENDID". www.eki.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  4. ^ "Climate normals-Temperature". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  5. ^ "Climate normals-Precipitation". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Climate normals-Humidity". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Climate normals-Sunshine". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Rekordid" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  9. ^ "Kliimanormid-Sademed, õhuniiskus" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  10. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  11. ^ "Pärnu Sea Temperature". 2023-04-25.
  12. ^ "Pärnu moat, Estonia". Visitestonia.com. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  13. ^ 1922 a. üldrahvalugemise andmed. Vihk I ja II, Rahva demograafiline koosseis ja korteriolud Eestis (in Estonian and French). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1924. p. 33. ISBN 9789916103067 – via Digar.
  14. ^ Rahvastiku koostis ja korteriolud. 1.III 1934 rahvaloenduse andmed. Vihk II (in Estonian and French). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1935. pp. 47–53. hdl:10062/4439.
  15. ^ Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67.
  16. ^ Katus, Kalev; Puur, Allan; Põldma, Asta (2005). Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Pärnumaa 1965-1990. Sari C (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9985-820-83-5.
  17. ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 75.
  18. ^ a b Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik. 1. osa, Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi : 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed (in Estonian). Tallinn: Eesti Vabariigi Riiklik Statistikaamet. 1990. pp. 28, 33. ISBN 978-9949-7193-2-7 – via Digar.
  19. ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  20. ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  21. ^ "RL21429: Rahvastik Rahvuse, Soo, Vanuserühma Ja ELukoha (Haldusüksus) Järgi, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  22. ^ suvepealinn
  23. ^ "Short history – VisitPärnu.com". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  24. ^ "Pärnu Seawall".

24. Republic of Pärnu website Republic of Pärnu in-game page "The Republic of Pärnu", fictional nation on sim-strat game politicsandwar.com. browser-video-game. Created C. 2022

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pärnu.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pärnu.


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