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Coordinates: 33°52′N 35°32′E / 33.867°N 35.533°E / 33.867; 35.533
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sinn al-Fīl
| name = Sinn al-Fīl
| native_name = سن الفيل
| native_name = سن الفيل
| native_name_lang = ara<!-- ISO 639-2 code: "fr" for French, "ara" for Arabic -->
| native_name_lang = ara<!-- ISO 639-2 code: "fr" for French, "ara" for Arabic -->
| settlement_type = City
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_skyline = Sin el Fil, Lebanon - panoramio.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Lebanon
| pushpin_map = Lebanon
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of Sin el Fil within Lebanon
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of Sin el Fil within Lebanon
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Lebanon
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Lebanon
| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|N|35|32|E|region:LB_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|N|35|32|E|region:LB_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Lebanon|Governorate]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Lebanon|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Lebanon|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Lebanon|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Matn District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Matn District]]
| established_title = <!-- Founded -->
| established_title = <!-- Founded -->
| established_date =
| established_date =
| founder =
| founder =
| leader_party =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Time Zone]]
| leader_title = [[Time Zone]]
| leader_name = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] +2 ([[UTC]])
| leader_name = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] +2 ([[UTC]])
| leader_title1 = – Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| leader_title1 = – Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])
| leader_name1 = +3 ([[UTC]])
| leader_name1 = +3 ([[UTC]])
| leader_title2 = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area Code(s)]]
| leader_title2 = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area Code(s)]]
| leader_name2 = (+961) 1
| leader_name2 = (+961) 1
| leader_title3 = [[Zip Code]]
| leader_title3 = [[Zip Code]]
| leader_name3 =
| leader_name3 =
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_note =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| utc_offset1 = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +3
| utc_offset1_DST = +3
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Lebanon|Dialing code]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Lebanon|Dialing code]]
| area_code = +961
| area_code = +961
| website =
| website =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
[[File:Metropolitanpalacehotel.jpg|thumb|The former "Metropolitan Hotel", currently a [[Hilton Hotels & Resorts|Hilton]] Hotel]]
[[File:Metropolitanpalacehotel.jpg|thumb|The former "Metropolitan Hotel", currently a [[Hilton Hotels & Resorts|Hilton]] Hotel]]
'''Sin el-Fil''' ({{lang-ar|سنّ الفيل}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Sinn al-Fīl'') is a suburb east of [[Beirut]] in the [[Matn District]] of the [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]], Lebanon.
'''Sin el Fil''' ({{langx|ar|سنّ الفيل}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Sinn al-Fīl'') is a suburb east of [[Beirut]] in the [[Matn District]] of the [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]], Lebanon.
==Overview==
⚫
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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==Geography==
==Geography==
With a rich red soil and moderate precipitation (but available ground water irrigation) the agricultural land of Sin el Fil in the early 20th century sprawled into a densely populated suburb. The natural landscape of the late century was dominated by [[Stone Pine|stone pine]]. The [[Beirut River]] runs west of Sin el Fil and separates the town from the capital, [[Beirut]].
With a rich red soil and moderate precipitation (but available ground water irrigation) the agricultural land of Sin el Fil in the early 20th century sprawled into a densely populated suburb. The natural landscape of the late century was dominated by [[stone pine]]. The [[Beirut River]] runs west of Sin el Fil and separates the town from the capital, [[Beirut]].


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
⚫
{{Empty section|date=September 2022}}
Family names from this village are: Abdullah, Antoun, Ayoub, Barakat, Bazzi, Berberian, Chadessi, Chidiac, El-Hage, El-Hakem, Hamdan, Hennessi, Hijazi, Karam, Kahalé, Khoury, Lahood, Mannah, Mansour, Massaad, Saad, Saliba, Sahyoun, Saadi, Salem, Amhaz, Chaoul, Zwein


