Premna microphylla: Difference between revisions

Premna microphylla
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Genus:	Premna
Species:	P. microphylla
Binomial name
	Premna microphylla; Turcz. 1863
Synonyms
	Gumira japonica (Miq.) Kuntze; Gumira microphylla (Turcz.) Kuntze (homotypic synonym); Premna formosana Maxim.; Premna japonica Miq.; Premna luxurians Nakai; Premna microphylla var. glabra Nakai; Premna microphylla var. luxurians (Nakai) Moldenke;

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Premna microphylla is a tree^[4] in the mint family (Lamiaceae).^[3]

Names

P. microphylla has the English common names Japanese premna,^[5] (Japanese) musk maple,^[6] and Japanese neem tree.^[6] It is also called tofu tree because of the tofu-like food made from the leaves.^[7]

The specific epithet microphylla derives from Greek μικροϛ (micros) and φυλλον (phyllon) and means 'small leaves'.^[6]^[8] The name for the genus Premna derives from the Greek πρέμνον (premnon, tree stump) refers to the short trunks that some species have.^[6]

In Japanese it is called ハマクサギ (hamakusagi).^[4] In China, it is known as 豆腐柴 (dòufu chái 'tofu wood'), 斑鸠树 (bānjiū shù 'turtledove tree'),^[9] 臭黄荆 (chòu huáng jīng 'stinky yellow thorn'), 腐蜱 (fǔ pí 'rotten tick'), and 观音草 (guānyīn cǎo 'Guanyin grass').^[10] In Taiwan it is called 臭黃荊 (chòu huáng jīng)^[11] The plant is called cách lá nhỏ in Vietnamese.^[12]^[13]

Description

P. microphylla is a tree^[4] and has square, woody, mostly smooth stems and branches.^[2] The plant reaches 2–6 m (6 ft 7 in – 19 ft 8 in) in height,^[10] and around 3 m (9.8 ft) wide.^[6] It grows as a nanophanerophyte or phanerophyte.^[3]

The leaves are sessile, ovate-lanceolate in shape and tapered near the tip.^[2] The leaves grow in an opposite pattern.^[6] The leaf margins are serrate from the middle to the apex.^[2] Both sides of the leaves are scabrous and covered with very short 'hairs'.^[2] The leaves have a strong odor^[10] that has been compared to those of Serissa.^[14]

The flowers are hermaphroditic^[2] and grow in conical panicles.^[6] The 5-part calyx is short,^[2] cup-shaped, and purplish-green.^[6] The calyx surrounds a funnel-shaped corolla^[2] that is pale yellow.^[10]^[6] The petals are 0.3–0.4 inches (7.6–10.2 mm) long.^[2] The cream-colored and zygomorphic flowers bloom in May and August.^[4]

The drupe is obovate to nearly spherical and purple-black when ripe.^[10]^[6]

Major compounds found in the essential oil include blumenol c, β-cedrene, limonene, α-guaiene, cryptone, and α-cyperone.^[15]

Distribution

The plant is found in southern China,^[2]^[3]^[6] central and southern Japan,^[3]^[4] and Taiwan.^[3]^[11]^[6] The type specimen was collected by Scottish botanist and plant hunter Robert Fortune in China.^[2] It prefers growing in slightly acidic to acidic soil mainly on woodland edges or understory at an altitude of 500–1,000 metres (1,600–3,300 ft) in elevation.^[10]

Ecology

The growing season is yearly from March to November.^[10] The pollination syndrome for P. microphylla is melittophily, with bee and wasp pollinators including Xylocopa amamensis, Cerceris yuwanensis, and Hylaeus insularum.^[4] There are no major diseases or insect pests known.^[6] There is some evidence that sika deer will nibble on the tree occasionally.^[16]

Uses

P. microphylla is used for food. The leaves can be used to make a pectin-rich gel that is something like tofu.^[10]^[9] The jelly is similar to grass jelly but it not usually called that, unlike other grass jelly plants. This green gel is called 神仙豆腐 (shénxiān dòufu, immortal/divine tofu)^[9] or 观音豆腐 (Guānyīn dòufu, Guanyin tofu).^[10] In English it is sometimes called green leaf tofu.^[7] A similar 'fairy tofu' is made from the leaves of Premna puberula.^[17] The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),^[10] and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like hard wheat (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).^[18]^[19] To make the 'tofu', the leaves are washed and crushed with some water to facilitate grinding.^[10] Culinary ash is added to the strained mixture and it is allowed to set.^[10] Some cooks burn specific wood for the ash, such as Osmanthus.^[20] The dish is considered a refreshing summer treat.^[10] Production is small and local, and not done on an industrial scale.^[10]

Much effort has been made to develop P. microphylla as an industrial source of pectin.^[10] The leaves contain 30-40% pectin,^[10] much higher than the typical sources, apple pomace (10-15%) and citrus peel (20-30%).^[21]

The plant is also used for bonsai^[6] because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.^[14] The bonsai trunks are evocative of driftwood, similar to shimpaku juniper.^[14] A specimen of P. microphylla was used as an autonomous bonsai in the art installation titled Premna Daemon.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]

