Jump to content

Futuna (Wallis and Futuna): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 14°16′30″S 178°08′24″W / 14.27500°S 178.14000°W / -14.27500; -178.14000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
mNo edit summary
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 33 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Island in the Hoorn island group}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{for|the island in Vanuatu|Futuna Island (Vanuatu)}}
{{tone|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox islands|archipelago=[[Hoorn Islands|Îles Horne]]|area_km2=80
{{refimprove|date=April 2015}}
|coordinates={{coord|14|16|30|S|178|08|24|W|type:isle|display=inline,title}}|country=[[French overseas departments and territories]]|country_admin_divisions=[[Wallis and Futuna]]|country_admin_divisions_title=Province|country_largest_city=|country_largest_city_population=|density_km2=|elevation_m=524|ethnic_groups=[[Melanesia]]ns|highest_mount=[[Mont Puke]]|location=[[South Pacific Ocean]]|name=Futuna|population=3225|population_as_of=2018|image_caption=The Hoorn Islands Futuna and Alofi. Futuna Island in the northwest.|image_name=File:Futuna alofi.jpg|image_map={{Infobox mapframe |zoom=4}}}}
}}
[[File:WF -Hoorn.png|thumb|350 px| The Hoorn Islands.]]
'''Futuna''' ({{IPAc-en|f|uː|ˈ|t|uː|n|ə}}; {{IPA|fr|fu.tu.na|lang}}) is the largest island in [[Hoorn Islands]] or Îles Horne, located in the Pacific Ocean, part of the [[French overseas departments and territories|French overseas collectivity]] (''[[collectivité d'outre-mer]]'') of [[Wallis and Futuna]].<ref name=Szitkar2020>{{harvnb|Szitkar|Dyment|Fouquet|2020|loc=2 Geological Context}}</ref> The island occupies an area of {{Convert|80|km2||-1|abbr=on|adj=on}} and as of 2018 it has a population of 10,912.


Futuna takes its name from an endonym derived from the local ''futu'', meaning [[fish-poison tree]].<ref name=CIA/>
[[File:Futuna alofi.jpg|thumb|350px|Hoorn Islands (Futuna and Alofi)<br>with Futuna Island in the northwest]]
[[File:WF -Hoorn.png|thumb|350 px| Hoorn Islands also called Futuna Islands]]
'''Futuna''' ({{IPAc-en|f|uː|ˈ|t|uː|n|ə}}; {{IPA-fr|fu.tu.na|lang}}) is an {{Convert|80|km2||-1|abbr=on|adj=on}} island in the [[Pacific Ocean]] with a population of 3,225. It belongs to the [[French overseas departments and territories|French overseas collectivity]] (''[[collectivité d'outre-mer]]'', or ''COM'') of [[Wallis and Futuna]]. It is one of the [[Hoorn Islands]] or '''Îles Horne'''; nearby [[Alofi Island|Alofi]] is the other. They are both a remnant of the same ancient, extinct [[volcano]], now bordered with a [[fringing reef]]. Futuna has a maximum elevation of {{Convert|500|m||abbr=on}}.


==History==
Futuna is where [[Peter Chanel|Pierre Chanel]] was [[martyr]]ed in 1841, becoming [[Polynesia]]'s only [[Catholic saint]]. The [[cathedral of Poi]] now stands on the site where he was martyred.
Futuna and Alofi were first mapped by Europeans in 1616 by [[Willem Schouten]] and [[Jacob Le Maire]] during their [[circumnavigation]] of the globe on the ship ''Eendracht''. After sailing to [[Niuafo'ou|Niuafo{{okina}}ou]], they suddenly changed course from west to northwest and discovered the two islands. The islands were named Hoorn Eylanden, after the city of [[Hoorn]], Schouten's birthplace. This became ''Horne'' in French and English. They also discovered a natural harbor along the southwest coast of Futuna, which they named Eendrachts baai (Unity Bay) after their ship. It is thought that their landing place was the site of the Anse de Sigave near what is today called Leava.

