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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}


In the Philippines, '''Natural Parks'''. by law, are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity. Rxtraction resources uses not allowed in these areas and they are maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational, and recreational use.
Sandbox for a [[Pacification of Samar]] article.
<ref name=RA11038>{{cite PH act |title=Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018 |chamber=RA|number=11038 |date=March 21, 2018|url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11038_2018.html}} </REF>


== Natural parks ==
{{Infobox military operation
{{{Color box|#CFECEC|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;''[[World Heritage Site]] or part of a World Heritage Site''.
|name = Pacification of Samar
{{toptextcells}}
|partof = [[Philippinw-Americab War]]
{| class="wikitable sortable toptextcells"
|subtitle =
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
|image =
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
|image_upright =
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:6.5em;" | Area
|alt =
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Established
|caption =
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:8em;" | Location
|scope =
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:6.5em;" | Coordinates
|type =
|-
|location = [[Samar]]
!Provinces
|location2 = <!-- 2 through 10 for more locations -->
!Island Group
|coordinates =
|-
|coordinates2 = <!-- 2 through 10 for more locations -->
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|map_type =
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|3,903.19|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
|map_size =
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
|map_caption =
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Ilocos Norte (province)|Ilocos Norte]]|}}
|map_label =
|Luzon
|map_label2 = <!-- 2 through 10 for more locations -->
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="18.5" | {{coord|18|31|57|N|120|54|50|E|name=Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|planned =
|-
|planned_by = General [[Jacob H. Smith]]
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Tumauini Watershed Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|commanded_by = General [[Adna Chaffee]]
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|6,509.38|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
|objective = Neutralize rogue guerilla force following conclusion of general hostilities
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
|target =
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Isabela|Isabela]]|}}
|date = December 8, 1901
|Luzon
|time =
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="17.3" | {{coord|17.3|N|122|E|name=Tumauini Watershed Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|time-begin =
|-
|time-end =
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bataan Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|timezone = UTC+6
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|20,004.17|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
|executed_by = U.S. Army, U.S. Marines
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
|outcome = Objective achieved but with significant collateral damage and noncombatant casualties
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Bataan|Bataan]]|}}
|casualties = <>
|Luzon
|fatalities = <>
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="14.55" | {{coord|14|39|N|120|36|E|name= |region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|injuries = <>
|-
}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Apo Reef Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
The '''Pacification of Samar''' was an operation initiated by General [[Adna Chaffee]] following the [[Balangiga massacre]] incident. General hostilities in the [[Philippine-American War]] had largely ceased following the capture of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], president of the insurgent [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]], and his publication of a manifesto in April 1901 acknowledging and accepting U.S. sovereignty throughout the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/adt4867.0001.001/1?page=root&size=100&view=text|title=Today in Filipino History, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his Oath of Allegiance to the United States|date=n.d.|accessdate=September 19, 2024|publisher=Office of the Military Governor in the Philippine Islands|orig-date=April 19, 1901}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|15,799.23|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Occidental Mindoro|Occidental Mindoro]]|}}
|Mindoro
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.7" | {{coord|12.7|N|120.4|E|name=Apo Reef Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|106,655.62|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Occidental Mindoro|Occidental Mindoro]]<BR />[[Oriental Mindoro]]|}}
|Mindoro
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.6" | {{coord|12|54|N|121|13|E|name=Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|15,799.23|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Romblon]]|}}
|Sibuyan
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.4" | {{coord|12.41|N|122.5|E|name=Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bicol Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|5466.35|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Camarines Sur]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="13.99" | {{coord|13|55|32|N|122|58|17|E|name=Bicol Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Isarog Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|10,090.89|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Camarines Sur|Camarines Sur]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="13.6" | {{coord|13|39|33|N|123|22|24|E|name=Mount Isarog Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Catanduanes Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|48,924.09|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Catanduanes|Catanduanes]]|}}
|Catanduanes
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="13.8" | {{coord|13.8|N|122.4|E|name=Catanduanes Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bongsanglay Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|518.90|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Masbate|Masbate]]|}}
| Masbate
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.4" | {{coord|12|23|9|N|123|46|58|E|name=Bongsanglay Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bulusan Volcano Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|3641.47|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Sorsogon|Sorsogon]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.8" | {{coord|12|46|12|N|124|0|0|E|name=Bulusan Volcano Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|12,009.29|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Aklan]]<br />[[Antique|Antique]]|}}
|Panay
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="11.8" | {{coord|11.8|N|121.8|E|name=North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Sibalom Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|6,778.44|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Antique|Antique]]|}}
|Panay
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="18.5" | {{coord|18|31|57|N|120|54|50|E|name=Sibalom Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Northen Negros Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|70,826.16|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]]|}}
|Negros
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="10.6" | {{coord|10.6|N|123.0|E|name=Northen Negros Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|8,016.05|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Negros Oriental|Negros Oriental]]|}}
|Negros
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="9.4" | {{coord|9.4|N|123.2|E|name=Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Lake Danao Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|8,016.05|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Leyte|Leyte]]|}}
|Leyte
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="11.1" | {{coord|11.1|N|124.7|E|name=Lake Danao Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|340.82|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Leyte|Leyte]]|}}
| Leyte
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="10.8" | {{coord|10|52|26|N|124|51|35|E|name=Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Samar Island Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|335,105.57|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Samar]]<br />[[Eastern Samar]]<br />[[Northern Samar|Northern Samar]]|}}
|Samar
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.1" | {{coord|12|2|10|N|125|12|40|E|name=Samar Island Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Pasonanca Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|12,102.08|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga City]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="7.1" | {{coord|7|4|16|N|122|4|32|E|name=Pasonanca Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|22,225.11|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Bukidnon|Bukidnon]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="7.9" | {{coord|7.9|N|124.8|E|name=Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|4,236.19|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Lanao del Norte|Lanao del Norte]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="7.8" | {{coord|7|49|10|N|123|55|34|E|name=Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|8,437.86|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Misamis Oriental|Misamis Oriental]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="8.8" | {{coord|8.8|N|124.9|E|name=Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
<!-- template for additions
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[<>]]<ref name=RA11038 />
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|<>|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[<>province|]]|}}
|<>island(s)
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="<>" | {{coord|18|31|57|N|120|54|50|E|name=<>|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
-->
|}


