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Coordinates: 10°54′48″N 114°03′43″E / 10.9133°N 114.062°E / 10.9133; 114.062
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{{Short description|Disputed reef in the Spratly Islands}}
{{Short description|Disputed reef in the Spratly Islands}}
{{Infobox islands
{{Infobox islands
| disputed = yes
| disputed = yes
| name = Subi Reef
| name = Subi Reef
| type = reef
| type =
| other_names = <br />Zhubi Reef<br />渚碧礁 Zhǔbì Jiāo ''(Chinese)''<br />Zamora Reef ''(Philippine English)''<br />Bahura ng Zamora ''(Filipino)''<br />đá Xu Bi ''(Vietnamese)''
| other_names = <br />Zhubi Reef<br />渚碧礁 Zhǔbì Jiāo ''(Chinese)''<br />Zamora Reef ''(Philippine English)''<br />Bahura ng Zamora ''(Filipino)''<br />đá Xu Bi ''(Vietnamese)''
| image_name = File:Subi Reef 2021.png
| image_name = Da_Xu_Bi.jpg
| image_size = 260
| image_size = 260
| image_caption = [[Sentinel-2]] Image (March 2021)
| image_caption = [[Sentinel-2]] Image (October 2022)
| pushpin_map = Spratly Islands relief
| pushpin_map = Spratly Islands relief
| image_map = {{China Hainan Sansha}}
| location = [[South China Sea]]
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9133|N|114.062|E|source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[South China Sea]]
| archipelago = [[Spratly Islands]]
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9133|N|114.062|E|source:kolossus-zhwiki|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[Spratly Islands]]
| country = {{CHN}}
⚫
| country = {{PRC}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Hainan]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Hainan]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[prefecture-level city]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[prefecture-level city]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Sansha]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Sansha]]
| country1 = {{TWN}}
| country1 = {{CHN}}
| country2 = {{VNM}}
| country2 = {{PHI}}
| country3 = {{PHI}}
| country3 = {{TWN}}
⚫
| country4 = {{VNM}}
| area_km2 = 0
| area_footnotes = {{nbsp}}(Natural)<br>{{convert|3.95|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (Reclaimed)
}}
}}
'''Subi Reef''', also known as '''Zamora Reef''' ({{lang-tl|Bahura ng Zamora|lit=Reef of [[Jacinto Zamora|Zamora]]}}); Zhubi Reef ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] {{zh|c=渚碧礁|p=Zhǔbì Jiāo}}); {{lang-vi|đá Xu Bi}}, is a [[reef]] in the [[Spratly Islands]] of the [[South China Sea]] located {{convert|26|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Philippines]]' Pag-asa island [[Thitu Island]] under the municipality of the Kalayaan Island Group, Palawan province as claimed by Philippines. It is occupied by [[People's Republic of China|China (PRC)]], and claimed by [[Republic of China|Taiwan (ROC)]] and [[Vietnam]]. According to the claims of the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]], it currently falls under the ''de facto'' jurisdiction of [[Nansha Islands|Nansha islands]], [[Sansha|Sansha city]], [[Hainan|Hainan province]], [[China]]. But under the clauses of the UNCLOS, which the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] is also a signatory, the international law (if applied) only the Philippines has the maritime rights to exploit its resources or build structures, as it is within the continental shelf ("[[Extended Continental Shelf]]") of the coastal country.
'''Subi Reef''', also known as '''Xu Bi Reef''' ({{langx|vi|Đá Xu Bi}}), '''Zamora Reef''' ({{langx|fil|Bahura ng Zamora|lit=Reef of [[Jacinto Zamora|Zamora]]}}), or '''Zhubi Reef''' ({{zh|c=渚碧礁|p=Zhǔbì Jiāo}}), is an [[atoll]] in the [[Spratly Islands]] of the [[South China Sea]] located {{convert|26|km|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Thitu Island]]. It is occupied by [[China]], and claimed by the [[Philippines]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Vietnam]].