Schouten and Le Maire had learned from earlier experiences how to approach islanders successfully. Upon landing, they went ashore, and, when approached by some of the natives, they made a show of force. This opened the way for a peaceful barter, with the natives offering coconuts, yams, and hogs in exchange for the sailors’ iron nails, beads and knives. The sailors went on to get fresh water and meet the king, who told his subjects that their guests were not to be disturbed by petty thieving. This way, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] sailors were able to replenish their stocks without risk of theft. A few days after they arrived, the king of the other island, Alofi, came to visit, bringing with him 300 men. A feast was prepared and a [[kava]] ceremony and [[Earth oven|{{okina}}umu]] were organised. Schouten and Le Maire were likely the first Europeans to witness these ceremonies.


Without the risk of theft or hostilities, Schouten and Le Maire were able to study Futuna more thoroughly than had been possible for them in the case of the [[Niuatoputapu|Niua]] islands. They did not visit Alofi. Their description of the islanders’ appearance and behavior was not flattering. Although they praise the men for being well-proportioned, they found the women ugly and ill-shaped, with breasts hanging down to their bellies like empty satchels. The people were said to all go naked, and to copulate in public, even in front of their king.
Futuna takes its name from an endonym derived from the local ''futu'', meaning [[fish-poison tree]].


In the 19th century, [[whaling]] ships from the [[United States]] and elsewhere called at Futuna for water, wood, and food. The first one known to have called was the ''Independence'' in 1827.<ref>Robert Langdon (ed.) Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, 1984, p.32.</ref>
==Geography==
==Geography==
The population was 3,225 (as of the 2018 [[census]]); 1,950 reside in [[Alo (Wallis and Futuna)|Alo]] district and 1,275 in [[Sigave]]. Futuna's highest point is [[Mont Puke]] at {{Convert|524|m||abbr=on}} above sea level, and the island has an area of {{Convert|83|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}}, with {{Convert|53|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}} in Sigave and {{Convert|30|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}} in Alo.
Futuna and Alofi are both remnants of the same [[extinct volcano]], now bordering with a [[fringing reef]]. Futuna's highest point is [[Mont Puke]] at {{Convert|524|m||abbr=on}} above sea level,<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wallis-and-futuna/ |title=The World Factbook:Wallis and Futuna|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> and the island has an area of {{Convert|83|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}},<ref name=Goff2011s>{{harvnb|Goff|Lamarche|Pelletier|Chagué-Goff|2011|loc=Setting}}</ref> with {{Convert|53|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}} in Sigave and {{Convert|30|km2||abbr=on|adj=on}} in Alo. It is separated from [[Wallis (island)|Wallis Island]] to the north by water deeper than {{convert|4500|m|abbr=on}} in the [[Vitiaz Trench]].<ref name=Szitkar2020/>


==History==
===Geology===
Futuna island has large [[Upper Pliocene]] volcanic lava flows, as well as breccias and [[hyaloclastite]] deposits from underwater eruptions.<ref name=Szitkar2020/>
Futuna and Alofi were put on the European maps in 1616 by [[Willem Schouten]] and [[Jacob Le Maire]] during their famous circumnavigation of the globe on the ship ''Eendracht''. After sailing to [[Niuafo'ou|Niuafo{{okina}}ou]], they suddenly changed course from west to northwest and so stumbled on this island pair. They called it ''Hoorn Eylanden'', after the city of [[Hoorn]], Schouten's birthplace. This became ''Horne'' in French and English. They found a beautiful bay, a natural harbour along the southwest coast of Futuna, which they named after their ship: the ''Eendrachts baai'' (Unity bay). It is thought that their landing place was the site of ''Anse de Sigave'' near what is today called Leava.


