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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox caste
{{Infobox caste
| languages = [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Bihari languages|Bihari]], [[Chhattisgarhi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujrati language]], [[Bengali language]], [[Gaddi language]], [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages]],<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>
| languages = [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Bihari languages|Bihari]], [[Chhattisgarhi]], [[Uttarakhandi languages|Uttarakhandi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |publisher=Sundeep publication |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=13-73 |language=English |oclc=4322453 |url-status=live |department=Archaeological survey of india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |date=30 November 2024 |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=India culture}}</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |publisher=Sundeep publication |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=13-73 |language=English |oclc=4322453 |url-status=live |department=Archaeological survey of india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |date=30 November 2024 |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=India culture}}</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73">{{Cite book |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |publisher=Sundeep publication |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=13–73 |language=English |oclc=4322453 |department=Archaeological survey of india}}</ref>
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
|related=• [[Pal - Rajpali Rajput]]
|related=[[Dhangar]] • [[Gaddis]] • [[Rabari]] • [[Konar (caste)|konar]] • [[Pal - Rajpali (Royal Shepherd)]] • [[Kuruba]] • [[Hatkar]] • [[Sagar Rajput]] • [[Idaiyar]] • [[Holkar]] • [[Kuruba|Kurumba]] • [[Bharwad]] • [[Gowari]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |publisher=Sundeep publication |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=13-73 |language=English |oclc=4322453 |url-status=live |department=Archaeological survey of india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |date=30 November 2024 |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=India culture}}</ref> |family_names=Pal, Rajpali, Pali, Rajpal, Baghel, Holkar, Hatkar, Dhangar, Chandel, Hoysalas e.t.c. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |publisher=Sundeep publication |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=13-73 |language=English |oclc=4322453 |url-status=live |department=Archaeological survey of india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |date=30 November 2024 |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=India culture}}</ref> |populated_states=Across India|caste_name=Shepherd caste of Centeral India}}
• [[Dhangar]]


• [[Rabari|Rabari/Raika]]
The '''Gadaria''' or '''Gadariya''' (also known as '''Gadri''',<ref name="Census1921">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1921: Rajputana and Ajmer-Merwara, Part III Administrative Volume |date=1921 |page=Appendix L, pg xxi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48748/}}</ref> '''Gayri''',<ref name="Census1921" /> or '''Gaari'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=S. C.|last2=Vij|first2=P. K.|last3=Nivsarkar|first3=A. E.|last4=Sahai|first4=R.|date=1995|title=Sheep husbandry practices in Sonadi and Malpura breeding tract|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264937469|journal=Indian Journal of Small Ruminants|volume=1|pages=1–7}}</ref>) is a [[herding]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] that was traditionally involved profess<ref name="Delhi OBC" />ionally in [[livestock breeding]], especially [[sheep]].<ref name="Sharma2003">{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=V.P.|title=Pastoralism in India: A scoping study|last2=Köhler-Rollefson|first2=I|s2cid=67805358|publisher=Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM (Indian Institute of Management)|year=2003|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref> They are primarily found in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in some parts of [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=29-30}} In [[Gujarat]], they are called [[Bharwad]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Nistula |last=Hebbar |title=OBCs to play kingmaker in battle for Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/gujarat-2017/obcs-could-be-kingmakers-in-gujarat/article21261025.ece |date= 4 December 2017|quote="Extrapolating on the 1931 Census, the OBCs, excluding Muslim OBCs, comprise 35.6% of the total population, with the Koli-Thakore block the largest, followed by artisan castes at 6.1%; Bharwad (Gadaria) at 2%; and other middle castes at 3.3%."}}</ref>

• [[Gaddis]]

• [[Bharwad|Bharwad/Bharvad]] <ref name="Gujrat obc list">{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww/EcQPqeqoATXAB7p/QEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240718054446/https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in |language=en}}</ref>

• [[Konar (caste)|konar/Idaiyar]]

• [[Kuruba]]

• [[Hatkar]]

• [[Sagar Rajput]]

• [[Holkar]]

• [[Kurumba Gounder]]
• [[Kurumbas]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/> |family_names=Pal/Rajpali, Baghel, Holkar, Hatkar, Mohaniya, Sisodiya, Chaudhary, Ghosh, Mandal, Bhagat, Dhangar, Chandel, Chauhan, Moria, Pradhan, Rathore, Singh, Prasad, Patel e.t.c.<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/> |populated_states=[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[West Bengal]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>|caste_name=Shepherd caste of North India (GADERIA)
<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce03russ/page/2/mode/2up?q=Gadaria |title=The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India |date=1916 |publisher=London : Macmillan and Co., limited |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>|region=[[North India]]<ref name=":1"/>|subdivisions=[[Nikhar]] and [[Dhangar]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>}}

The '''Gadaria''' or '''Gadariya''' is a [[herding]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of North India that was traditionally involved professionally in [[livestock breeding]], especially [[sheep]]. They are primarily found in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in some parts of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]<ref name="Ghurye" /><ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/><ref name=":1"/>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The word Gadaria is derived from the old [[Hindi]] word ''Gadar'', which means ''sheep''.<ref name="Ghurye">{{cite book |last1=Ghurye |first1=G.S. |title=Caste and race in India |date=2008 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |isbn=9788171542055 |page=32 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC&pg=PA32 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
The word Gadariya is derived from two words of [[Sanskrit]] language Garh and Arya. For example Gadh+Arya = GadhArya / Gadhariya / Gadariya.
The word Gadariya is derived from the o ld [[Hindi]] word ''Gadar'', which means ''sheep''.<ref name="Ghurye">{{cite book |last1=Ghurye |first1=G.S. |title=Caste and race in India |date=2008 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |isbn=9788171542055 |page=32 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC&pg=PA32 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 17: Line 40:


==Sub-castes and clans==
==Sub-castes and clans==
There are two major subdivisions amongst Gadarias, namely [[Dhangar]] and Nikhar. They share the same [[gotra]]s such as Chauhan, Parihar, Sisodiya, Shirashwar, Chandel, Mohania, Kula etc are some of the gotras amongst them.{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=29}}
There are two major subdivisions amongst Gadarias, namely [[Dhangar]] and [[Nikhar]]. They share the same [[gotra]]s such as Chauhan, Parihar, Sisodiya, Shirashwar, Chandel, Mohania, Kula etc are some of the gotras amongst them.{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=29}}


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
In [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Delhi]] they are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in the [[Reservation in India|Indian System of Reservation]].<ref name="MP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030327/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030536/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="UP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162131/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="UK OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162328/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Delhi OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Delhi|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030522/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref>
They are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in the [[Reservation in India|Indian System of Reservation]].<ref name="MP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030327/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030536/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="UP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162131/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="UK OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162328/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Delhi OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Delhi|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030522/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref>


==Religion==
==Religion==

Latest revision as of 05:05, 24 December 2024

Shepherd caste of North India (GADERIA) [1]
ReligionsHinduism[2]
LanguagesHindi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Bihari, Chhattisgarhi, Gujrati language, Bengali language, Gaddi language, Northern Indo-Aryan languages,[2]
Country India
Populated statesUttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu & Kashmir[2]
RegionNorth India[1]
Family namesPal/Rajpali, Baghel, Holkar, Hatkar, Mohaniya, Sisodiya, Chaudhary, Ghosh, Mandal, Bhagat, Dhangar, Chandel, Chauhan, Moria, Pradhan, Rathore, Singh, Prasad, Patel e.t.c.[2]
SubdivisionsNikhar and Dhangar[2]
Related groups• Pal - Rajpali Rajput

• Dhangar

• Rabari/Raika

• Gaddis

• Bharwad/Bharvad [3]

• konar/Idaiyar

• Kuruba

• Hatkar

• Sagar Rajput

• Holkar

• Kurumba Gounder

• Kurumbas[2]

The Gadaria or Gadariya is a herding caste of North India that was traditionally involved professionally in livestock breeding, especially sheep. They are primarily found in Uttar Pradesh and in some parts of Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar[4][2][1]

Etymology

[edit]

The word Gadariya is derived from two words of Sanskrit language Garh and Arya. For example Gadh+Arya = GadhArya / Gadhariya / Gadariya.

The word Gadariya is derived from the o ld Hindi word Gadar, which means sheep.[4]

History

[edit]

In the early 1910s, an educated class of Gadarias formed All India Pal Kshatriya Mahasabha. There were debates within the community whether to add Kshatriya suffix to the community name. In the 1930s, they started referring to themselves as "Pali Rajput", a synonym of Pal Kshatriya.[5] They started caste magazines like "Pal Kshatriya Samachar" and "Shepherd Times". Later the community went through the process of De-Sanskritisation and dropped the suffix Kshatriya. Among the reasons cited for de-sanskritization were losing autonomy of their caste identity and avoiding being submerged into the identity of high castes.[6]

Sub-castes and clans

[edit]

There are two major subdivisions amongst Gadarias, namely Dhangar and Nikhar. They share the same gotras such as Chauhan, Parihar, Sisodiya, Shirashwar, Chandel, Mohania, Kula etc are some of the gotras amongst them.[7]

Classification

[edit]

They are classified as Other Backward Class in the Indian System of Reservation.[8][9][10][11][12]

Religion

[edit]

They generally practice Hinduism, worshipping various popular deities including Rama, Krishna, Shiva, Vishnu, Hanuman, Kali, Chandi and Lakshmi, as well as various Kuladevata, or family deities. Some of them wear the sacred thread. A majority of them are vegetarians.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Russell, R. V. (Robert Vane) (1916). The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India. University of California Libraries. London : Macmillan and Co., limited.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Sashi, Dr. Shyam singh (1982). Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities. Archaeological survey of india (1st ed.). Delhi: Sundeep publication. pp. 13–73. OCLC 4322453.
  3. ^ "National Commission for Backward Classes". www.ncbc.nic.in. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  4. ^ a b Ghurye, G.S. (2008). Caste and race in India (5th ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 32. ISBN 9788171542055. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  5. ^ Singh (2020), p. Caste organisations in the pre-Independence period/Sanskritization phase (Roughly the 1920s-1950s).
  6. ^ Singh (2020), p. Phase II (1956 onwards): De-sanskritization towards an alternative culture.
  7. ^ Shashi (2011), p. 29.
  8. ^ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  9. ^ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  10. ^ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  11. ^ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  12. ^ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Delhi (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  13. ^ Shashi (2011), p. 32.

Bibliography

[edit]
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