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[[File:Samsung Galaxy Note 10 (S Pen).jpg|thumb|[[Samsung Galaxy Note]] phablets include a stylus, called "S-Pen".]]{{short description|Uses a stylus and tablet/touchscreen}}
'''Pen computing''' refers to a computer user-interface computer using a pen (or stylus) and tablet, rather than devices such as a keyboard and a mouse.
'''Pen computing''' refers to any computer user-interface using a [[Digital pen|pen]] or [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] and [[Graphics tablet|tablet]], over input devices such as a keyboard or a mouse.


Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus [[handwriting recognition]] as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the Stylator<ref>{{Citation
''Pen computing'' is also used to refer to the usage of [[mobile device]]s such as [[wireless]] [[tablet PC]]s, [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]s and [[GPS receiver]]s. The term has been used to refer to the usage of any product allowing for mobile communication. An indication of such a device is a [[stylus]], generally used to press upon a [[graphics tablet]] or [[touchscreen]], as opposed to using a more traditional interface such as a [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]], [[keypad]], [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]] or [[touchpad]].

Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the
Stylator <ref> {{Citation
| last= Dimond
| last= Dimond
| first= T.L.
| first= T.L.
Line 11: Line 9:
| pages= 232–237
| pages= 232–237
| date=1957-12-01
| date=1957-12-01
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#Dimond57
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio70.html#Dimond57
| access-date = }}</ref> and RAND tablet<ref> {{Citation
}}</ref> and [[RAND Tablet]]<ref>{{Citation
| last= Groner
| last= Groner
| first= G.F.
| first= G.F.
| title = Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Text, Memorandum RM-5016-ARPA
| title = Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Text, Memorandum RM-5016-ARPA
| publisher=RAND Corporation
| publisher=RAND Corporation
| pages=
| date=August 1966
| date=1966-08
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#Groner66a
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#Groner66a
| access-date = }}</ref> systems of the 1950s and early 1960s.
}}</ref> systems of the 1950s and early 1960s.

== General techniques of pen computing ==


== General techniques ==
User interfaces for '''Pen computing''' can be implemented in several ways.
User interfaces for pen computing can be implemented in several ways.<ref>{{Citation
Actual systems generally employ a combination of these techniques.
| last= Signer
| first= B.
| title = Pen-based Interaction,
| publisher=Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Major Reference Work, Springer Nature
| date=2024
| url=https://beatsigner.com/publications/pen-based-interaction.pdf
}}</ref> Current systems generally employ a combination of these techniques.


==== Pointing/Locator input ====
=== Pointing/locator input ===
The tablet and stylus are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. Note that a mouse is a
The tablet and [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. While a mouse is a ''relative'' pointing device (one uses the mouse to "push the cursor around" on a screen), a tablet is an ''absolute'' pointing device (one places the stylus where the cursor is to appear).
* ''relative'' pointing device -- you use the mouse to "push the cursor around" on a screen.
However a tablet is an
* ''absolute'' pointing device -- where you put the stylus is exactly where the cursor goes.


There are a number of human factors considerations when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. For example, it is much harder to target or tap the same exact position twice with a stylus, so "double-tap" operations with a stylus are harder to perform if the system is expecting "double-click" input from a mouse.
There are a number of human factors to be considered when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. For example, it is much harder to target or tap the same exact position twice with a stylus, so "double-tap" operations with a stylus are harder to perform if the system is expecting "double-click" input from a mouse.


Note that a finger can be used as the stylus on a touch-sensitive tablet surface, such as with a [[touchscreen]].
A finger can be used as the stylus on a touch-sensitive tablet surface, such as with a [[touchscreen]].


==== Handwriting recognition ====
=== Handwriting recognition ===
The tablet and stylus can be used to replace a keyboard, or both a mouse and a keyboard, by using the tablet and stylus in two modes:
The tablet and [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] can be used to replace a keyboard, or both a mouse and a keyboard, by using the tablet and stylus in two modes:
* Pointing mode: The stylus is used as a pointing device as above.
* Pointing mode: The stylus is used as a pointing device as above.
* On-line Handwriting recognition mode: The strokes made with the stylus are analyzed as a "electronic ink", by software which recognizes the shapes of the strokes or marks as handwritten characters. The characters are then input as text, as if from a keyboard.
* On-line Handwriting recognition mode: The strokes made with the stylus are analyzed as an "electronic ink" by software which recognizes the shapes of the strokes or marks as handwritten characters. The characters are then input as text, as if from a keyboard.


Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g.
Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g.
Line 50: Line 49:
The term "on-line handwriting recognition" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time [[digitizing tablet]] for input, as contrasted to "off-line handwriting recognition", which is [[optical character recognition]] of static handwritten symbols from paper.
The term "on-line handwriting recognition" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time [[digitizing tablet]] for input, as contrasted to "off-line handwriting recognition", which is [[optical character recognition]] of static handwritten symbols from paper.


==== Direct manipulation ====
=== Direct manipulation ===
{{further|Direct manipulation}}


The stylus is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. See the special Wiki article on [[Direct manipulation]]. The Wang Freestyle system <ref>{{Citation
The [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]] is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. The Wang Freestyle system<ref name="rwservices_a">{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = WANG Freestyle demo
| title = WANG Freestyle demo
| publisher= Wang Laboratories
| publisher= Wang Laboratories
| pages=
| year= 1989
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/images.html#WangFreestyle
| date= 1989
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/images.html#WangFreestyle
| access-date =2008-09-22 }}</ref> is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic "ink" for adding handwritten notes.
| access-date =2008-09-22 }}</ref> is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic "ink" for adding handwritten notes.