===Tectonics===
Schouten and Le Marie had learned from earlier experiences how to effectively approach islanders: Upon landing, they went ashore, and, when approached by some of the natives, they made a show of force. This opened the way a peaceful barter, with the natives offering coconuts, yams and hogs in exchange for the sailors’ iron nails, beads and knives. They went on to get fresh water and meet the king, who told his subjects that their guests were not to be disturbed by petty thieving. In this amiable way, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] sailors were able to replenish their stocks. A few days after they arrived, the king of the other island, Alofi, came to visit, bringing with him 300 men. The two kings were extremely courteous to each other, and a big feast was prepared. A [[kava]] ceremony and [[Earth oven|{{okina}}umu]] were organised. Schouten and LeMaire were probably the first Europeans ever to witness these ceremonials, and the description they gave still rings familiar tones today.
Futuna is on the Futuna Ridge (Futuna–Alofi volcanic ridge) that lies along a boundary of interaction between the colliding [[Pacific plate|Pacific]] and [[Australia plate]], between the North Fiji transform fault to the south and the now inactive tectonically Vitiaz Trench.<ref name=Goff2011t>{{harvnb|Goff|Lamarche|Pelletier|Chagué-Goff|2011|loc=Tectonics}}</ref><ref name=Szitkar2020/> However the full tectonic role of the ridge and associated features is still not understood.<ref name=Szitkar2022r>{{harvnb|Szitkar|Dyment|Pelleter|Thomas|2022|loc= 2. Regional geological context}}</ref> As recently as March 2000 this ridge was discovered to be a spreading center extending over a distance of more than {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} from the north of [[Fiji]] to the northwest of Futuna Island and a boundary of the [[Futuna plate]] which is a slightly ill defined microplate with triple junctions with the Pacific and Australian plates. The northern part of the ridge contains basaltic volcanoes such as Utu Uli that are younger than 780,000 years old and at depths of more than {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} precluding exposive eruptions, so that their eruptions are effusive.<ref name=Szitkar2022c>{{harvnb|Szitkar|Dyment|Pelleter|Thomas|2022|loc=5. Disscussion, 6.Conclusion}}</ref> There is a {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} wide area of seafloor to the east of Futuna, with a WSW-ENE orientation, and with many volcanoes known as the South-East Futuna Volcanic Zone (SEFVZ).<ref name=Szitkar2020/> This contains the significant volcanoes of Ono, Tasi Tulo, Fatu Kapa and Kulo Lasi all south of the Vitiaz Trench.<ref name=Szitkar2020/> The young seafloor produced by these volcanoes in the SEFVZ means that the past tectonics is poorly understood as timings from say magnetic field changes cannot be obtained. The area is interacting with the spreading centers in the [[Lau Basin]] further to the east and southeast.


===Tsunami risk===
Not having been bothered by thieving or hostilities, Schouten and LeMaire were able to study Futuna a little bit more carefully than they had been able to study the [[Niuatoputapu|Niua]] islands. They did not visit Alofi. Their description of the islanders’ appearance and behavior was not flattering. Although they praise the men for being well proportioned, they found the women ugly and ill-shaped, with breasts hanging down to their bellies like empty satchels. They all went naked, and copulated in public, even in front of their revered king.
The island was affected by the [[2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami]] with a run up height to {{convert|4.4|m|abbr=on}} and up to {{convert|95|m|abbr=on}} inland inundation.<ref name=Goff2011i>{{harvnb|Goff|Lamarche|Pelletier|Chagué-Goff|2011|loc=Introduction}}</ref> Studies afterwards revealed past tsunami events have occurred.<ref name=Goff2011c>{{harvnb|Goff|Lamarche|Pelletier|Chagué-Goff|2011|loc=Abstract,Conclusions}}</ref>