==See also==
General [[Vincente Lukban]] had been the commander, under Aguinaldo, of a [[guerilla warfare|guerilla force]] on the island of [[Samar]] and had, when offered the opportunity to surrender,<>cite<> replied that he intended to "fight on to the end."<>cite<> In September, in an action that has come to be known as the [[Balangiga massacre]], Lukban's forces assisted by townspeople in a surprise uprising inflicted 54 killed and 18 wounded on a U.S. Army company [[garrison]]ing that town.<ref>Multiple sources, including:
* [[List of protected areas of the Philippines]]
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=James O.|title=The Massacre of Balangiga: Being an Authentic Account by Several of the Few Survivors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nW_xAAAAMAAJ|year=1931|publisher=McCarn Printing Company}}
* [[Environment of the Philippines]]
*{{cite book|last=Borrinaga|first=Rolando O.|title=The Balangiga Conflict Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrkMAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=New Day Publishers|isbn=978-971-10-1090-4|pages=114, 194, 197}}
*{{citation|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvgs0c6m|title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902|chapter=Samar|pages=306–321|last=Linn|first=Brian McAllister|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Kansas|doi=10.2307/j.ctvgs0c6m |jstor=j.ctvgs0c6m|isbn=9780700612253|via=[[Jstor]]}}
</ref> Following this, General [[Jacob H. Smith]] was tasked with the pacification of Samar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sciotohistorical.org/items/show/109|title=General Jacob H. Smith & the Philippine War’s Samar Campaign |first=Andrew|last=Feight|website=sciotohistorical.org|date=n.d.|accessdate=September 19, 2024}}</ref>



[[Image:USS New York (ACR-2).JPG|thumb|USS ''New York'' (ACR-2) as she appeared around the time of the Spanish–American War]]

The battalion, composed of Companies C, D and H, First Regiment, and Company F, Second Regiment, equipped in heavy marching order, embarked on the [[flagship]] of the [[Asiatic Fleet]], the [[armored cruiser]] [[USS New York (ACR-2)|USS ''New York'']] at Cavite, October 22, 1901. The battalion arrived at Catbalogan, Samar, on October 24, and the men and supplies were transferred to the USS ''Zafiro''. Preceded by the USS ''Frolic'', carrying Rear Admiral Rodgers and staff and Brigadier General Smith and his aides, the ''Zafiro'' proceeded through the straits between Samar and Leyte to Tacloban, Leyte, and then to Basey, Samar, where Major Waller disembarked his headquarters and two companies and relieved some units of the Ninth Infantry. The remainder of the battalion took aboard a 3-inch landing gun along with a 6 millimeter [[M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun]] and proceeded to Balangiga, on the south coast of Samar, where Captain David D. Porter was left in command with 159 men, relieving the 17th U. S. Infantry, with instructions to begin operations as soon as possible. Major Waller then returned to Basey.