==== Gesture recognition ====
=== Gesture recognition ===
This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command.
This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command.


For example, a "pig-tail" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a "delete" operation. Depending on the implementation, what is deleted might be the object or text where the mark was made, or the stylus can be used as a pointing device to select what it is that should be deleted.
For example, a "pig-tail" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a "delete" operation. Depending on the implementation, what is deleted might be the object or text where the mark was made, or the stylus can be used as a pointing device to select what it is that should be deleted. With Apple's [[Newton OS]], text could be deleted by scratching in a zig-zag pattern over it.


Recent systems have used digitizers which can recognize more than one "stylus" (usually a finger) at a time, and make use of [[Multi-touch]] gestures.
Recent systems have used digitizers which can recognize more than one "stylus" (usually a finger) at a time, and make use of [[Multi-touch]] gestures.


The [[PenPoint OS]] was a special operating system which incorporated gesture recognition and handwriting input at all levels of the operating system. Prior systems which employed gesture recognition only did so within special applications, such as CAD/CAM applications <ref> {{Citation
The [[PenPoint OS]] was a special operating system which incorporated gesture recognition and handwriting input at all levels of the operating system. Prior systems which employed gesture recognition only did so within special applications, such as CAD/CAM applications<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = Computerized Graphic Processing System: System User's Manual
| title = Computerized Graphic Processing System: System User's Manual
| publisher=Applicon Incorporated
| publisher=Applicon Incorporated
| pages=
| date=1973-09-01
| date=1973-09-01
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio75.html#Applicon73
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio75.html#Applicon73
| access-date = }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last= Newman
| last= Newman
| first= W.M.
| first= W.M.
Line 84: Line 78:
| pages= 575–582
| pages= 575–582
| date=1973-09-01
| date=1973-09-01
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio75.html#NewmanWM73a
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio75.html#NewmanWM73a
| access-date = }}</ref>or text processing.<ref>{{Citation
}}</ref> or text processing.<ref>{{Citation
| last= Coleman
| last= Coleman
| first=Michael L.
| first=Michael L.
| title = Text editing on a graphic display device using hand-drawn proofreader's symbols, from Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the 2nd University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics
| title = Text editing on a graphic display device using hand-drawn proofreader's symbols, from Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the 2nd University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics
| publisher= University of Illinois Press
| publisher= University of Illinois Press
| pages=
| year=1969
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#Coleman69
| date=1969
}}</ref>
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#Coleman69
| access-date = }}</ref>


== Palm rejection ==
==History==
Palm rejection is a technology used in touch-sensitive devices to distinguish between intentional input from a stylus or finger and contact from a user's palm. This feature allows users to rest their hand on the screen while using the device, without causing unintended marks or interactions. It relies on a combination of technology in the pen, the software and the screen digitizer technology, to work effectively.


== History ==
* Before 1950
{{see also|History of tablet computers}}
** 1888: U.S. Patent granted to [[Elisha Gray]] on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting.<ref>{{Citation

| last =Gray
Pen computing has very deep historical roots.
| coauthors =

| title =Telautograph
The first patent for an electronic device used for handwriting, the [[telautograph]], was granted in 1888.<ref name="freepatentsonline">{{Citation
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =United States Patent 386,815
| date =1888-07-31
| url = http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#Gray1888b
| accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last =Gray
| last =Gray
| first =Elisha
| first =Elisha
| coauthors =
| title =Telautograph
| title =Telautograph
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =United States Patent 386,815 (full image)
| publisher =United States Patent 386,815 (full image)
| date =1888-07-31
| date =1888-07-31
| url = http://www.freepatentsonline.com/386815.pdf
| url = http://www.freepatentsonline.com/386815.pdf
| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}</ref>
What is probably the first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1915.<ref name="freepatentsonline_a">{{Citation
** 1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus.<ref>{{Citation
| last=Goldberg
| last=Goldberg
| first=H.E.
| first=H.E.
| title = Controller
| title = Controller
| publisher=United States Patent 1,117,184
| publisher=United States Patent 1,117,184 (full image)
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#GoldbergHE15
| url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1117184.pdf
| access-date =
| date=1915-12-28 }}</ref>
Around 1954 [[Douglas T Ross]], working on the Whirlwind computer at MIT, wrote the "first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer".<ref name="SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings">{{Citation
| date=1915-12-28 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last=Ross
| first=Doug
| title = Retrospectives 1: The early years in computer graphics
| publisher=SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings
| pages=27–28
| date=1989
| url=http://excelsior.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~carlson/history/PDFs/p19-hurst.pdf
}}</ref>
The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.<ref name="rwservices">{{Citation
| last=Dimond
| first=Tom
| title = Devices for reading handwritten characters
| publisher=Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference
| pages=232–237
| date=1957-12-01
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#DimondTL57a
| access-date = 2008-08-23}}</ref>