References

^ Zhao, L., Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. Premna microphylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T147650548A147650550. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147650548A147650550.en Archived 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed on 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Turczaninow, Nikolai (1863). Renard (ed.). "Verbenaceae et Myoporaceae Nonnullae Hucusque Indescriptae" [Verbenaceae and Myoporaceae Several Thus Far Undescribed] (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (in Latin). XXXVI (3): 217. OCLC 12176618. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Premna microphylla". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Kew: Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kato, Makoto (31 March 2000). "Anthophilous insect community and plant-pollinator interactions on Amami Islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan". Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University. 29 (2): 157–254. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.861.2315. hdl:2433/156116. ISSN 0452-9987. OCLC 957900493.
^ Yang, Xinrong (9 March 2013). Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 325. ISBN 9783662051771. OCLC 1012445569. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "Premna microphylla". Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, MO. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Goldthread (30 November 2018). "The Tofu That Grows On Trees". YouTube. RADII. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ Griffith, Chuck. "micranthiformis – mitissimus". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c LI, Gang-feng; YAN, Hong-bo; KANG, Ming; WANG, Huan; HE, Zhi-jun; ZHOU, Qiang-ying; ZHANG, Hua-min (19 February 2017). "豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化" [Optimization of Processing Technology of Premna microphylla Turcz Leaf Tofu]. 食品研究与开发 (in Chinese). 38 (14): 68–74. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015. ISSN 1005-6521. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p LI, Mei-qing; WANG, Yuan-li; DONG, Ming; HE, Jin-ling (2011). "豆腐柴的研究与应用综述" [Summarization of research and application of Premna microphylla Turcz]. Science and Technology of Food Industry (in Chinese) (3): 462–464. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029. ISSN 1002-0306. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Chung, KF; Shao, KT (17 August 2022). "The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL)". Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "Premna microphylla Turcz". Vietnam Plant Data Center. BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2024. Scientific name: Premna microphylla Turcz. Vietnamese name: Cách lá nhỏ
^ Văn Chi Võ (2007). Sách tra cứu tên cây cỏ Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. OCLC 271047166. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chan, Peter (8 September 2014). The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai. Octopus. ISBN 9781784720063. OCLC 897024475. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ Zhang, Han-Yu; Gao, Yang; Lai, Peng-Xiang (March 2017). Tzakou, Olga (ed.). "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow". Molecules. 22 (3): 381. doi:10.3390/molecules22030381. OCLC 7181596296. PMC 6155397. PMID 28264507.
^ Terada, Chisato; Tatsuzawa, Shirow; Kawamura, Takashi; Fujioka, Masahiro (15 February 2010). "ヤクシカの餌場としての林道脇植生の評価" [Evaluation of forestry roads as feeding sites of sika deer]. 保全生態学研究 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) (in Japanese). 15: 197. doi:10.18960/hozen.15.2_193. ISSN 2424-1431. OCLC 9658348117. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ Zhang, Ming-Sheng (28 September 2012). "A Key Component Determination on Forming Fairy Tofu from the Leaf of Premna puberula (Verbenaceae)". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2 (9): 031–035. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2012.2906.
^ Steinke W, et al. (1992). New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy. CRC Press. pp. 91–100. ISBN 978-0-8493-6904-9.
^ Young VR, Pellett PL (May 1994). "Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 (5 Suppl): 1203S – 1212S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s. PMID 8172124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^ Documentary Channel, Shanghai Media Group (3 March 2022). "Guanyin Tofu观音豆腐". YouTube. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ Srivastava, Pranati; Malviya, Rishabha (March 2011). "Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry − An overview". Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2 (1). India: NISCAIR-CSIR: 10–18. ISSN 0975-1033. OCLC 724554396. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^ Roth, Christopher; Malik, Suhail; Seidler, Paul; Rafferty, Penny; Noorizadeh, Bahar; Raesaar, Kristel (25 May 2022). REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification. Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH. pp. 151–152. ISBN 9783775753432. OCLC 1372166991. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ terra0 (16 November 2018). "Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere". Medium. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "terra0". github. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere". Info Institute. 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

External links

Media related to Premna microphylla at Wikimedia Commons

[IUCN-1] Zhao, L., Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. Premna microphylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T147650548A147650550. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147650548A147650550.en Archived 6 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed on 3 July 2024.

[Turczaninow-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Turczaninow, Nikolai (1863). Renard (ed.). "Verbenaceae et Myoporaceae Nonnullae Hucusque Indescriptae" [Verbenaceae and Myoporaceae Several Thus Far Undescribed] (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (in Latin). XXXVI (3): 217. OCLC 12176618. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2018.

[WCSP-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Premna microphylla". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Kew: Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2018.

[Kato-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kato, Makoto (31 March 2000). "Anthophilous insect community and plant-pollinator interactions on Amami Islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan". Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University. 29 (2): 157–254. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.861.2315. hdl:2433/156116. ISSN 0452-9987. OCLC 957900493.

[Yang-5] Yang, Xinrong (9 March 2013). Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 325. ISBN 9783662051771. OCLC 1012445569. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[MBG-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ "Premna microphylla". Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, MO. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[Goldthread-7] Goldthread (30 November 2018). "The Tofu That Grows On Trees". YouTube. RADII. Retrieved 7 July 2024.