== Topography and features ==
== Topography and features ==
The atoll measures {{convert|5.7|km|mi}} along its longer southwest-northeast axis, and is up to {{convert|3.5|km|mi}} wide. Its total area including the lagoon and rim of the reef measures {{convert|16|sqkm|sqmi}}, and the lagoon is up to {{convert|22|m|ft}} deep.<ref>[ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/reposit/2001/2001075.pdf Atoll Area, Depth and Rainfall: Zhubi]</ref>
The atoll measures {{convert|5.7|km|mi}} along its longer southwest-northeast axis, and is up to {{convert|3.5|km|mi}} wide. Its total area including the lagoon and rim of the atoll measures {{convert|16|sqkm|sqmi}}, and the lagoon is up to {{convert|22|m|ft}} deep.<ref>[ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/reposit/2001/2001075.pdf Atoll Area, Depth and Rainfall: Zhubi]</ref>


Naturally above water only at low tide, the reef surrounds a lagoon. The [[People's Republic of China]] has constructed a 4-story building, a weather observation station with [[Weather radar|doppler weather radar]], [[wharfs]], and an [[Zhubi Airport|airport]] in the area. A [[buoy]]ed channel guides ships to the inner [[lagoon]] which is {{convert|3.7|km|mi}} in diameter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anda |first=Redempto |title=Government told of China buildup 2 months ago |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/44553 |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Philippine Inquirer |date=17 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jingya |first=Mei |title=China installed radar on Zhubi Reef：Philippine media |url=http://english.sina.com/china/2012/0718/487613.html |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Sina English News |date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Gazetteer>{{cite web|title=Digital Gazetteer of the Spratly Islands |url=http://www.southchinasea.org/macand/gazetteer.htm |publisher=www.southchinasea.org |access-date=2008-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717152713/http://www.southchinasea.org/macand/gazetteer.htm |archive-date=July 17, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.qq.com/a/20120725/000453.htm |title=高清：菲律宾称中国将在南沙渚碧礁建机场 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=qq.com |publisher=[[Tencent QQ]] |access-date=August 9, 2016 |quote=Chinese language page with a collection of 10 photos of the reef and Thitu (Pagasa) Island dated 25 July 2012. Pictures 1,3,4&6 show the buildings on the reef; 5 shows a lighthouse, 7–10 show Pagasa}}</ref>
Naturally above water only at low tide, the atoll surrounds a lagoon. The [[People's Republic of China]] has constructed a 4-story building, a weather observation station with [[Weather radar|doppler weather radar]], [[wharfs]], and an [[Zhubi Airport|airport]] in the area. A [[buoy]]ed channel guides ships to the inner [[lagoon]] which is {{convert|3.7|km|mi}} in diameter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anda |first=Redempto |title=Government told of China buildup 2 months ago |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/44553 |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Philippine Inquirer |date=17 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jingya |first=Mei |title=China installed radar on Zhubi Reef：Philippine media |url=http://english.sina.com/china/2012/0718/487613.html |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Sina English News |date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Gazetteer>{{cite web|title=Digital Gazetteer of the Spratly Islands |url=http://www.southchinasea.org/macand/gazetteer.htm |publisher=www.southchinasea.org |access-date=2008-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717152713/http://www.southchinasea.org/macand/gazetteer.htm |archive-date=July 17, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.qq.com/a/20120725/000453.htm |title=高清：菲律宾称中国将在南沙渚碧礁建机场 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=qq.com |publisher=[[Tencent QQ]] |access-date=August 9, 2016 |quote=Chinese language page with a collection of 10 photos of the reef and Thitu (Pagasa) Island dated 25 July 2012. Pictures 1,3,4&6 show the buildings on the reef; 5 shows a lighthouse, 7–10 show Pagasa}}</ref>