In addition to many academic and research systems, there were several companies with commercial products in the 1980s: [[Pencept]], [[Communications Intelligence Corporation]], and Linus
were among the best known of a crowded field. Later, [[GO Corporation]] brought out the [[PenPoint OS]] operating system for a tablet PC product: one of the patents from GO was the subject of a [[Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.#Trials|patent infringement lawsuit]] in 2008 concerning Microsoft's Tablet PC operating system.<ref name="usatoday">{{Cite web
| last =Mintz
| first =Jessica
| title =Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling
| publisher =[[Associated Press]]
| date =2008-04-04
| url = https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-04-2507619152_x.htm
| access-date = 2008-09-04
|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081212135345/https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-04-2507619152_x.htm
|archive-date=2008-12-12
}}</ref>

The following timeline list gives some of the highlights of this history:
* Before 1950
** 1888: U.S. Patent granted to [[Elisha Gray]] on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting.<ref name="freepatentsonline" /><ref>{{Citation
| last =Gray
| title =Telautograph
| publisher =United States Patent 386,815
| date =1888-07-31
| url = http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio70.html#Gray1888b
}}</ref>
** 1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus.<ref name="freepatentsonline_a" /><ref>{{Citation
| last=Goldberg
| last=Goldberg
| first=H.E.
| first=H.E.
| title = Controller
| title = Controller
| publisher=United States Patent 1,117,184 (full image)
| publisher=United States Patent 1,117,184
| url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1117184.pdf
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#GoldbergHE15
| access-date =
| date=1915-12-28 }}</ref>
| date=1915-12-28 }}</ref>
** 1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input.<ref>{{Citation
** 1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input.<ref>{{Citation
Line 142: Line 166:
| publisher=United States Patent 2,269,599
| publisher=United States Patent 2,269,599
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#Moodey40
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#Moodey40
| access-date = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last=Moodey
| last=Moodey
| first=H.C.
| first=H.C.
Line 149: Line 173:
| publisher=United States Patent 2,269,599 (full image)
| publisher=United States Patent 2,269,599 (full image)
| url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2269599.pdf
| url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2269599.pdf
| access-date = }}</ref>
}}</ref>
** 1945: [[Vannevar Bush]] proposes the [[Memex]], a data archiving device including handwriting input, in an essay [[As We May Think]].<ref>{{Citation
** 1945: [[Vannevar Bush]] proposes the [[Memex]], a data archiving device including handwriting input, in an essay titled [[As We May Think]].<ref>{{Citation
| last=Bush
| last=Bush
| first=Vannevar
| first=Vannevar
| title = As We May Think
| title = As We May Think
| date =1945-07-15
| date =1945-07-15
| publisher=The Atlantic Monthly
| publisher=The Atlantic Monthly
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#BushV45
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio70.html#BushV45
| access-date = }}</ref>
}}</ref>
* 1950s
* 1950s
** Tom Dimond demonstrates the Styalator electronic tablet with pen for computer input and handwriting recognition.<ref>{{Citation
** Tom Dimond demonstrates the Styalator electronic tablet with pen for computer input and handwriting recognition.<ref name="rwservices" />
| last=Dimond
| first=Tom
| title = Devices for reading handwritten characters
| publisher=Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference
| pages=232–237
| date=1957-12-01
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio70.html#Dimond57
| access-date = 2008-08-23}}</ref>
* Early 1960s
* Early 1960s
** RAND Tablet invented.<ref>{{Citation
**[[RAND Tablet]] invented.<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = RAND Tablet
| title = RAND Tablet
| publisher=
| pages=
| date=1961-09-01
| date=1961-09-01
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#RAND61
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio70.html#RAND61
| access-date = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|title=50 Years of Looking Forward
| last=
|publisher=RAND Corporation
| first=
|date=1998-09-01
| title = 50 Years of Looking Forward
|url=http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr.fall.98/50.html
| publisher=RAND Corporation
|url-status=dead
| pages=
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507193627/http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr.fall.98/50.html
| date=1998-09-01
|archive-date=2009-05-07
| url=http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr.fall.98/50.html
| access-date = }}</ref>
}}</ref>


* Late 1960s
* Late 1960s
** [[Alan Kay]] of Xerox PARC proposed a notebook using pen input called [[Dynabook]]: however device is never constructed.
** [[Alan Kay]] of Xerox PARC proposed an idea for a notebook called [[Dynabook]] that used pen input. However, no physical device was created.
* 1971
** Touchscreen interface developed at [[SLAC]].<ref>
{{Citation
| last= Fryberger
| first= D.
| title = An Innovation in Control Panels for Large Computer Control Systems
| publisher= Proc. 4th IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago IL USA, March 1..3, 1971
| pages= 414–417
| date= March 1972
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio75.html#FrybergerD71a
}}</ref>