==History and archaeologyy==
==Archaeology==
===Prehistory and Roman period===
Collections of archaeological material from this limestone "hogsback" were made from the [[gullies]] to the south of the main road on the slopes of forested hills. The recovery areas were described as ''"ravines sinueuses"'' by [[Raoul Describes]] after making a collection in 1921.<ref>Describes, Raoul., Quelques ateliers paléolithiques des environs de Beyrouth, Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph: Volume VII, 1921.</ref> Other [[Jesuits]] who made collections from the area included [[Godefroy Zumoffen]] in 1908, [[Paul Bovier-Lapierre]] and [[Auguste Bergy]] as well as Mouterde, Gigues, [[Lorraine Copeland]] and [[Peter Wescombe]]. E. Passemard suggested that two of the trihedral pieces collected by [[Paul Bovier-Lapierre]] were [[Chalossian]].<ref>Passemard, E., "Syria", Volume 8, 1927</ref><ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bspf_0249-7638_1931_num_28_6_5576 E. Passemard , P. Dubalen , A. Vayson de Pradenne , R. Neuville, La Question Chalossienne, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 1931, Volume 28, Issue 6, pp. 289–293]</ref> Describes published some of the material as [[Acheulean]] but the bulk of the material was very mixed including lots of indeterminate [[Neolithic]] pieces including [[Trihedral Neolithic]] and [[Heavy Neolithic]] forms. There was also a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] occupation on the flat fields above the slopes. Some archaeological material from Sin el Fil is in the [[National Museum of Beirut]] and the [[Museum of Lebanese Prehistory]].<ref name="CopelandWescombe1965">{{cite book|author1=Lorraine Copeland|author2=P. Wescombe|title=Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 136-137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YsRRwAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011|year=1965|publisher=Imprimerie Catholique}}</ref>
Collections of archaeological material from this limestone "hogsback" were made from the [[gullies]] to the south of the main road on the slopes of forested hills. The recovery areas were described as ''"ravines sinueuses"'' by [[Raoul Describes]] after making a collection in 1921.<ref>Describes, Raoul. "Quelques ateliers paléolithiques des environs de Beyrouth". In ''Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph'': Volume VII, 1921.</ref> Other [[Jesuits]] who made collections from the area included [[Godefroy Zumoffen]] in 1908, [[Paul Bovier-Lapierre]] and [[Auguste Bergy]] as well as Mouterde, Gigues, [[Lorraine Copeland]] and [[Peter Wescombe]]. {{ill|E. Passemard |fr| Emmanuel Passemard}} suggested that two of the [[trihedral]] pieces (i.e., composed of three planes) collected by [[Paul Bovier-Lapierre]] were [[Chalossian]].<ref>Passemard, E., "Syria", Volume 8, 1927</ref><ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bspf_0249-7638_1931_num_28_6_5576 E. Passemard , P. Dubalen , A. Vayson de Pradenne , R. Neuville, La Question Chalossienne, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 1931, Volume 28, Issue 6, pp. 289–293]</ref> Describes published some of the material as [[Acheulean]] but the bulk of the material was very mixed including many indeterminate [[Neolithic]] pieces including [[Trihedral Neolithic]] and [[Heavy Neolithic]] forms.<ref name= CW>{{cite book |author1= Copeland, Lorraine |author2= Wescombe, P. |title= Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon |pages= 136-137 |year= 1965 |publisher= Imprimerie Catholique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YsRRwAACAAJ |access-date= 21 July 2011}}</ref>


There was also a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] occupation on the flat fields above the slopes.<ref name= CW/>
⚫
==Twin towns — sister cities==

⚫
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Prato]], [[Italy]], since 2008<ref name="Twin 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sinelfil.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=1|title=Sin el fil Official Web Site|publisher=City of Sin el fil |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
Some archaeological material from Sin el Fil is in the [[National Museum of Beirut]] and the [[Museum of Lebanese Prehistory]].<ref name= CW/>

===Civil War===
[[Lebanese Civil War |On 1 March 1990]], Sin el Fil was the scene of heavy fighting between [[Samir Geagea]]'s [[Lebanese Forces (Christian militia)|Lebanese Forces]] (LF) and parts of the [[Lebanese Army]] loyal to General [[Michel Aoun]]. It was the last offensive in Aoun's failed attempt to take control of Christian East Beirut and caused extensive damage and many casualties.<ref>[[Middle East International]] No 371, 16th March 1990, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]], pp. 9, 10.</ref>