== UNCLOS Maritime Ruling ==
== UNCLOS Maritime Ruling ==
On 12 July 2016, the UNCLOS special arbitral tribunal in the [[Philippines v. China]] case confirmed that Subi Reef is, or in its natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and is, accordingly a low-tide elevation that does not generate entitlement to a [[territorial sea]], [[exclusive economic zone]] or [[continental shelf]], but is within 12 miles of a high-tide feature, Sandy Cay on the reefs west of [[Pag-asa Island]] ([[Thitu Island]]).<ref name=PCA20130712>{{cite web |title=Award |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086}} p.174</ref>
On 12 July 2016, the UNCLOS special arbitral tribunal in the [[Philippines v. China]] case confirmed that Subi Reef is, or in its natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and is, accordingly a low-tide elevation that does not generate entitlement to a [[territorial sea]], [[exclusive economic zone]] or [[continental shelf]], but is within 12 miles of a high-tide feature Sandy Cay on the atoll's west of Thitu Island.<ref name=PCA20130712>{{cite web |title=Award |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086}} p.174</ref>


As the Subi Reef is under the water, it is considered by the Third [[United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS III) as "sea bed" in "international waters". Although the PRC had ratified a limited UNCLOS III not allowing innocent passage of warships,<ref name=UNCLOSdeclarations>{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm |title= UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification}}</ref> according to the UNCLOS III, features built on the sea bed cannot have territorial waters.<ref name=UNCLOSdeclarations/> Therefore, the PRC's claims and build-up on the reef are illegal. The [[Philippines]] however, having a limited naval force, was unable to enforce occupation over the reef.
As the Subi Reef is under the water, it is considered by the Third [[United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS III) as "sea bed" in "international waters". Although the PRC had ratified a limited UNCLOS III not allowing innocent passage of warships,<ref name=UNCLOSdeclarations>{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm |title= UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification}}</ref> according to the UNCLOS III, features built on the sea bed cannot have territorial waters.<ref name=UNCLOSdeclarations/>


== Environmental issues ==
== Environmental issues ==
Line 39: Line 41:
== Territorial disputes ==
== Territorial disputes ==
[[File:Subi Reef May 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Subi Reef under reclamation by the PRC, May 2015.]]
[[File:Subi Reef May 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Subi Reef under reclamation by the PRC, May 2015.]]
[[File:Thitu Reefs and Subi Reef nautical chart of 1911 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Subi Reef lower left on 1911 nautical chart]]
⚫
The atoll is controlled by [[China]] (PRC), with a 2014 estimate of 200 troops stationed there,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/06/13/14/china-reclaiming-land-5-reefs |title= China reclaiming land in 5 reefs? |author= DJ Sta. Ana |date=June 13, 2014 |accessdate= September 11, 2014 |work= www.abs-cbnnews.com}}</ref> and also claimed by [[Taiwan]] (ROC), [[Vietnam]] and the [[Philippines]]. In July 2012, a large fleet of 30 Chinese fishing vessels arrived at the atoll from Hainan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cunfu |first=Wang |title=Fishing vessels arrive at Zhubi Reef of south China Sea |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-07/18/c_131723838.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120724035445/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-07/18/c_131723838.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 24, 2012 |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Xinhua |date=18 July 2012}}</ref>


⚫
In April 2015, a [[Philippine Navy]] aircraft patrolling near the atoll received "aggressive action" from a Chinese ship.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=18 April 2015 |title=Philippine military says Chinese ship took aggressive action |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/philippine-military-says-chinese-ship-took-aggressive-action-1.1498036 |newspaper=Gulf News |location=United Arab Emeritus |access-date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Also in 2015, the [[USS Lassen (DDG-82)|USS ''Lassen'']] sailed within 12 nautical miles (which if applicable is the [[territorial waters]] limit of the atoll), prompting the [[Chinese Foreign Ministry]] to call the action a "provocation" and vowed to keep building up in the [[South China Sea]]. As per the US Navy, this was a routine "freedom of navigation" exercise. Similar exercises are performed routinely about 12–28 times per year.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Beijing Calls U.S. Warship's Route in South China Sea a 'Provocation'|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/28/world/asia/south-china-sea-uss-lassen-spratly-islands.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-10-27|access-date = 2015-10-27|issn = 0362-4331|first = Jane|last = Perlez}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = A U.S. Naval Signal in the South China Sea|url = http://www.cfr.org/china/us-naval-signal-south-china-sea/p37185|website = Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate = 2015-11-02}}</ref>
⚫
The reef is controlled by [[China]] (PRC), with a 2014 estimate of 200 troops stationed there,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/06/13/14/china-reclaiming-land-5-reefs |title= China reclaiming land in 5 reefs? |author= DJ Sta. Ana |date=June 13, 2014 |accessdate= September 11, 2014 |work= www.abs-cbnnews.com}}</ref> and claimed by [[Taiwan]] (ROC), and [[Vietnam]]. In July 2012, a large fleet of 30 Chinese fishing vessels arrived at the reef from Hainan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cunfu |first=Wang |title=Fishing vessels arrive at Zhubi Reef of south China Sea |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-07/18/c_131723838.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120724035445/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-07/18/c_131723838.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 24, 2012 |accessdate=29 October 2013 |newspaper=Xinhua |date=18 July 2012}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Subi Reef, Spratly Islands.png|thumb|The atoll in 2000 before Chinese militarization.]]