[ChuckG-8] Griffith, Chuck. "micranthiformis – mitissimus". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[LI-9] LI, Gang-feng; YAN, Hong-bo; KANG, Ming; WANG, Huan; HE, Zhi-jun; ZHOU, Qiang-ying; ZHANG, Hua-min (19 February 2017). "豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化" [Optimization of Processing Technology of Premna microphylla Turcz Leaf Tofu]. 食品研究与开发 (in Chinese). 38 (14): 68–74. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015. ISSN 1005-6521. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[LIWANG-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p LI, Mei-qing; WANG, Yuan-li; DONG, Ming; HE, Jin-ling (2011). "豆腐柴的研究与应用综述" [Summarization of research and application of Premna microphylla Turcz]. Science and Technology of Food Industry (in Chinese) (3): 462–464. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029. ISSN 1002-0306. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[TaiCoL-11] Chung, KF; Shao, KT (17 August 2022). "The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL)". Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[BotanyVN-12] "Premna microphylla Turcz". Vietnam Plant Data Center. BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2024. Scientific name: Premna microphylla Turcz. Vietnamese name: Cách lá nhỏ

[VCV-13] Văn Chi Võ (2007). Sách tra cứu tên cây cỏ Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. OCLC 271047166. Retrieved 6 July 2024.

[Chan-14] Chan, Peter (8 September 2014). The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai. Octopus. ISBN 9781784720063. OCLC 897024475. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[Zhang-15] Zhang, Han-Yu; Gao, Yang; Lai, Peng-Xiang (March 2017). Tzakou, Olga (ed.). "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow". Molecules. 22 (3): 381. doi:10.3390/molecules22030381. OCLC 7181596296. PMC 6155397. PMID 28264507.

[Terada-16] Terada, Chisato; Tatsuzawa, Shirow; Kawamura, Takashi; Fujioka, Masahiro (15 February 2010). "ヤクシカの餌場としての林道脇植生の評価" [Evaluation of forestry roads as feeding sites of sika deer]. 保全生態学研究 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) (in Japanese). 15: 197. doi:10.18960/hozen.15.2_193. ISSN 2424-1431. OCLC 9658348117. Retrieved 7 July 2024.

[17] Zhang, Ming-Sheng (28 September 2012). "A Key Component Determination on Forming Fairy Tofu from the Leaf of Premna puberula (Verbenaceae)". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2 (9): 031–035. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2012.2906.

[steinke-18] Steinke W, et al. (1992). New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy. CRC Press. pp. 91–100. ISBN 978-0-8493-6904-9.

[vernon-19] Young VR, Pellett PL (May 1994). "Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 (5 Suppl): 1203S – 1212S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s. PMID 8172124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2024.

[DocuLife-20] Documentary Channel, Shanghai Media Group (3 March 2022). "Guanyin Tofu观音豆腐". YouTube. Retrieved 7 July 2024.

[Srivastava-21] Srivastava, Pranati; Malviya, Rishabha (March 2011). "Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry − An overview". Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2 (1). India: NISCAIR-CSIR: 10–18. ISSN 0975-1033. OCLC 724554396. Retrieved 6 July 2024.