===Climate===
In the 19th century, [[whaling]] ships from America and elsewhere called at Futuna for water, wood and food. The first one known to have called was the Independence in 1827.<ref>Robert Langdon (ed.) Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, 1984, p.32.</ref>
Futuna (Maopoopo weather station) has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Af''). The average annual temperature in Maopoopo is {{cvt|27.5|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|3333.6|mm}} with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in February, at around {{cvt|28.2|C}}, and lowest in August, at around {{convert|26.5|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in Maopoopo was {{cvt|35.8|C}} on 10 January 2016; the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|19.0|C}} on 12 August 1980.
{{Weather box
|location = Futuna <small>(Maopoopo weather station, 1991–2020 averages, extremes 1979−present)</small>
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 35.8
|Feb record high C = 35.0
|Mar record high C = 34.2
|Apr record high C = 33.9
|May record high C = 33.4
|Jun record high C = 32.6
|Jul record high C = 31.9
|Aug record high C = 32.3
|Sep record high C = 33.0
|Oct record high C = 33.9
|Nov record high C = 33.8
|Dec record high C = 34.6
|year record high C = 35.8
|Jan high C = 31.2
|Feb high C = 31.2
|Mar high C = 31.1
|Apr high C = 30.7
|May high C = 29.9
|Jun high C = 29.1
|Jul high C = 28.6
|Aug high C = 28.7
|Sep high C = 29.2
|Oct high C = 29.7
|Nov high C = 30.4
|Dec high C = 30.9
|year high C = 30.1
|Jan mean C = 28.2
|Feb mean C = 28.2
|Mar mean C = 28.2
|Apr mean C = 27.9
|May mean C = 27.4
|Jun mean C = 27.0
|Jul mean C = 26.5
|Aug mean C = 26.5
|Sep mean C = 26.8
|Oct mean C = 27.1
|Nov mean C = 27.6
|Dec mean C = 28.0
|year mean C = 27.5
|Jan low C = 25.2
|Feb low C = 25.2
|Mar low C = 25.2
|Apr low C = 25.2
|May low C = 24.9
|Jun low C = 24.8
|Jul low C = 24.3
|Aug low C = 24.2
|Sep low C = 24.4
|Oct low C = 24.5
|Nov low C = 24.8
|Dec low C = 25.1
|year low C = 24.8
|Jan record low C = 21.3
|Feb record low C = 21.9
|Mar record low C = 21.2
|Apr record low C = 21.8
|May record low C = 20.9
|Jun record low C = 21.5
|Jul record low C = 20.1
|Aug record low C = 19.0
|Sep record low C = 19.5
|Oct record low C = 20.7
|Nov record low C = 20.9
|Dec record low C = 20.6
|year record low C = 19.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 329.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 354.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 341.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 308.3
|May precipitation mm = 262.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 185.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 175.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 181.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 225.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 244.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 324.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 401.7
|year precipitation mm = 3333.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 19.7
|Feb precipitation days = 18.7
|Mar precipitation days = 20.5
|Apr precipitation days = 19.1
|May precipitation days = 16.2
|Jun precipitation days = 14.7
|Jul precipitation days = 13.9
|Aug precipitation days = 14.5
|Sep precipitation days = 15.2
|Oct precipitation days = 16.7
|Nov precipitation days = 18.2
|Dec precipitation days = 20.1
|year precipitation days = 207.6
|Jan sun = 175.7
|Feb sun = 160.2
|Mar sun = n/a
|Apr sun = 154.4
|May sun = n/a
|Jun sun = 120.1
|Jul sun = 121.3
|Aug sun = 125.5
|Sep sun = 135.0
|Oct sun = 154.9
|Nov sun = 165.8
|Dec sun = 180.3
|year sun = n/a
|source 1 = [[Météo France]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_98611001.pdf |title=Climate of Maopoopo 1991-2020 |language=fr |publisher=[[Météo-France]] |access-date=August 26, 2022 |archive-date=November 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103174813/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_98611001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}


==Culture==
== Demographics ==
As of the 2018 [[census]], the population of the island was 3,225, with 1,950 residing in the [[Alo (Wallis and Futuna)|Alo]] district and 1,275 in [[Sigave]]. Futuna makes up approximately 27.9% of the population of Wallis and Futuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3685976?sommaire=2121453 |access-date=2023-05-16 |archive-date=2019-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414053320/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3685976?sommaire=2121453 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most spoken languages on Futuna are [[Futunan]] (94.5%), French (5.3%), and [[Wallisian]] (0.2%).<ref>{{Cite web |title="Recensement 2018 - Tableau Pop_06_6 : Population selon le sexe, la langue la plus couramment parlée en famille, l'âge décennal et par village de résidence" |url=https://www.statistique.wf/download/43/recensement-2018/1157/principaux_tableaux_population_2018.ods |access-date=2023-05-16 |archive-date=2023-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520134633/https://www.statistique.wf/download/43/recensement-2018/1157/principaux_tableaux_population_2018.ods |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture ==
[[File:Futuna and Alofi.jpg|thumb|Futuna and Alofi (photo: NASA)]]
[[File:Futuna and Alofi.jpg|thumb|Futuna and Alofi (photo: NASA)]]
Two kings, elected from the local nobility every few years, rule the population in conjunction with French authorities. They are the king of Sigave, the western province, and the king of Alo, the eastern province including Alofi. Except for Poi all villages are along the southwest coast, and they are from west to east: Toloke, Fiua, Vaisei, Nuku, and Leava (capital with the wharf) in Sigave, and Taoa, Mala{{okina}}e, Ono, Kolia and Vele (at the airstrip) in Alo.
Two kings, elected from the local nobility every few years, rule the population in conjunction with French authorities. They are the king of Sigave, the western province, and the king of Alo, the eastern province including Alofi. Except for Poi all villages are along the southwest coast, and they are from west to east: Toloke, Fiua, Vaisei, Nuku, and Leava (capital with the wharf) in Sigave, and Taoa, Mala{{okina}}e, Ono, Kolia and Vele (at the airstrip) in Alo.