* 1979
** [[Fairlight CMI]], an early commercial digital sampling workstation
* 1982
* 1982
** [[Pencept]] of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.<ref>{{Citation
**[[Pencept]] of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature
| title = Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature
| publisher= Pencept, Inc.
| publisher= Pencept, Inc.
| pages=
| date=1982-08-15
| date=1982-08-15
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio83.html#Pencept83
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio83.html#Pencept83
| access-date = }}</ref>
}}</ref>
** Cadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen.<ref>{{Citation
** Cadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen.<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal
| title = Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal
| publisher= Cadre Systems Limited, England
| publisher= Cadre Systems Limited, England
| pages=
| date=1982-08-15
| date=1982-08-15
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio83.html#Inforite82
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio83.html#Inforite82
| access-date = }}</ref>
}}</ref>
* 1985:
* 1985:
** [[Pencept]]<ref>{{Citation
**[[Pencept]]<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = Users Manual for Penpad 320
| title = Users Manual for Penpad 320
| publisher= Pencept, Inc.
| publisher= Pencept, Inc.
| pages=
| date=1984-06-15
| date=1984-06-15
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio85.html#Pencept84d
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio85.html#Pencept84d
| access-date = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen
| title = Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen
| publisher= Pencept, Inc.
| publisher= Pencept, Inc.
| pages=
| year=1985
| date=1985
| url=http://www.open-video.org/details.php?videoid=8023&surrogate=storyboard
| url=http://www.open-video.org/details.php?videoid=8023&surrogate=storyboard
| access-date=2009-05-21 }}</ref> and CIC<ref>{{Citation
| access-date=2009-05-21 }}</ref> and CIC<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = Handwriter (R) GrafText (TM) System Model GT-5000
| title = Handwriter (R) GrafText (TM) System Model GT-5000
| publisher= Communication Intelligence Corporation
| publisher= Communication Intelligence Corporation
| pages=
| date=1985-01-15
| date=1985-01-15
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio85.html#CIC85
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio85.html#CIC85
| access-date = }}</ref> both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is [[MS-DOS]].
}}</ref> both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is [[MS-DOS]].


* 1989
* 1989
** The first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the GRiDPad<ref>{{Citation
** The first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the [[GridPad]] 1900<ref>{{Citation
| last=
| first=
| title = The BYTE Awards: GRiD System's GRiDPad
| title = The BYTE Awards: GRiD System's GRiDPad
| publisher= BYTE Magazine, Vol 15. No 1
| publisher= BYTE Magazine, Vol 15. No 1
| pages=285
| page=285
| date=1990-01-12
| date=1990-01-12
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio90.html#GridPad90a
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio90.html#GridPad90a
| access-date = }}</ref> from [[GRiD Systems]], released in September. Its operating system was based on [[MS-DOS]].
}}</ref> from [[Grid Systems]], released in September. It ran GRiDPen (later released as PenRight), a graphic system with pen input and handwriting recognition running on MS-DOS.
** Wang Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC.<ref>{{Citation
** Wang Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC. The operating system was [[MS-DOS]].<ref>
{{Citation
| last=
| last= Wang Laboratories
| title = The Wang Freestyle System
| first=
| title = WANG Freestyle demo
| publisher= WANG Laboratories
| publisher= Wang Laboratories
| pages=
| date= 1989
| date= 1989
| url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/images.html#WangFreestyle
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio90.html#WangLaboratories89a
}}</ref>
| access-date =2008-09-22 }}</ref> The operating system was [[MS-DOS]]