[Roth-22] Roth, Christopher; Malik, Suhail; Seidler, Paul; Rafferty, Penny; Noorizadeh, Bahar; Raesaar, Kristel (25 May 2022). REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification. Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH. pp. 151–152. ISBN 9783775753432. OCLC 1372166991. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[Medium-23] terra0 (16 November 2018). "Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere". Medium. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[github-24] "terra0". github. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[Info_Institute-25] "Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere". Info Institute. 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of small tree}}
+{{distinguish|Premna macrophylla}}
+{{About|the plant known in Chinese as fǔ pí (腐蜱)|the Chinese emperor 苻丕|Fu Pi}}
+{{Lead too short|date=September 2024}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
-{{short description|species of small tree native to Japan, China, and Taiwan}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Premna microphylla.jpg
 | image_alt = "Premna microphylla"
-| image_caption = ''Premna microphylla''
+| image_caption =
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
@@ Line 10: / Line 13: @@
 | genus = Premna
 | species = microphylla
-| authority = [[Nikolai Turczaninow|Turcz.]] 1863<ref name="Turczaninow">{{cite journal |last1=Turczaninow |first1=Nikolai |authorlink1=Nikolai Turczaninow |editor1-last=Renard |title=Verbenaceae et Myoporaceae Nonnullae Hucusque Indescriptae |journal=Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou |date=1863 |volume=XXXVI |issue=3 |page=217 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40283123 |accessdate=12 December 2018 |trans-title=Verbenaceae and Myoporaceae Several Thus Far Undescribed |language=la |format=PDF |oclc=12176618 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920185209/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40283123 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| authority = [[Nikolai Turczaninow|Turcz.]] 1863<ref name="Turczaninow">{{cite journal |last1=Turczaninow |first1=Nikolai |author-link1=Nikolai Turczaninow |editor1-last=Renard |title=Verbenaceae et Myoporaceae Nonnullae Hucusque Indescriptae |journal=Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou |date=1863 |volume=XXXVI |issue=3 |page=217 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40283123 |access-date=12 December 2018 |trans-title=Verbenaceae and Myoporaceae Several Thus Far Undescribed |language=la |format=PDF |oclc=12176618 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920185209/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40283123 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | synonyms =
 *''[[Gumira (plant)|Gumira]] japonica'' <small>([[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
@@ Line 19: / Line 22: @@
 *''Premna microphylla'' [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''glabra'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>
 *''Premna microphylla'' var. ''luxurians'' <small>([[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]) [[Harold Norman Moldenke|Moldenke]]</small>
-| synonyms_ref =<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web |title=''Premna microphylla'' |url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=165046 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=12 December 2018 |location=Kew |language=en |format=HTML |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506222036/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=165046 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| synonyms_ref =<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web |title=''Premna microphylla'' |url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=165046 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=12 December 2018 |location=Kew |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506222036/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=165046 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | subdivision_ranks =
 | subdivision =
@@ Line 27: / Line 30: @@
 ==Names==
-''P. microphylla'' has the [[English language|English]] [[common name]]s '''Japanese premna''',<ref name="Yang">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Xinrong |title=Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine |date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783662051771 |page=325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62n7CAAAQBAJ |language=en |oclc=1012445569 |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172709/https://books.google.com/books?id=62n7CAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ('''Japanese''') '''musk maple''',<ref name="MBG">{{cite web |title=Premna microphylla |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=359365 |website=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=3 July 2024 |location=St. Louis, MO |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506231804/https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=359365 |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''Japanese [[Azadirachta indica|neem]] tree'''.<ref name="MBG" />  It is also called '''tofu tree''' because of the tofu-like food made from the leaves.<ref name="Goldthread">{{cite web |author1=Goldthread |title=The Tofu That Grows On Trees |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KehOMXg9Wo4 |website=YouTube |publisher=RADII |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
+''P. microphylla'' has the [[English language|English]] [[common name]]s '''Japanese premna''',<ref name="Yang">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Xinrong |title=Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine |date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783662051771 |page=325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62n7CAAAQBAJ |language=en |oclc=1012445569 |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172709/https://books.google.com/books?id=62n7CAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ('''Japanese''') '''musk maple''',<ref name="MBG">{{cite web |title=Premna microphylla |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=359365 |website=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=3 July 2024 |location=St. Louis, MO |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506231804/https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=359365 |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''Japanese neem tree'''.<ref name="MBG" />  It is also called '''tofu tree''' because of the tofu-like food made from the leaves.<ref name="Goldthread">{{cite web |author1=Goldthread |title=The Tofu That Grows On Trees |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KehOMXg9Wo4 |website=YouTube |date=30 November 2018 |publisher=RADII |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