⚫
During 2014, the PRC started reclaiming land at Subi Reef, and by the end of 2015 had developed it into an island of {{convert|3.95|sqkm|sqmi}}, with a military base, a large harbor, and an airstrip of about {{convert|3000|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amti.csis.org/new-imagery-release/|title=Potential New Runway Presents New Headaches|author=Gregory Poling|publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|accessdate=2015-10-30}}</ref><ref name="tracker">{{cite web|url=http://amti.csis.org/subi-reef-tracker/|title=Subi reef tracker|publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|access-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515054025/http://amti.csis.org/subi-reef-tracker/|archive-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> In November 2015, two U.S. [[B-52]] strategic bombers flew in airspace near the area. They were contacted by Chinese ground control, but were allowed to continue their mission undeterred.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-bombers-flew-near-chinese-built-island-in-south-china-sea-pentagon/ar-BBmWhOg?li=AAa0dzB]{{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> In April 2016 a new [[lighthouse]] 55 meters (180') high commenced operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-starts-operating-new-south-china-sea-lighthouse-on-subi-reef/|title=China Unveils New South China Sea Lighthouse on Subi Reef|author=Prashanth Parameswaran|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]|date=2016-04-06|accessdate=2016-04-24}}</ref> A civilian test flight to the new airport was conducted by a passenger jet of [[Hainan Airlines]] on July 13, 2016.<ref>{{cite news | title = China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands | url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656_2.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160822191436/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656_2.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= August 22, 2016 | accessdate= 2016-07-14 | newspaper= Xinhua}}</ref>
⚫
In April 2015, a [[Philippine Navy]] aircraft patrolling near the reef received "aggressive action" from a Chinese ship.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=18 April 2015 |title=Philippine military says Chinese ship took aggressive action |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/philippine-military-says-chinese-ship-took-aggressive-action-1.1498036 |newspaper=Gulf News |location=United Arab Emeritus |access-date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Also in 2015, the [[USS Lassen (DDG-82)|USS ''Lassen'']] sailed within 12 nautical miles (which if applicable is the [[territorial waters]] limit of the reef), prompting the [[Chinese Foreign Ministry]] to call the action a "provocation" and vowed to keep building up in the [[South China Sea]]. As per the US Navy, this was a routine "freedom of navigation" exercise. Similar exercises are performed routinely about 12–28 times per year.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Beijing Calls U.S. Warship's Route in South China Sea a 'Provocation'|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/28/world/asia/south-china-sea-uss-lassen-spratly-islands.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-10-27|access-date = 2015-10-27|issn = 0362-4331|first = Jane|last = Perlez}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = A U.S. Naval Signal in the South China Sea|url = http://www.cfr.org/china/us-naval-signal-south-china-sea/p37185|website = Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate = 2015-11-02}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Subi Reef, Spratly Islands.png|thumb|The reef in 2000 before Chinese militarization.]]
⚫
During 2014, the PRC started reclaiming land at Subi Reef, and by the end of 2015 had developed it into an island of {{convert|3.95|sqkm|sqmi}}, with a military base, a large harbor, and an airstrip of about {{convert|3000|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amti.csis.org/new-imagery-release/|title=Potential New Runway Presents New Headaches|author=Gregory Poling|publisher=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|accessdate=2015-10-30}}</ref><ref name="tracker">{{cite web|url=http://amti.csis.org/subi-reef-tracker/|title=Subi reef tracker|publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|access-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515054025/http://amti.csis.org/subi-reef-tracker/|archive-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> In November 2015, two U.S. B-52 strategic bombers flew in airspace near the area. They were contacted by Chinese ground control, but were allowed to continue their mission undeterred.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-bombers-flew-near-chinese-built-island-in-south-china-sea-pentagon/ar-BBmWhOg?li=AAa0dzB ]{{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> In April 2016 a new [[lighthouse]] 55 meters (180') high commenced operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-starts-operating-new-south-china-sea-lighthouse-on-subi-reef/|title=China Unveils New South China Sea Lighthouse on Subi Reef|author=Prashanth Parameswaran|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]|date=2016-04-06|accessdate=2016-04-24}}</ref> A civilian test flight to the new airport was conducted by a passenger jet of [[Hainan Airlines]] on July 13, 2016.<ref>{{cite news | title = China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands | url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656_2.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160822191436/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/13/c_135510656_2.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= August 22, 2016 | accessdate= 2016-07-14 | newspaper= Xinhua}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 63: Line 65:
{{South China Sea}}
{{South China Sea}}