⚫
==Twin towns – sister cities==
⚫
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Prato]], [[Italy]], since 2008<ref name="Twin 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sinelfil.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=1|title=Sin el fil Official Web Site|publisher=City of Sin el fil |access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>


==References and footnotes==
==References and footnotes==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.localiban.org/article4532.html Sinn El Fil], Localiban
*[http://www.localiban.org/article4532.html Sinn El Fil], Localiban
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202120516/http://www.sinelfil.org/ Municipality of Sin el Fil] ''(Arabic)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202120516/http://www.sinelfil.org/ Municipality of Sin el Fil] ''(Arabic)''


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[[Category:Populated places in the Matn District]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Matn District]]
[[Category:Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon]]

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Trihedral Neolithic sites]]
[[Category:Trihedral Neolithic sites]]

Latest revision as of 18:35, 23 December 2024

Sinn al-Fīl
سن الفيل
City
Map showing the location of Sin el Fil within Lebanon
Map showing the location of Sin el Fil within Lebanon
Sinn al-Fīl
Location within Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°52′N 35°32′E / 33.867°N 35.533°E / 33.867; 35.533
Country Lebanon
GovernorateMount Lebanon Governorate
DistrictMatn District
Government
 • Time ZoneGMT +2 (UTC)
 • – Summer (DST)+3 (UTC)
 • Area Code(s)(+961) 1
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Dialing code+961
The former "Metropolitan Hotel", currently a Hilton Hotel

Sin el Fil (Arabic: سنّ الفيل / ALA-LC: Sinn al-Fīl) is a suburb east of Beirut in the Matn District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon.

Etymology

[edit]

The name literally means 'ivory': "tooth" (sinn) of "the elephant" (al-fīl). Being geographically closer to the ancient city of Antioch and far remote from natural elephant habitat, it is believed that the town name may have been a derogation of Saint Theophilus of Antioch.[citation needed]

Geography

[edit]

With a rich red soil and moderate precipitation (but available ground water irrigation) the agricultural land of Sin el Fil in the early 20th century sprawled into a densely populated suburb. The natural landscape of the late century was dominated by stone pine. The Beirut River runs west of Sin el Fil and separates the town from the capital, Beirut.

Demographics

[edit]

History and archaeologyy

[edit]

Prehistory and Roman period

[edit]

Collections of archaeological material from this limestone "hogsback" were made from the gullies to the south of the main road on the slopes of forested hills. The recovery areas were described as "ravines sinueuses" by Raoul Describes after making a collection in 1921.[1] Other Jesuits who made collections from the area included Godefroy Zumoffen in 1908, Paul Bovier-Lapierre and Auguste Bergy as well as Mouterde, Gigues, Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe. E. Passemard  [fr] suggested that two of the trihedral pieces (i.e., composed of three planes) collected by Paul Bovier-Lapierre were Chalossian.[2][3] Describes published some of the material as Acheulean but the bulk of the material was very mixed including many indeterminate Neolithic pieces including Trihedral Neolithic and Heavy Neolithic forms.[4]

There was also a Roman occupation on the flat fields above the slopes.[4]

Some archaeological material from Sin el Fil is in the National Museum of Beirut and the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory.[4]

Civil War

[edit]

On 1 March 1990, Sin el Fil was the scene of heavy fighting between Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces (LF) and parts of the Lebanese Army loyal to General Michel Aoun. It was the last offensive in Aoun's failed attempt to take control of Christian East Beirut and caused extensive damage and many casualties.[5]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

References and footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Describes, Raoul. "Quelques ateliers paléolithiques des environs de Beyrouth". In Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph: Volume VII, 1921.
  2. ^ Passemard, E., "Syria", Volume 8, 1927
  3. ^ E. Passemard , P. Dubalen , A. Vayson de Pradenne , R. Neuville, La Question Chalossienne, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 1931, Volume 28, Issue 6, pp. 289–293
  4. ^ a b c Copeland, Lorraine; Wescombe, P. (1965). Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon. Imprimerie Catholique. pp. 136–137. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  5. ^ Middle East International No 371, 16th March 1990, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir, pp. 9, 10.
  6. ^ "Sin el fil Official Web Site". City of Sin el fil. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
[edit]
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