As on [[Wallis Island|{{okina}}Uvea]], all{{dubious|date=May 2015}} Futunans are deeply religious Catholics and the number of churches, chapels and oratories is overwhelming{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}{{dubious|date=March 2012}}. Although the island is closer to [[Tonga]] and farther from [[Samoa]] than {{okina}}Uvea, the vernacular and culture are more Samoan. The languages spoken are [[Fakafutuna|Futunan]] and [[French language|French]].
99% of the population of Wallis and Futuna are Catholic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wallis and Futuna |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wallis-and-futuna/ |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424005145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/wallis-and-futuna |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the island is closer to [[Tonga]] and farther from [[Samoa]] than {{okina}}Uvea, the vernacular and culture are more Samoan.

Futuna is where [[Peter Chanel|Pierre Chanel]] was [[martyr]]ed in 1841, becoming [[Polynesia]]'s only [[Catholic saint]]. The cathedral of Poi now stands on the site where he was martyred.


==Education==
==Education==
There are six primary schools on Futuna.<ref name="Educ">"[http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/content/download/930/6048/file/Livret%20d'accueil%20version%20site%20final%202.pdf LIVRET D'ACCUEIL Wallis et Futuna]." Wallis and Futuna. p. 22 (22/28). Retrieved on September 14, 2016.</ref> The island also has two junior high schools (''collèges''): Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono. Residents are served by a senior high school/sixth-form college, [[Lycée d'Etat de Wallis et Futuna]], on Wallis.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160624145135/https://www.ac-wf.wf/-Colleges-Lycee-.html Cartographie des établissements du second degré]." Wallis and Futuna. June 24, 2016. Retrieved on September 14, 2016.</ref>
There are six primary schools on Futuna.<ref name="Educ">"[http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/content/download/930/6048/file/Livret%20d'accueil%20version%20site%20final%202.pdf LIVRET D'ACCUEIL Wallis et Futuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010195840/http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/content/download/930/6048/file/Livret%20d%27accueil%20version%20site%20final%202.pdf |date=2017-10-10 }}." Wallis and Futuna. p. 22 (22/28). Retrieved on September 14, 2016.</ref> The island also has two junior high schools (''collèges''): Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono. Residents are served by a senior high school/sixth-form college, [[Lycée d'Etat de Wallis et Futuna]], on Wallis.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160624145135/https://www.ac-wf.wf/-Colleges-Lycee-.html Cartographie des établissements du second degré]." Wallis and Futuna. June 24, 2016. Retrieved on September 14, 2016.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Pointe Vele Airport]]
*[[Pointe Vele Airport]]
* [[Peter Chanel]]
*[[Peter Chanel]]
*[[Customary kingdoms of Wallis and Futuna]]