 The [[specific epithet]] ''microphylla'' derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|μικροϛ}} ({{transl|el|micros}}) and {{lang|el|φυλλον}} ({{transl|el|phyllon}}) and means 'small leaves'.<ref name="MBG" /><ref name="ChuckG">{{cite web |last1=Griffith |first1=Chuck |title=''micranthiformis'' – ''mitissimus'' |url=https://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.121.html |website=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015220/http://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.121.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  The name for the genus ''[[Premna]]'' derives from the Greek {{lang|el|πρέμνον}} ({{transl|el|premnon}}, tree stump) refers to the short [[Trunk (botany)|trunks]] that some species have.<ref name="MBG" />
+In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] it is called {{lang|ja|ハマクサギ}} ({{transl|ja|hamakusagi}}).<ref name="Kato">{{cite journal |last1=Kato |first1=Makoto |title=Anthophilous insect community and plant-pollinator interactions on Amami Islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan |journal=Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University |date=31 March 2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=157–254 |language=en |hdl=2433/156116 |issn=0452-9987 |oclc=957900493|citeseerx=10.1.1.861.2315}}</ref>  In China, it is known as {{lang|zh|豆腐柴}} ({{transl|zh|dòufu chái}} 'tofu wood'), {{lang|zh|斑鸠树}} ({{transl|zh|bānjiū shù}} '[[Streptopelia|turtledove]] tree'),<ref name="LI" /> {{lang|zh|臭黄荆}} ({{transl|zh|chòu huáng jīng}} 'stinky yellow thorn'), {{lang|zh|腐蜱}} ({{transl|zh|fǔ pí}} 'rotten tick'), and {{lang|zh|观音草}} ({{transl|zh|guānyīn cǎo}} '[[Guanyin]] grass').<ref name="LIWANG">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Mei-qing |last2=WANG |first2=Yuan-li |last3=DONG |first3=Ming |last4=HE |first4=Jin-ling |title=豆腐柴的研究与应用综述 |journal=Science and Technology of Food Industry |date=2011 |issue=3 |pages=462–464 |doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |url=http://www.spgykj.com/en/article/doi/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Summarization of research and application of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz |language=zh |issn=1002-0306 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703214233/http://www.spgykj.com/en/article/doi/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |url-status=live }}</ref>  In Taiwan it is called {{Lang|zh|臭黃荊}} ({{transl|zh|chòu huáng jīng}})<ref name="TaiCoL">{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=KF |last2=Shao |first2=KT |title=The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL) |url=https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=taibnet_com_all&v=1.9 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=taibnet_com_all&v=1.9 |url-status=live }}</ref>  The plant is called {{Lang|vi|cách lá nhỏ}} in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].<ref name="BotanyVN">{{cite web |title=Premna microphylla Turcz. |url=https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Premna%20microphylla&list=species&lg=en |website=Vietnam Plant Data Center |publisher=BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |quote=Scientific name: Premna microphylla Turcz. Vietnamese name: Cách lá nhỏ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063541/http://botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Premna%20microphylla&list=species&lg=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VCV">{{cite book |author1=Văn Chi Võ |title=Sách tra cứu tên cây cỏ Việt Nam |date=2007 |oclc=271047166 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHx64XhmPwC&q=%22c%C3%A1ch%20l%C3%A1%20nh%E1%BB%8F%22 |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=vi}}</ref>
-In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] it is called '''{{lang|ja|ハマクサギ}}''' '''({{transl|ja|hamakusagi}})'''.<ref name="Kato">{{cite journal |last1=Kato |first1=Makoto |title=Anthophilous insect community and plant-pollinator interactions on Amami Islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan |journal=Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University |date=31 March 2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=157–254 |language=en |hdl=2433/156116 |issn=0452-9987 |oclc=957900493|citeseerx=10.1.1.861.2315}}</ref>
-In China, it is known as '''{{lang|zh|豆腐柴}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|dòufu chái}}''' 'tofu wood'), '''{{lang|zh|斑鸠树}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|bānjiū shù}}''' '[[Streptopelia|turtledove]] tree'),<ref name="LI" /> '''{{lang|zh|臭黄荆}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|chòu huáng jīng}}''' 'stinky yellow thorn'), '''{{lang|zh|腐蜱}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|fǔ pí}}''' 'rotten tick'), and '''{{lang|zh|观音草}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|guānyīn cǎo}}''' '[[Guanyin]] grass').<ref name="LIWANG">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Mei-qing |last2=WANG |first2=Yuan-li |last3=DONG |first3=Ming |last4=HE |first4=Jin-ling |title=豆腐柴的研究与应用综述 |journal=Science and Technology of Food Industry |date=2011 |issue=3 |pages=462–464 |doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |url=http://www.spgykj.com/en/article/doi/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Summarization of research and application of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz |language=zh |issn=1002-0306 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703214233/http://www.spgykj.com/en/article/doi/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In Taiwan it is called '''{{Lang|zh|臭黃荊}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|chòu huáng jīng}}''')<ref name="TaiCoL">{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=KF |last2=Shao |first2=KT |title=The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL) |url=https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=taibnet_com_all&v=1.9 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=taibnet_com_all&v=1.9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The plant is called '''{{Lang|vi|cách lá nhỏ}}''' in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].<ref name="BotanyVN">{{cite web |title=Premna microphylla Turcz. |url=https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Premna%20microphylla&list=species&lg=en |website=Vietnam Plant Data Center |publisher=BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |quote=Scientific name: Premna microphylla Turcz. Vietnamese name: Cách lá nhỏ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063541/http://botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Premna%20microphylla&list=species&lg=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VCV">{{cite book |author1=Văn Chi Võ |title=Sách tra cứu tên cây cỏ Việt Nam |date=2007 |oclc=271047166 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHx64XhmPwC&q=%22c%C3%A1ch%20l%C3%A1%20nh%E1%BB%8F%22 |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=vi}}</ref>
-<!-- {{Lang|zh|小葉臭魚木}}? -->
-==Uses==