⚫
[[Category:Reefs of China]]
[[Category:Reefs of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Atolls of China]]
[[Category:Reefs of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Atolls of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Reefs of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Atolls of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Reefs of the Spratly Islands]]
[[Category:Atolls of Vietnam]]
⚫
[[Category:Atolls of the Spratly Islands]]
[[Category:Landforms of Khánh Hòa province]]
[[Category:Landforms of Khánh Hòa province]]
[[Category:Artificial islands of Asia]]
[[Category:Artificial islands of Asia]]
[[Category:Disputed reefs]]
[[Category:Disputed atolls]]
[[Category:Coastal fortifications]]
[[Category:Coastal fortifications]]

Revision as of 20:19, 23 December 2024

Subi Reef
Disputed island
Sentinel-2 Image (October 2022)
Subi Reef is located in Spratly Islands
Subi Reef
Subi Reef
Other names
Zhubi Reef
渚碧礁 Zhǔbì Jiāo (Chinese)
Zamora Reef (Philippine English)
Bahura ng Zamora (Filipino)
đá Xu Bi (Vietnamese)
Geography
LocationSouth China Sea
Coordinates10°54′48″N 114°03′43″E / 10.9133°N 114.062°E / 10.9133; 114.062
ArchipelagoSpratly Islands
Area0 km2 (0 sq mi) (Natural)
3.95 km2 (1.53 sq mi) (Reclaimed)
Administration
ProvinceHainan
prefecture-level citySansha
Claimed by
 China
 Philippines
 Taiwan
 Vietnam

Subi Reef, also known as Xu Bi Reef (Vietnamese: Đá Xu Bi), Zamora Reef (Filipino: Bahura ng Zamora, lit. 'Reef of Zamora'), or Zhubi Reef (Chinese: 渚碧礁; pinyin: Zhǔbì Jiāo), is an atoll in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea located 26 km (16 mi) southwest of Thitu Island. It is occupied by China, and claimed by the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam.

Topography and features

The atoll measures 5.7 kilometres (3.5 mi) along its longer southwest-northeast axis, and is up to 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) wide. Its total area including the lagoon and rim of the atoll measures 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi), and the lagoon is up to 22 metres (72 ft) deep.[1]

Naturally above water only at low tide, the atoll surrounds a lagoon. The People's Republic of China has constructed a 4-story building, a weather observation station with doppler weather radar, wharfs, and an airport in the area. A buoyed channel guides ships to the inner lagoon which is 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) in diameter.[2][3][4][5]