==References==
==References==
Line 42: Line 166:
==References==
==References==
*Cartes institut géographique national (4902F)
*Cartes institut géographique national (4902F)
*https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/wallis-and-futuna-islands-population/
*Robert Kerr (1824): [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13130/13130-h/13130-h.htm#chapter4-6 Voyage round the world, in 1615-1617, by William Cornelison Schouten and Jacques le Maire, going round Cape Horn.] The comments of the editor to the original ship's journals are completely wrong, however.
*Robert Kerr (1824): [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13130/13130-h/13130-h.htm#chapter4-6 Voyage round the world, in 1615-1617, by William Cornelison Schouten and Jacques le Maire, going round Cape Horn.] The comments of the editor to the original ship's journals are completely wrong, however.
*[[Percy Smith (ethnologist)|Percy Smith]] (1892): [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_1_1892/Volume_1%2C_No._1%2C_1892/Futuna%2C_or_Horne_Island_and_its_people%2C_p.33-52/p1?action=null "Futuna; or, Horne Island and its People"], ''Journal of the [[Polynesian Society]]'', vol.1, pp.&nbsp;33–52
*[[Percy Smith (ethnologist)|Percy Smith]] (1892): [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_1_1892/Volume_1%2C_No._1%2C_1892/Futuna%2C_or_Horne_Island_and_its_people%2C_p.33-52/p1?action=null "Futuna; or, Horne Island and its People"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204212223/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_1_1892/Volume_1%2C_No._1%2C_1892/Futuna%2C_or_Horne_Island_and_its_people%2C_p.33-52/p1?action=null |date=2018-02-04 }}, ''Journal of the [[Polynesian Society]]'', vol.1, pp.&nbsp;33–52
*{{cite journal| last1=Goff | first1=J| last2=Lamarche |first2=G| last3=Pelletier| first3=B| last4=Chagué-Goff| first4=C| last5=Strotz| first5=L| title=Predecessors to the 2009 South Pacific tsunami in the Wallis and Futuna archipelago| journal=Earth-Science Reviews| year=2011 | volume=107| issue=1–2| pages=91–106| doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.003| bibcode=2011ESRv..107...91G}}<!---{{harvnb|Goff|Lamarche|Pelletier|Chagué-Goff|2011}}--->
*{{cite journal| last1=Szitkar | first1=F| last2=Dyment |first2=J| last3= Fouquet| first3= Y|title= Widespread volcanism Southeast of Futuna Island (SW Pacific Ocean): Near-seafloor magnetic dating and regional consequences| journal= Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research| date=15 November 2020| volume=406| issue=107064|doi= 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107064| bibcode=2020JVGR..40607064S| doi-access=free}} <!--{{harvnb|Szitkar|Dyment|Fouquet|2020}} ---->
*{{cite journal| last1 = Szitkar | first1 = F | last2 = Dyment | first2 = J | last3 = Pelleter | first3 =E | last4 = Thomas | first4 =Y | last5 = Marsset | first5 =B | last6 = Ker | first6 =S | last7 = Fouquet | first7 =Y | title= Effusive and explosive volcanism on the northern Futuna Ridge, Lau Basin: A combined bathymetric, magnetic and seismic investigation | journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research| year = 2022 | volume = 431 |issue=107646 | doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107646| bibcode = 2022JVGR..43107646S | doi-access = free }}<!-- {{harvnb|Szitkar|Dyment|Pelleter|Thomas|2022}} -->


{{Wallis and Futuna topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Wallis and Futuna topics|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|14|17|S|178|09|W|type:isle|display=title}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
Line 52: Line 180:
[[Category:Islands of Wallis and Futuna]]
[[Category:Islands of Wallis and Futuna]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Latest revision as of 19:54, 24 December 2024

For the island in Vanuatu, see Futuna Island (Vanuatu).
Futuna
The Hoorn Islands Futuna and Alofi. Futuna Island in the northwest.
Map
Geography
LocationSouth Pacific Ocean
Coordinates14°16′30″S 178°08′24″W / 14.27500°S 178.14000°W / -14.27500; -178.14000
ArchipelagoÎles Horne
Area80 km2 (31 sq mi)
Highest elevation524 m (1719 ft)
Highest pointMont Puke
Administration
ProvinceWallis and Futuna
Demographics
Population3225 (2018)
Ethnic groupsMelanesians
The Hoorn Islands.

Futuna (/fuːˈtuːnə/; French: [fu.tu.na]) is the largest island in Hoorn Islands or Îles Horne, located in the Pacific Ocean, part of the French overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer) of Wallis and Futuna.[1] The island occupies an area of 80 km2 (30 sq mi) and as of 2018 it has a population of 10,912.