-''P. microphylla'' is used for food.  The leaves can be used to make a [[pectin]]-rich gel that is something like [[tofu]].<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="LI">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Gang-feng |last2=YAN |first2=Hong-bo |last3=KANG |first3=Ming |last4=WANG |first4=Huan |last5=HE |first5=Zhi-jun |last6=ZHOU |first6=Qiang-ying |last7=ZHANG |first7=Hua-min |title=豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化 |journal=食品研究与开发 |date=19 February 2017 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015 |url=http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Optimization of Processing Technology of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz Leaf Tofu |language=zh |issn=1005-6521 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172717/http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>  This green gel is called '''{{lang|zh|神仙豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|shénxiān dòufu}}''', immortal/divine tofu)<ref name="LI" /> or '''{{lang|zh|观音豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|Guānyīn dòufu}}''', '''Guanyin tofu''').<ref name="LIWANG" />  In English it is sometimes called '''green leaf tofu'''.<ref name="Goldthread" />  The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),<ref name="LIWANG" /> and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like [[hard wheat]] (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).<ref name="steinke">{{cite book | last = Steinke | first = Waggle | name-list-style = vanc |title= New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy|publisher= CRC Press|year= 1992|pages=91–100|isbn= 978-0-8493-6904-9|display-authors= etal}}</ref><ref name=vernon>{{cite journal | vauthors = Young VR, Pellett PL | title = Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 59 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = 1203S–1212S | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8172124 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s |url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/59/5/1203S.full.pdf | access-date = 6 July 2024 | archive-date = 28 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428173157/https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/59/5/1203S/24113861/1203s.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>  To make the 'tofu', the leaves are washed and crushed with some water to facilitate grinding.<ref name="LIWANG" />  [[Culinary ash]] is added to the strained mixture and it is allowed to set.<ref name="LIWANG" />  Some cooks use burn specific wood for the ash, such as ''[[Osmanthus]]''.<ref name="DocuLife">{{cite web |author1=Documentary Channel, [[Shanghai Media Group]] |title=Guanyin Tofu观音豆腐 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bh36gZrMBQ |website=YouTube |access-date=7 July 2024 |date=Mar 3, 2022}}</ref>  The dish is considered a refreshing summer treat.<ref name="LIWANG" />  Production is small and local, and not done on an [[industrial scale]].<ref name="LIWANG" />
-Much effort has been made to develop ''P. microphylla'' as an industrial source of pectin.<ref name="LIWANG" />  The leaves contain 30-40% pectin,<ref name="LIWANG" /> much higher than the typical sources, apple [[pomace]] (10-15%) and [[citrus peel]] (20-30%).<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Pranati |last2=Malviya |first2=Rishabha |title=Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry − An overview |journal=Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources |date=March 2011 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=10–18 |url=http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/11534 |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=NISCAIR-CSIR |location=India |language=en |issn=0975-1033 |oclc=724554396}}</ref>
-The plant is also used for [[bonsai]]<ref name="MBG" /> because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.<ref name="Chan" />  The bonsai trunks are evocative of [[driftwood]], similar to [[Juniperus chinensis 'Shimpaku'|shimpaku juniper]].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Peter |title=The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai |date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=9781784720063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=897024475 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448#v=onepage&q=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>  A specimen of ''P. microphylla'' was used as an autonomous bonsai in the [[art installation]] titled ''Premna Daemon''.<ref name="Roth">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Christopher |last2=Malik |first2=Suhail |last3=Seidler |first3=Paul |last4=Rafferty |first4=Penny |last5=Noorizadeh |first5=Bahar |last6=Raesaar |first6=Kristel |title=REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH |isbn=9783775753432 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=1372166991 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521213549/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Medium">{{cite web |author1=((terra0)) |title=Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |website=Medium |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223011935/https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="github">{{cite web |title=terra0 |url=https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |website=github |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Info Institute">{{cite web |title=Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |website=Info Institute |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705162842/https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Description==
-''P. microphylla'' is a tree<ref name="Kato"/> and has square, woody, mostly smooth stems and branches.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The plant reaches 2–6&nbsp;m in height,<ref name="LIWANG" /> and ~3&nbsp;m wide.<ref name="MBG" />  It grows and a [[wikt:nanophanerophyte|nanophanerophyte]] or [[phanerophyte]].<ref name="WCSP"/>
+''P. microphylla'' is a tree<ref name="Kato"/> and has square, woody, mostly smooth stems and branches.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The plant reaches {{cvt|2|-|6|m}} in height,<ref name="LIWANG" /> and around {{cvt|3|m}} wide.<ref name="MBG" />  It grows as a [[wikt:nanophanerophyte|nanophanerophyte]] or [[phanerophyte]].<ref name="WCSP"/>
-The leaves are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]], [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]]-[[Glossary of leaf morphology#lanceolate|lanceolate]] in shape and tapered near the tip.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The leaves grow in an [[Opposite (leaf)|opposite]] pattern.<ref name="MBG" />  The leaf margins are [[serrate]] from the middle to the apex.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  Both sides of the leaves are [[scabrous]] and covered with very short 'hairs'.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The leaves have a strong odor<ref name="LIWANG" /> that has been compared to those ''[[Serissa]]''.<ref name="Chan" />