* 1991
* 1991
** The Momenta Pentop was released.<ref>{{Citation
** The Momenta Pentop was released.<ref>{{Citation
| last =Lempesis
| last =Lempesis
| first =Bill
| first =Bill
| coauthors =
| title =What's New in Laptops and Pen Computing
| title =What's New in Laptops and Pen Computing
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =Flat Panel Display News
| publisher =Flat Panel Display News
| date =1990-05
| date =May 1990
| url = http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio90.html#Momenta90
| url = http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio90.html#Momenta90
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momenta Corporation 1/40 Pentop Computer - RICM|url=https://sites.google.com/a/ricomputermuseum.org/home/Home/small-systems-at-ricm/momenta-corporation-140-pen-computer|access-date=2020-06-04|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>
| accessdate = }}</ref>
** [[GO Corp.|GO Corp]] announced a dedicated operating system, called [[PenPoint OS]], featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes.<ref>{{Citation
** [[GO Corp.|GO Corp]] announced a dedicated operating system, called [[PenPoint OS]], featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes.<ref>{{Citation
| last=Agulnick
| last=Agulnick
Line 275: Line 278:
| publisher=United States Patent 5,347,295
| publisher=United States Patent 5,347,295
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio95.html#Agulnick94
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio95.html#Agulnick94
| access-date = }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last=Agulnick
| last=Agulnick
| first=Todd
| first=Todd
Line 282: Line 285:
| publisher=United States Patent 5,347,295 (full image)
| publisher=United States Patent 5,347,295 (full image)
| url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5347295.pdf
| url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5347295.pdf
}}</ref> Gestures included "flick" gestures in different directions, check-marks, cross-outs, pig-tails, and circular shapes, among others.
| access-date = }}</ref>
** Portia Isaacsen of Future Computing estimates the total annual market for pen computers such as those running the [[PenPoint]] OS to be on the order of $500 Million.
** NCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows.<ref>{{Citation
** NCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = NCR announces pen-based computer press release
| title = NCR Offers Pen-Based Computer
| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1991_June_24/ai_10957018
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/24/business/ncr-offers-pen-based-computer.html
| access-date = 2007-04-20
| last=Shapiro
| format = {{dead link|date=April 2009}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3ANCR+announces+pen-based+computer+press+release&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref>
| first=Eben
| date=1991-06-24
| publisher=[[The New York Times]]
| access-date = 2024-09-12
}}</ref>
** The [[Apple Newton]] entered development; although it ultimately became a [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]], its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC.
** The [[Apple Newton]] entered development; although it ultimately became a [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]], its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC.
** [[Sam Tramiel]] of [[Atari|Atari Corp.]] presented the "[[Atari ST|ST-Pad]]" (codenamed "STylus") at the [[CeBIT]] '91 in [[Hanover]], [[Germany]]. The computer never went into production.
* 1992
* 1992
** GO Corp shipped PenPoint and IBM announced IBM 2125 pen computer (the first IBM model named "ThinkPad") in April.<ref>{{Citation
** GO Corp shipped PenPoint and IBM announced IBM 2521/700T pen computer (the first IBM model named "ThinkPad") in April.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Penpoint OS shipping press release
| title = Penpoint OS shipping, products introduced - Go Technology Corp,'s pen-based operating system - Product Announcement
| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1992_April_17/ai_12165379
| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1992_April_17/ai_12165379
| last=Rohrbough
| first=Linda
| date=1992-04-17
| publisher=[[Newsbytes News Network]]
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830050237/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NEW/is_1992_April_17/ai_12165379
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2007-08-30
| access-date = 2007-04-20
| access-date = 2007-04-20
}}</ref>
| format = {{dead link|date=April 2009}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3APenpoint+OS+shipping+press+release&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref>
** [[Microsoft]] releases [[Windows for Pen Computing]] as a response to the PenPoint OS.
** [[Microsoft]] releases [[Windows for Pen Computing]] as a response to the PenPoint OS.
*1993
*1993
** The IBM releases the [[ThinkPad]], IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the [[IBM]] [[ThinkPad]] 750P and 360P<ref>[http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html Lenovo - The history of ThinkPad<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
** IBM releases the [[ThinkPad]], IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the [[IBM]] [[ThinkPad]] 750P and 360P<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html |title=The history of ThinkPad |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429123812/http://www.pc.ibm.com/us/thinkpad/anniversary/history.html |archivedate=2007-04-29 }}</ref>
** Apple Computer announces the Newton PDA, also known as the Apple MessagePad, which includes handwriting recognition with a stylus.
** [[Amstrad]] release the "[[PenPad]]" or PDA600, a similar pen-based device. It did not achieve commercial success.<ref>[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/5046/Amstrad-PenPad-PDA600/ Amstrad PenPad PDA600]. Computing History (2011-10-21). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.</ref>
** [[AT&T]] introduced the [[EO Personal Communicator]] combining PenPoint with wireless communications.
** [[AT&T]] introduced the [[EO Personal Communicator]] combining PenPoint with wireless communications.
** BellSouth released the [[IBM Simon]] Personal Communicator, an analog cellphone using a touch-screen and display. It did not include handwriting recognition, but did permit users to write messages and send them as faxes on the analog cellphone network, and included PDA and Email features.
*1999
*1999
** The "QBE" pen computer created by [[Aqcess Technologies]] wins [[Comdex]] Best of Show.<ref>{{Citation
** The "QBE" pen computer created by [[Aqcess Technologies]] wins [[Comdex]] Best of Show.<ref>{{Citation
Line 307: Line 326:
** The "QBE Vivo" pen computer created by [[Aqcess Technologies]] ties for [[Comdex]] Best of Show.
** The "QBE Vivo" pen computer created by [[Aqcess Technologies]] ties for [[Comdex]] Best of Show.
*2001
*2001
** Bill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of the "Windows XP Tablet PC Edition" operating system)<ref>{{Citation
** Bill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of [[Windows XP Tablet PC Edition]])<ref>{{Citation
| last=Microsoft
| last=Microsoft
| title = Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements
| title = Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements
| date =2005
| year =2005
| publisher=www.microsoft.com
| publisher=www.microsoft.com
| url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio10.html#Microsoft06i
| url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio10.html#Microsoft06i
| access-date = 2009-03-14 }}</ref> at [[Comdex]].
| access-date = 2009-03-14 }}</ref> at [[Comdex]].
** Wacom introduces the [[Wacom (company)#Cintiq and Cintiq Pro|Cintiq]] pen-based tablet platform for professional artists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2009|publisher=Wacom|url=http://investors.wacom.com/media/files/investor-relations/2009-english/20090626annualreport2009.pdf?vs=1&d=00010101T000000}}</ref>
*2003
*2003
** Fingerworks <ref>{{Citation
**[[FingerWorks]]<ref>{{Citation
| title=iGesture Game Mode Guide
| title=iGesture Game Mode Guide
|last=Fingerworks, Inc.
|last=Fingerworks, Inc.
|date=2003
|year=2003
|publisher=www.fingerworks.com
|publisher=www.fingerworks.com
|url=http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/pens/biblio05.html#Fingerworks03
|url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio05.html#Fingerworks03
|access-date=2009-04-30}}</ref> develops the touch technology and touch gestures later used in the Apple [[IPhone]]<ref>{{Citation
|access-date=2009-04-30}}</ref> develops the touch technology and touch gestures later used in the Apple [[iPhone]].<ref>{{Citation
| title=Rubrik Apple: Das Lexikon der Fingersprache
| title=Rubrik Apple: Das Lexikon der Fingersprache
|last=MacEssentials
|last=MacEssentials
Line 327: Line 347:
|date=2007-08-02
|date=2007-08-02
|url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio10.html#MacEssentials07a
|url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio10.html#MacEssentials07a
|access-date=2009-05-16}}</ref>.
|access-date=2009-05-16}}</ref>


*2005
**[[LeapFrog Enterprises]] releases the [[Fly (pentop computer)|Fly]] pentop.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Druin|first=Allison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv18x3wIVzIC&pg=PA177|title=Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning|date=2009-03-16|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=978-0-08-095409-7|pages=177|language=en}}</ref>
*2006
*2006
** Windows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP.
** Windows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP.