Futuna takes its name from an endonym derived from the local futu, meaning fish-poison tree.[2]

History

[edit]

Futuna and Alofi were first mapped by Europeans in 1616 by Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire during their circumnavigation of the globe on the ship Eendracht. After sailing to Niuafoʻou, they suddenly changed course from west to northwest and discovered the two islands. The islands were named Hoorn Eylanden, after the city of Hoorn, Schouten's birthplace. This became Horne in French and English. They also discovered a natural harbor along the southwest coast of Futuna, which they named Eendrachts baai (Unity Bay) after their ship. It is thought that their landing place was the site of the Anse de Sigave near what is today called Leava.

Schouten and Le Maire had learned from earlier experiences how to approach islanders successfully. Upon landing, they went ashore, and, when approached by some of the natives, they made a show of force. This opened the way for a peaceful barter, with the natives offering coconuts, yams, and hogs in exchange for the sailors’ iron nails, beads and knives. The sailors went on to get fresh water and meet the king, who told his subjects that their guests were not to be disturbed by petty thieving. This way, the Dutch sailors were able to replenish their stocks without risk of theft. A few days after they arrived, the king of the other island, Alofi, came to visit, bringing with him 300 men. A feast was prepared and a kava ceremony and ʻumu were organised. Schouten and Le Maire were likely the first Europeans to witness these ceremonies.

Without the risk of theft or hostilities, Schouten and Le Maire were able to study Futuna more thoroughly than had been possible for them in the case of the Niua islands. They did not visit Alofi. Their description of the islanders’ appearance and behavior was not flattering. Although they praise the men for being well-proportioned, they found the women ugly and ill-shaped, with breasts hanging down to their bellies like empty satchels. The people were said to all go naked, and to copulate in public, even in front of their king.

In the 19th century, whaling ships from the United States and elsewhere called at Futuna for water, wood, and food. The first one known to have called was the Independence in 1827.[3]

Geography

[edit]

Futuna and Alofi are both remnants of the same extinct volcano, now bordering with a fringing reef. Futuna's highest point is Mont Puke at 524 m (1,719 ft) above sea level,[2] and the island has an area of 83 km2 (32 sq mi),[4] with 53 km2 (20 sq mi) in Sigave and 30 km2 (12 sq mi) in Alo. It is separated from Wallis Island to the north by water deeper than 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in the Vitiaz Trench.[1]

Geology

[edit]

Futuna island has large Upper Pliocene volcanic lava flows, as well as breccias and hyaloclastite deposits from underwater eruptions.[1]

Tectonics

[edit]

Futuna is on the Futuna Ridge (Futuna–Alofi volcanic ridge) that lies along a boundary of interaction between the colliding Pacific and Australia plate, between the North Fiji transform fault to the south and the now inactive tectonically Vitiaz Trench.[5][1] However the full tectonic role of the ridge and associated features is still not understood.[6] As recently as March 2000 this ridge was discovered to be a spreading center extending over a distance of more than 200 km (120 mi) from the north of Fiji to the northwest of Futuna Island and a boundary of the Futuna plate which is a slightly ill defined microplate with triple junctions with the Pacific and Australian plates. The northern part of the ridge contains basaltic volcanoes such as Utu Uli that are younger than 780,000 years old and at depths of more than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) precluding exposive eruptions, so that their eruptions are effusive.[7] There is a 30 km (19 mi) wide area of seafloor to the east of Futuna, with a WSW-ENE orientation, and with many volcanoes known as the South-East Futuna Volcanic Zone (SEFVZ).[1] This contains the significant volcanoes of Ono, Tasi Tulo, Fatu Kapa and Kulo Lasi all south of the Vitiaz Trench.[1] The young seafloor produced by these volcanoes in the SEFVZ means that the past tectonics is poorly understood as timings from say magnetic field changes cannot be obtained. The area is interacting with the spreading centers in the Lau Basin further to the east and southeast.