+The leaves are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]], [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]]-[[Glossary of leaf morphology#lanceolate|lanceolate]] in shape and tapered near the tip.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The leaves grow in an [[Opposite (leaf)|opposite]] pattern.<ref name="MBG" />  The leaf margins are [[serrate]] from the middle to the apex.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  Both sides of the leaves are [[scabrous]] and covered with very short 'hairs'.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The leaves have a strong odor<ref name="LIWANG" /> that has been compared to those of ''[[Serissa]]''.<ref name="Chan" />
-The flowers are [[Hermaphrodite#Botany|hermaphroditic]]<ref name="Turczaninow"/> and grow in conical [[panicle]]s.<ref name="MBG" />  The 5-part [[Sepal|calyx]] is short,<ref name="Turczaninow"/> cup-shaped, and purplish-green.<ref name="MBG" />  The calyx surrounds a [[funnel]]-shaped [[Petal#Corolla|corolla]]<ref name="Turczaninow"/> that is pale yellow.<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="MBG" />  The petals are {{convert|0.3-0.4|in}} long.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The cream-colored and [[zygomorphic]] flowers bloom in May and August<ref name="Kato"/>
+The flowers are [[Hermaphrodite#Botany|hermaphroditic]]<ref name="Turczaninow"/> and grow in conical [[panicle]]s.<ref name="MBG" />  The 5-part [[Sepal|calyx]] is short,<ref name="Turczaninow"/> cup-shaped, and purplish-green.<ref name="MBG" />  The calyx surrounds a [[funnel]]-shaped [[Petal#Corolla|corolla]]<ref name="Turczaninow"/> that is pale yellow.<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="MBG" />  The petals are {{convert|0.3-0.4|in}} long.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  The cream-colored and [[zygomorphic]] flowers bloom in May and August.<ref name="Kato"/>
 The [[drupe]] is [[obovate]] to nearly spherical and purple-black when ripe.<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="MBG" />
-Major compounds found the the [[essential oil]] include [[blumenol c]], [[β-cedrene]], [[limonene]], [[α-guaiene]], [[cryptone]], and [[α-cyperone]].<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Han-Yu |last2=Gao |first2=Yang |last3=Lai |first3=Peng-Xiang |editor1-last=Tzakou |editor1-first=Olga |title=Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow |journal=Molecules |date=March 2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=381 |doi=10.3390/molecules22030381 |doi-access=free |pmid=28264507 |language=en |pmc=6155397 |oclc=7181596296 }}</ref>
+Major compounds found in the [[essential oil]] include [[blumenol c]], [[β-cedrene]], [[limonene]], [[α-guaiene]], [[cryptone]], and [[α-cyperone]].<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Han-Yu |last2=Gao |first2=Yang |last3=Lai |first3=Peng-Xiang |editor1-last=Tzakou |editor1-first=Olga |title=Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow |journal=Molecules |date=March 2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=381 |doi=10.3390/molecules22030381 |doi-access=free |pmid=28264507 |language=en |pmc=6155397 |oclc=7181596296 }}</ref>
 ==Distribution==
-The plant is found in southern [[China]],<ref name="Turczaninow"/><ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="MBG" /> central and southern [[Japan]],<ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="Kato"/> and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="TaiCoL" /><ref name="MBG" />  The [[type specimen]] was collected by [[Robert Fortune]] in China.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  It prefers growing in slightly acidic to [[acidic soil]] mainly on [[woodland edge]]s or [[understory]] at an altitude of 500–1000&nbsp;m in elevation.<ref name="LIWANG" />
+The plant is found in [[South China|southern China]],<ref name="Turczaninow"/><ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="MBG" /> central and southern [[Japan]],<ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="Kato"/> and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="TaiCoL" /><ref name="MBG" />  The [[type specimen]] was collected by Scottish botanist and plant hunter [[Robert Fortune]] in China.<ref name="Turczaninow"/>  It prefers growing in slightly acidic to [[acidic soil]] mainly on [[woodland edge]]s or [[understory]] at an altitude of {{convert|500-1000|m}} in elevation.<ref name="LIWANG" />
 ==Ecology==
-The growing season is yearly from March to November.<ref name="LIWANG" />  The [[pollination syndrome]] for ''P. microphylla'' is melittophily, with bee and wasp pollinators including ''[[Xylocopa amamensis]]'', ''[[Cerceris yuwanensis]]'', and ''[[Hylaeus insularum]]''.<ref name="Kato"/>  There are no major diseases or insect pests known.<ref name="MBG" />  There is some evidence that [[sika deer]] will nibble on the tree occaisionally.<ref name="Terada">{{cite journal |last1=Terada |first1=Chisato |last2=Tatsuzawa |first2=Shirow |last3=Kawamura |first3=Takashi |last4=Fujioka |first4=Masahiro |title=ヤクシカの餌場としての林道脇植生の評価 |journal=保全生態学研究 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) |date=15 February 2010 |volume=15 |page=197 |doi=10.18960/hozen.15.2_193 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hozen/15/2/15_KJ00007405310/_article/-char/ja/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |trans-title=Evaluation of forestry roads as feeding sites of sika deer |language=ja |issn=2424-1431 |oclc=9658348117}}</ref>
+The growing season is yearly from March to November.<ref name="LIWANG" />  The [[pollination syndrome]] for ''P. microphylla'' is melittophily, with bee and wasp pollinators including ''[[Xylocopa amamensis]]'', ''[[Cerceris yuwanensis]]'', and ''[[Hylaeus insularum]]''.<ref name="Kato"/>  There are no major diseases or insect pests known.<ref name="MBG" />  There is some evidence that [[sika deer]] will nibble on the tree occasionally.<ref name="Terada">{{cite journal |last1=Terada |first1=Chisato |last2=Tatsuzawa |first2=Shirow |last3=Kawamura |first3=Takashi |last4=Fujioka |first4=Masahiro |title=ヤクシカの餌場としての林道脇植生の評価 |journal=保全生態学研究 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) |date=15 February 2010 |volume=15 |page=197 |doi=10.18960/hozen.15.2_193 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hozen/15/2/15_KJ00007405310/_article/-char/ja/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |trans-title=Evaluation of forestry roads as feeding sites of sika deer |language=ja |issn=2424-1431 |oclc=9658348117}}</ref>
-==See also==
+==Uses==