*2008
*2008
** In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by [[GO Corp.]] concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems.<ref>{{Citation
** In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by [[GO Corp.]] concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems.<ref name="usatoday" /> Microsoft's acquisition of the technology is the subject of a separate lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/go-files-antitrust-suit-against-microsoft/ |first=Ina |last=Fried |date=July 6, 2005 |work=CNET}}</ref><ref>[http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050704045343631 A New Antitrust Lawsuit - Go Corp. v. Microsoft]. Groklaw (2005-07-04). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.</ref>
** [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the [[HP TouchSmart]] tx2z.<ref>{{Citation
| last =Mintz
| first =Jessica
| coauthors =
| title =Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =The Associated Press
| date =2008-04-04
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-04-2507619152_x.htm
| accessdate = 2008-09-04 }}</ref>
** [[HP]] releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the [[HP TouchSmart]] tx2z.<ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title =HP TouchSmart tx2z
| title =HP TouchSmart tx2z
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =HP
| publisher =HP
| date =
| url = http://www.shopping.hp.com/webapp/shopping/computer_can_series.do?storeName=computer_store&category=notebooks&a1=Category&v1=Mobility&series_name=tx2z_series
| url = http://www.shopping.hp.com/webapp/shopping/computer_can_series.do?storeName=computer_store&category=notebooks&a1=Category&v1=Mobility&series_name=tx2z_series
| accessdate = 2008-11-28 }}</ref>
| access-date = 2008-11-28 }}</ref>


*2011
==== Further information ====
** [[Samsung]] releases the [[Samsung Galaxy Note (original)|Samsung Galaxy Note]] hybrid [[smartphone]]/[[Tablet computer|tablet]] ("[[phablet]]") which includes a stylus.
*[http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/biblio.html Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing]
*2012

** [[Microsoft]] releases the [[Microsoft Surface]] Pro hybrid tablet/laptop with an optional [[Surface Pen]].
==References==
*2013
<!--<nowiki>
** [[Lenovo]] introduces the [[ThinkPad Helix]] hybrid tablet/laptop which includes a [[Wacom]] stylus.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.
*2015
</nowiki>-->
** [[Apple Inc|Apple]] releases the [[Apple Pencil]] for the [[iPad Pro]] which includes pressure sensitivity and angle detection.
{{reflist}}
*2021

**[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] releases the [[Samsung Galaxy S21|Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra]], the first Samsung Galaxy S phone to bring the S Pen support found in the [[Samsung Galaxy Note series|Samsung Galaxy Note Series]], alongside the release of the S Pen Pro as the separate high-end stylus to have a compatible with the smartphones, tablets and PCs that supports the S Pen.
==External links==
**In August 2021, as the discontinuation of the entire [[Samsung Galaxy Note series|Samsung Galaxy Note Series]], Samsung releases the [[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3]], the first Galaxy Z Fold [[Foldable smartphone|foldable phone]] to bring the S Pen support, alongside the release of the S Pen Fold Edition as the separate stylus to have exclusively compatible with the Galaxy Z Fold 3 onwards to avoid taking the screen damage rather than using the other stylus pens and the S Pen Pro without the Z Fold compatibility.
*[http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/penhist.html The Unknown History of Pen Computing] contains a history of pen computing, including touch and gesture technology, from approximately 1917 to 1992.
*[http://rwservices.no-ip.info:81/biblio.html Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing]
*[http://www.compinfo-center.com/tel/pen_computing.htm A number of links to pen computing resources]


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Digital pen]]
*[[Stylus (computing)]]
*[[Gesture recognition]]
* [[Handwriting movement analysis]]
* [[Handwriting recognition]]
* [[Handwriting recognition]]
* [[Interactive whiteboard]]
* [[Tablet PC#History|Tablet PC]]
* [[Graphics tablet]]
* Pen Scanner
* [http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2002/oct02/10-29TabletInking.mspx Digital Ink]
**[[Interactive whiteboard]]
* [[Laser pointer]] (e.g. highlighting)
* [[Laser pointer]] (e.g. highlighting)
**[[Light painting|Graffiti Lighting]]
**[[Light painting|Graffiti Lighting]]
* [[Gesture recognition]]
* [[Light pen]]
* [[Sketch recognition]]
* [[Tablet computer]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://ruetersward.com/pens/penhist.html The Unknown History of Pen Computing] contains a history of pen computing, including touch and gesture technology, from approximately 1917 to 1992.
* [http://users.erols.com/rwservices/biblio.html Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190108095148/http://www.compinfo-center.com/tel/pen_computing.htm A number of links to pen computing resources.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411061846/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2002/oct02/10-29TabletInking.mspx Digital Ink, Breakthrough Technology in Tablet PC, Brings the Power of the Pen to the Desktop]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xnqKdWMa_8 Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (Youtube)]

{{Pens}}

[[Category:User interface techniques]]
[[Category:User interface techniques]]

Latest revision as of 00:45, 25 December 2024

Samsung Galaxy Note phablets include a stylus, called "S-Pen".