UNCLOS Maritime Ruling

On 12 July 2016, the UNCLOS special arbitral tribunal in the Philippines v. China case confirmed that Subi Reef is, or in its natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and is, accordingly a low-tide elevation that does not generate entitlement to a territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, but is within 12 miles of a high-tide feature Sandy Cay on the atoll's west of Thitu Island.[6]

As the Subi Reef is under the water, it is considered by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) as "sea bed" in "international waters". Although the PRC had ratified a limited UNCLOS III not allowing innocent passage of warships,[7] according to the UNCLOS III, features built on the sea bed cannot have territorial waters.[7]

Environmental issues

The PRC has ratified UNCLOS III;[7] the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an International Seabed Authority and the Common heritage of mankind principle.[8]

Territorial disputes

Subi Reef under reclamation by the PRC, May 2015.
Subi Reef lower left on 1911 nautical chart

The atoll is controlled by China (PRC), with a 2014 estimate of 200 troops stationed there,[9] and also claimed by Taiwan (ROC), Vietnam and the Philippines. In July 2012, a large fleet of 30 Chinese fishing vessels arrived at the atoll from Hainan.[10]

In April 2015, a Philippine Navy aircraft patrolling near the atoll received "aggressive action" from a Chinese ship.[11] Also in 2015, the USS Lassen sailed within 12 nautical miles (which if applicable is the territorial waters limit of the atoll), prompting the Chinese Foreign Ministry to call the action a "provocation" and vowed to keep building up in the South China Sea. As per the US Navy, this was a routine "freedom of navigation" exercise. Similar exercises are performed routinely about 12–28 times per year.[12][13]

The atoll in 2000 before Chinese militarization.

During 2014, the PRC started reclaiming land at Subi Reef, and by the end of 2015 had developed it into an island of 3.95 square kilometres (1.53 sq mi), with a military base, a large harbor, and an airstrip of about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft).[14][15] In November 2015, two U.S. B-52 strategic bombers flew in airspace near the area. They were contacted by Chinese ground control, but were allowed to continue their mission undeterred.[16] In April 2016 a new lighthouse 55 meters (180') high commenced operations.[17] A civilian test flight to the new airport was conducted by a passenger jet of Hainan Airlines on July 13, 2016.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Atoll Area, Depth and Rainfall: Zhubi
  2. ^ Anda, Redempto (17 July 2012). "Government told of China buildup 2 months ago". Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  3. ^ Jingya, Mei (19 July 2012). "China installed radar on Zhubi Reef：Philippine media". Sina English News. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  4. ^ "Digital Gazetteer of the Spratly Islands". www.southchinasea.org. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  5. ^ "高清：菲律宾称中国将在南沙渚碧礁建机场". qq.com. Tencent QQ. Retrieved August 9, 2016. Chinese language page with a collection of 10 photos of the reef and Thitu (Pagasa) Island dated 25 July 2012. Pictures 1,3,4&6 show the buildings on the reef; 5 shows a lighthouse, 7–10 show Pagasa
  6. ^ "Award". Permanent Court of Arbitration. 12 July 2016. p.174
  7. ^ a b c "UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification".
  8. ^ Jennifer Frakes, The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003; 21:409
  9. ^ DJ Sta. Ana (June 13, 2014). "China reclaiming land in 5 reefs?". www.abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  10. ^ Cunfu, Wang (18 July 2012). "Fishing vessels arrive at Zhubi Reef of south China Sea". Xinhua. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  11. ^ "Philippine military says Chinese ship took aggressive action". Gulf News. United Arab Emeritus. Associated Press. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  12. ^ Perlez, Jane (2015-10-27). "Beijing Calls U.S. Warship's Route in South China Sea a 'Provocation'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  13. ^ "A U.S. Naval Signal in the South China Sea". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  14. ^ Gregory Poling. "Potential New Runway Presents New Headaches". Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
  15. ^ "Subi reef tracker". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  16. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  17. ^ Prashanth Parameswaran (2016-04-06). "China Unveils New South China Sea Lighthouse on Subi Reef". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  18. ^ "China conducts test flights on two new airports on Nansha Islands". Xinhua. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
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