Tsunami risk

[edit]

The island was affected by the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami with a run up height to 4.4 m (14 ft) and up to 95 m (312 ft) inland inundation.[8] Studies afterwards revealed past tsunami events have occurred.[9]

Climate

[edit]

Futuna (Maopoopo weather station) has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af). The average annual temperature in Maopoopo is 27.5 °C (81.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 3,333.6 mm (131.24 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in February, at around 28.2 °C (82.8 °F), and lowest in August, at around 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Maopoopo was 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) on 10 January 2016; the coldest temperature ever recorded was 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) on 12 August 1980.

Climate data for Futuna (Maopoopo weather station, 1991–2020 averages, extremes 1979−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.8
(96.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.2
(93.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.8
(92.8) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.8
(96.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.9
(85.8) 		29.1
(84.4) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.1
(86.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.5
(81.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.2
(77.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.8
(76.6)
Record low °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		19.0
(66.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 329.2
(12.96) 		354.1
(13.94) 		341.3
(13.44) 		308.3
(12.14) 		262.6
(10.34) 		185.6
(7.31) 		175.1
(6.89) 		181.8
(7.16) 		225.6
(8.88) 		244.2
(9.61) 		324.1
(12.76) 		401.7
(15.81) 		3,333.6
(131.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 19.7 18.7 20.5 19.1 16.2 14.7 13.9 14.5 15.2 16.7 18.2 20.1 207.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 175.7 160.2 — 154.4 — 120.1 121.3 125.5 135.0 154.9 165.8 180.3 —
Source: Météo France[10]

Demographics

[edit]

As of the 2018 census, the population of the island was 3,225, with 1,950 residing in the Alo district and 1,275 in Sigave. Futuna makes up approximately 27.9% of the population of Wallis and Futuna.[11] The most spoken languages on Futuna are Futunan (94.5%), French (5.3%), and Wallisian (0.2%).[12]

Culture

[edit]
Futuna and Alofi (photo: NASA)

Two kings, elected from the local nobility every few years, rule the population in conjunction with French authorities. They are the king of Sigave, the western province, and the king of Alo, the eastern province including Alofi. Except for Poi all villages are along the southwest coast, and they are from west to east: Toloke, Fiua, Vaisei, Nuku, and Leava (capital with the wharf) in Sigave, and Taoa, Malaʻe, Ono, Kolia and Vele (at the airstrip) in Alo.

99% of the population of Wallis and Futuna are Catholic.[13] Although the island is closer to Tonga and farther from Samoa than ʻUvea, the vernacular and culture are more Samoan.

Futuna is where Pierre Chanel was martyred in 1841, becoming Polynesia's only Catholic saint. The cathedral of Poi now stands on the site where he was martyred.

Education

[edit]

There are six primary schools on Futuna.[14] The island also has two junior high schools (collèges): Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono. Residents are served by a senior high school/sixth-form college, Lycée d'Etat de Wallis et Futuna, on Wallis.[15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Szitkar, Dyment & Fouquet 2020, 2 Geological Context
  2. ^ a b "The World Factbook:Wallis and Futuna". Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  3. ^ Robert Langdon (ed.) Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, 1984, p.32.
  4. ^ Goff et al. 2011, Setting
  5. ^ Goff et al. 2011, Tectonics
  6. ^ Szitkar et al. 2022, 2. Regional geological context
  7. ^ Szitkar et al. 2022, 5. Disscussion, 6.Conclusion
  8. ^ Goff et al. 2011, Introduction
  9. ^ Goff et al. 2011, Abstract,Conclusions
  10. ^ "Climate of Maopoopo 1991-2020" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  11. ^ "Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018". Archived from the original on 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  12. ^ ""Recensement 2018 - Tableau Pop_06_6 : Population selon le sexe, la langue la plus couramment parlée en famille, l'âge décennal et par village de résidence"". Archived from the original on 2023-05-20. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  13. ^ "Wallis and Futuna". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  14. ^ "LIVRET D'ACCUEIL Wallis et Futuna Archived 2017-10-10 at the Wayback Machine." Wallis and Futuna. p. 22 (22/28). Retrieved on September 14, 2016.
  15. ^ "Cartographie des établissements du second degré." Wallis and Futuna. June 24, 2016. Retrieved on September 14, 2016.

References

[edit]


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Futuna_(Wallis_and_Futuna)&oldid=1265041045"