Pen computing refers to any computer user-interface using a pen or stylus and tablet, over input devices such as a keyboard or a mouse.

Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus handwriting recognition as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the Stylator[1] and RAND Tablet[2] systems of the 1950s and early 1960s.

General techniques

[edit]

User interfaces for pen computing can be implemented in several ways.[3] Current systems generally employ a combination of these techniques.

Pointing/locator input

[edit]

The tablet and stylus are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. While a mouse is a relative pointing device (one uses the mouse to "push the cursor around" on a screen), a tablet is an absolute pointing device (one places the stylus where the cursor is to appear).

There are a number of human factors to be considered when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. For example, it is much harder to target or tap the same exact position twice with a stylus, so "double-tap" operations with a stylus are harder to perform if the system is expecting "double-click" input from a mouse.

A finger can be used as the stylus on a touch-sensitive tablet surface, such as with a touchscreen.

Handwriting recognition

[edit]

The tablet and stylus can be used to replace a keyboard, or both a mouse and a keyboard, by using the tablet and stylus in two modes:

  • Pointing mode: The stylus is used as a pointing device as above.
  • On-line Handwriting recognition mode: The strokes made with the stylus are analyzed as an "electronic ink" by software which recognizes the shapes of the strokes or marks as handwritten characters. The characters are then input as text, as if from a keyboard.

Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g.

  • by writing in separate areas of the tablet for pointing mode and for handwriting-recognition mode.
  • by pressing a special button on the side of the stylus to change modes.
  • by context, such as treating any marks not recognized as text as pointing input.
  • by recognizing a special gesture mark.

The term "on-line handwriting recognition" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time digitizing tablet for input, as contrasted to "off-line handwriting recognition", which is optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper.

Direct manipulation

[edit]
Further information: Direct manipulation

The stylus is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. The Wang Freestyle system[4] is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic "ink" for adding handwritten notes.

Gesture recognition

[edit]

This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command.

For example, a "pig-tail" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a "delete" operation. Depending on the implementation, what is deleted might be the object or text where the mark was made, or the stylus can be used as a pointing device to select what it is that should be deleted. With Apple's Newton OS, text could be deleted by scratching in a zig-zag pattern over it.

Recent systems have used digitizers which can recognize more than one "stylus" (usually a finger) at a time, and make use of Multi-touch gestures.

The PenPoint OS was a special operating system which incorporated gesture recognition and handwriting input at all levels of the operating system. Prior systems which employed gesture recognition only did so within special applications, such as CAD/CAM applications[5][6] or text processing.[7]

Palm rejection

[edit]

Palm rejection is a technology used in touch-sensitive devices to distinguish between intentional input from a stylus or finger and contact from a user's palm. This feature allows users to rest their hand on the screen while using the device, without causing unintended marks or interactions. It relies on a combination of technology in the pen, the software and the screen digitizer technology, to work effectively.

History

[edit]
See also: History of tablet computers

Pen computing has very deep historical roots.

The first patent for an electronic device used for handwriting, the telautograph, was granted in 1888.[8] What is probably the first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1915.[9] Around 1954 Douglas T Ross, working on the Whirlwind computer at MIT, wrote the "first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer".[10] The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.[11]

In addition to many academic and research systems, there were several companies with commercial products in the 1980s: Pencept, Communications Intelligence Corporation, and Linus were among the best known of a crowded field. Later, GO Corporation brought out the PenPoint OS operating system for a tablet PC product: one of the patents from GO was the subject of a patent infringement lawsuit in 2008 concerning Microsoft's Tablet PC operating system.[12]

The following timeline list gives some of the highlights of this history:

  • Before 1950
    • 1888: U.S. Patent granted to Elisha Gray on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting.[8][13]
    • 1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus.[9][14]
    • 1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input.[15][16]
    • 1945: Vannevar Bush proposes the Memex, a data archiving device including handwriting input, in an essay titled As We May Think.[17]
  • 1950s
    • Tom Dimond demonstrates the Styalator electronic tablet with pen for computer input and handwriting recognition.[11]
  • Early 1960s
  • Late 1960s
    • Alan Kay of Xerox PARC proposed an idea for a notebook called Dynabook that used pen input. However, no physical device was created.
  • 1971
    • Touchscreen interface developed at SLAC.[20]
  • 1979
  • 1982
    • Pencept of Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.[21]
    • Cadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen.[22]
  • 1985:
    • Pencept[23][24] and CIC[25] both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is MS-DOS.
  • 1989
    • The first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the GridPad 1900[26] from Grid Systems, released in September. It ran GRiDPen (later released as PenRight), a graphic system with pen input and handwriting recognition running on MS-DOS.
    • Wang Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC. The operating system was MS-DOS.[27]
  • 1991
    • The Momenta Pentop was released.[28][29]
    • GO Corp announced a dedicated operating system, called PenPoint OS, featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes.[30][31] Gestures included "flick" gestures in different directions, check-marks, cross-outs, pig-tails, and circular shapes, among others.
    • Portia Isaacsen of Future Computing estimates the total annual market for pen computers such as those running the PenPoint OS to be on the order of $500 Million.
    • NCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows.[32]
    • The Apple Newton entered development; although it ultimately became a PDA, its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC.
    • Sam Tramiel of Atari Corp. presented the "ST-Pad" (codenamed "STylus") at the CeBIT '91 in Hanover, Germany. The computer never went into production.
  • 1992
    • GO Corp shipped PenPoint and IBM announced IBM 2521/700T pen computer (the first IBM model named "ThinkPad") in April.[33]
    • Microsoft releases Windows for Pen Computing as a response to the PenPoint OS.
  • 1993
    • IBM releases the ThinkPad, IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the IBM ThinkPad 750P and 360P[34]
    • Apple Computer announces the Newton PDA, also known as the Apple MessagePad, which includes handwriting recognition with a stylus.
    • Amstrad release the "PenPad" or PDA600, a similar pen-based device. It did not achieve commercial success.[35]
    • AT&T introduced the EO Personal Communicator combining PenPoint with wireless communications.
    • BellSouth released the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, an analog cellphone using a touch-screen and display. It did not include handwriting recognition, but did permit users to write messages and send them as faxes on the analog cellphone network, and included PDA and Email features.
  • 1999
  • 2000
  • 2001
    • Bill Gates of Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of Windows XP Tablet PC Edition)[37] at Comdex.
    • Wacom introduces the Cintiq pen-based tablet platform for professional artists.[38]
  • 2003
  • 2005
  • 2006
    • Windows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP.
  • 2008
    • In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems.[12] Microsoft's acquisition of the technology is the subject of a separate lawsuit.[42][43]
    • HP releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the HP TouchSmart tx2z.[44]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dimond, T.L. (1957-12-01), Devices for reading handwritten characters, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237
  2. ^ Groner, G.F. (August 1966), Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Text, Memorandum RM-5016-ARPA, RAND Corporation
  3. ^ Signer, B. (2024), Pen-based Interaction (PDF), Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Major Reference Work, Springer Nature
  4. ^ WANG Freestyle demo, Wang Laboratories, 1989, retrieved 2008-09-22
  5. ^ Computerized Graphic Processing System: System User's Manual, Applicon Incorporated, 1973-09-01
  6. ^ Newman, W.M. (1973-09-01), The Ledeen Character Recognizer, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, McGraw-Hill, pp. 575–582
  7. ^ Coleman, Michael L. (1969), Text editing on a graphic display device using hand-drawn proofreader's symbols, from Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the 2nd University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics, University of Illinois Press
  8. ^ a b Gray, Elisha (1888-07-31), Telautograph (PDF), United States Patent 386,815 (full image)
  9. ^ a b Goldberg, H.E. (1915-12-28), Controller (PDF), United States Patent 1,117,184 (full image)
  10. ^ Ross, Doug (1989), Retrospectives 1: The early years in computer graphics (PDF), SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings, pp. 27–28
  11. ^ a b Dimond, Tom (1957-12-01), Devices for reading handwritten characters, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237, retrieved 2008-08-23
  12. ^ a b Mintz, Jessica (2008-04-04). "Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  13. ^ Gray (1888-07-31), Telautograph, United States Patent 386,815
  14. ^ Goldberg, H.E. (1915-12-28), Controller, United States Patent 1,117,184
  15. ^ Moodey, H.C. (1942-12-27), Telautograph System, United States Patent 2,269,599
  16. ^ Moodey, H.C. (1942-12-27), Telautograph System (PDF), United States Patent 2,269,599 (full image)
  17. ^ Bush, Vannevar (1945-07-15), As We May Think, The Atlantic Monthly
  18. ^ RAND Tablet, 1961-09-01
  19. ^ 50 Years of Looking Forward, RAND Corporation, 1998-09-01, archived from the original on 2009-05-07
  20. ^ Fryberger, D. (March 1972), An Innovation in Control Panels for Large Computer Control Systems, Proc. 4th IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago IL USA, March 1..3, 1971, pp. 414–417
  21. ^ Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature, Pencept, Inc., 1982-08-15
  22. ^ Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal, Cadre Systems Limited, England, 1982-08-15
  23. ^ Users Manual for Penpad 320, Pencept, Inc., 1984-06-15
  24. ^ Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen, Pencept, Inc., 1985, retrieved 2009-05-21
  25. ^ Handwriter (R) GrafText (TM) System Model GT-5000, Communication Intelligence Corporation, 1985-01-15
  26. ^ The BYTE Awards: GRiD System's GRiDPad, BYTE Magazine, Vol 15. No 1, 1990-01-12, p. 285
  27. ^ Wang Laboratories (1989), The Wang Freestyle System, WANG Laboratories
  28. ^ Lempesis, Bill (May 1990), What's New in Laptops and Pen Computing, Flat Panel Display News
  29. ^ "Momenta Corporation 1/40 Pentop Computer - RICM". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  30. ^ Agulnick, Todd (1994-09-13), Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus, United States Patent 5,347,295
  31. ^ Agulnick, Todd (1994-09-13), Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus (PDF), United States Patent 5,347,295 (full image)
  32. ^ Shapiro, Eben (1991-06-24). "NCR Offers Pen-Based Computer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  33. ^ Rohrbough, Linda (1992-04-17), Penpoint OS shipping, products introduced - Go Technology Corp,'s pen-based operating system - Product Announcement, Newsbytes News Network, archived from the original on 2007-08-30, retrieved 2007-04-20
  34. ^ "The history of ThinkPad". Archived from the original on 2007-04-29.
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