+''P. microphylla'' is used for food.  The leaves can be used to make a [[pectin]]-rich gel that is something like [[tofu]].<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="LI">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Gang-feng |last2=YAN |first2=Hong-bo |last3=KANG |first3=Ming |last4=WANG |first4=Huan |last5=HE |first5=Zhi-jun |last6=ZHOU |first6=Qiang-ying |last7=ZHANG |first7=Hua-min |title=豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化 |journal=食品研究与开发 |date=19 February 2017 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015 |url=http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Optimization of Processing Technology of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz Leaf Tofu |language=zh |issn=1005-6521 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172717/http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>  The jelly is similar to [[grass jelly]] but it not usually called that, unlike other [[List of grass jelly plants|grass jelly plants]].  This green gel is called '''{{lang|zh|神仙豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|shénxiān dòufu}}''', immortal/divine tofu)<ref name="LI" /> or '''{{lang|zh|观音豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|Guānyīn dòufu}}''', '''Guanyin tofu''').<ref name="LIWANG" />  In English it is sometimes called '''green leaf tofu'''.<ref name="Goldthread" />  A similar 'fairy tofu' is made from the leaves of ''[[Premna puberula]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Ming-Sheng|date=2012-09-28|title=A Key Component Determination on Forming Fairy Tofu from the Leaf of ''Premna puberula'' (Verbenaceae)|url=http://www.japsonline.com/abstract.php?article_id=627|journal=Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science|volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=031–035 |doi=10.7324/JAPS.2012.2906|doi-access=free}}</ref>  The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),<ref name="LIWANG" /> and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like [[hard wheat]] (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).<ref name="steinke">{{cite book | last = Steinke | first = Waggle | name-list-style = vanc |title= New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy|publisher= CRC Press|year= 1992|pages=91–100|isbn= 978-0-8493-6904-9|display-authors= etal}}</ref><ref name=vernon>{{cite journal | vauthors = Young VR, Pellett PL | title = Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 59 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = 1203S–1212S | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8172124 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s |url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/59/5/1203S.full.pdf | access-date = 6 July 2024 | archive-date = 28 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428173157/https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/59/5/1203S/24113861/1203s.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>  To make the 'tofu', the leaves are washed and crushed with some water to facilitate grinding.<ref name="LIWANG" />  [[Culinary ash]] is added to the strained mixture and it is allowed to set.<ref name="LIWANG" />  Some cooks burn specific wood for the ash, such as ''[[Osmanthus]]''.<ref name="DocuLife">{{cite web |author1=Documentary Channel, [[Shanghai Media Group]] |title=Guanyin Tofu观音豆腐 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bh36gZrMBQ |website=YouTube |access-date=7 July 2024 |date=Mar 3, 2022}}</ref>  The dish is considered a refreshing summer treat.<ref name="LIWANG" />  Production is small and local, and not done on an [[industrial scale]].<ref name="LIWANG" />
-*''[[Platostoma palustre]]'', a plant used throughout Asia to make [[grass jelly]]
-*''[[Tiliacora triandra]]'', a plant used in Vietnam to make a similar dessert called {{lang|vi|sương sâm}}
+Much effort has been made to develop ''P. microphylla'' as an industrial source of pectin.<ref name="LIWANG" />  The leaves contain 30-40% pectin,<ref name="LIWANG" /> much higher than the typical sources, apple [[pomace]] (10-15%) and [[citrus peel]] (20-30%).<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Pranati |last2=Malviya |first2=Rishabha |title=Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry − An overview |journal=Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources |date=March 2011 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=10–18 |url=http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/11534 |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=NISCAIR-CSIR |location=India |language=en |issn=0975-1033 |oclc=724554396}}</ref>
+The plant is also used for [[bonsai]]<ref name="MBG" /> because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.<ref name="Chan" />  The bonsai trunks are evocative of [[driftwood]], similar to [[Juniperus chinensis 'Shimpaku'|shimpaku juniper]].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Peter |title=The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai |date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=9781784720063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=897024475 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448#v=onepage&q=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>  A specimen of ''P. microphylla'' was used as an autonomous bonsai in the [[art installation]] titled ''Premna Daemon''.<ref name="Roth">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Christopher |last2=Malik |first2=Suhail |last3=Seidler |first3=Paul |last4=Rafferty |first4=Penny |last5=Noorizadeh |first5=Bahar |last6=Raesaar |first6=Kristel |title=REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH |isbn=9783775753432 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=1372166991 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521213549/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Medium">{{cite web |author1=((terra0)) |title=Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |website=Medium |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223011935/https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="github">{{cite web |title=terra0 |url=https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |website=github |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Info Institute">{{cite web |title=Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |website=Info Institute |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705162842/https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+==External links==
-{{Taxonbar|from=Q15244762}}
+* {{Commons category-inline|Premna microphylla|''Premna microphylla''}}
-{{Draft categories|
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q15244762|from2=Q110082986|from3=Q110083067|from4=Q110072231}}
 [[Category:Plants described in 1863]]
-[[Category:Premna]]
+[[Category:Premna|microphylla]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow]]
-[[Category:Jams and jellies]]
+[[Category:Grass jelly plants]]
 [[Category:Chinese desserts]]
+[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
-}}

Taxon identifiers
Premna microphylla	Wikidata: Q15244762 Wikispecies: Premna microphylla BioLib: 1113658 CoL: 6VX5W EoL: 2893596 EPPO: PREMI FNA: 200019397 FoC: 200019397 GBIF: 3896998 GRIN: 29568 iNaturalist: 635075 IPNI: 864334-1 IUCN: 147650548 MoBotPF: 359365 MNHN: MNHN-P-P00689515 NCBI: 54469 Open Tree of Life: 503286 Plant List: kew-165046 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864334-1 Tropicos: 33702127 WFO: wfo-0000282731
Gumira japonica	Wikidata: Q110082986 CoL: 3HM3W GBIF: 3889956 IPNI: 863015-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:863015-1 WFO: wfo-0000976403
Gumira microphylla	Wikidata: Q110083067 CoL: 3HM48 GBIF: 3889856 IPNI: 863025-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:863025-1 WFO: wfo-0000976414
Premna japonica	Wikidata: Q110072231 CoL: 77X5T GBIF: 3897382 IPNI: 864285-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864285-1 WFO: wfo-0000282669