==General Smith's orders==
General Smith instructed Major [[Littleton Waller]], commanding officer of a battalion of 315 [[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] assigned to bolster his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of pacification:

[[File:Editorial cartoon about Jacob Smith's retaliation for Balangiga.PNG|thumb|left|350px|General Smith orders, I want no prisoners ,,, kill everyone over ten.]]
{{quote|I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn; the more you kill and burn, the better it will please me ... The interior of Samar must be made a howling wilderness ...<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | title =President Retires Gen. Jacob H. Smith | work=The New York Times | date = 1902-07-17 |
url =https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/07/17/101959147.pdf | accessdate = 2008-03-30 }}</ref><ref name="melshen"/>|Gen. Jacob H. Smith}}

As a consequence of this order, Smith became known as "Howling Wilderness Smith".<ref>{{cite web | last =Karnow | first =Stanley | title =Two Nations | website =[[PBS]] | url =https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/sfeature/sf_philippines.html | accessdate =2008-03-31 | archive-date =2003-10-04 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20031004085352/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/sfeature/sf_philippines.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> He further ordered Waller to have all persons killed who were capable of bearing arms and in actual hostilities against the United States. When queried by Waller regarding the age limit of these persons, Smith replied that the limit was ten years of age.{{sfn|Miller|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC&pg=PA220 220]}} However, it was known that Smith earned his [[sobriquet]], "Hell-Roaring Jake" not due to his violence in war, but because of his penchant for making outrageous oaths and the extravagance of his language.
{{-}}
==Waller countermands Smith's orders==
Prior to the ensuing Major march, Waller had pulled aside Marine Captain [[David Dixon Porter (Medal of Honor)|David D. Porter]], one of the officers chiefly responsible for carrying it out. Waller partly revoked Smith's order and told Porter to show restraint.<blockquote>"Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old. But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive."{{sfn|Miller|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC&pg=PA199 199]}}</blockquote>Waller therefore, did not execute Smith's orders. Instead, Waller applied the rules of civilized warfare and the rules provided under [[Lieber Code|General Orders No. 100]] of 1863 dealing with irregular warfare, which stated that if enemy units gave no quarter and became treacherous upon capture, it was lawful to shoot anyone belonging to that captured unit.<ref name="melshen">{{cite web | last =Melshen | first =Paul | title =Littleton Waller Tazewell Waller | url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lwwaller.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-30}}</ref>

Food and trade to Samar were cut off, intended to starve the revolutionaries into submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved widespread destruction to force the inhabitants to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the Americans from fear and starvation. He used his troops in sweeps of the interior in search for guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture Philippine General [[Vicente Lukbán]], but he did nothing to prevent contact between the guerrillas and the townspeople. American columns marched across the island, destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 [[carabao]]s, killed 39 people, and took 18 more prisoner.<ref name="nebrida">{{cite web|last=Nebrida |first=Victor |title=The Balangiga Massacre: Getting Even |url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/balangiga/default.htm |accessdate=2008-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402103747/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/balangiga/default.htm |archive-date=2008-04-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=United States War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AYSAAAAYAAJ&dq=%2218+men+captured%22+%22littleton%22&pg=PA441 |title=Annual Reports of the Secretary of War |date=1902 |pages=441 |language=en}}</ref>

The exact number of Filipino civilians killed by US troops will never be known, but an encyclopedic book on casualties in warfare puts the figure at 2,000;<ref>{{cite book|last=Clodfelter|first=Micheal|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA241&dq=balangiga}%22jacob+smith's+punitive+campaign%22+2000 241]}}</ref> an exhaustive research made by a British writer in the 1990s put the figure at about 2,500;{{cn|date=September 2020}} Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000.<ref name="dumindin">{{cite web | last =Dumindin | first =Arnaldo | title =Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 | url=http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/balangigamassacre1901.htm | accessdate = 2008-03-30}}</ref> The rate of Samar's population growth slowed as refugees fled from Samar to Leyte,<ref name="US Senate Hearings">US Senate Committee Hearings "Affairs in the Philippine Islands" Feb 3, 1902, Vol 3, page 2341</ref> yet still the population of Samar increased by 21,456 during the war. A great loss of life is not supported.<ref name="AmHistCollection">Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, April–June 2004, Volume XXXII, page 65</ref>

==Marine operations==
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2024}}
The Marines [[area of operations]] was southern Samar and encompassed the towns of Balangiga and [[Basey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1990/september/samar-1900-1902-howling-wilderness|title=Samar 1900-1902—The ‘Howling Wilderness’|publisher=The Naval Institute|date=n.d.|accessdate=19 September 2024}}</ref> {{background|yellow|<>got this far<>}} Small expeditions were sent out almost daily to clear the country of guerrillas under the command of General [[Vicente Lukbán]], who usually operated in small, roving bands. Recently offered amnesty in exchange for his surrender by U.S. General [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.]], Lukbán had turned it down and swore to fight to the end. The situation in the vicinity was very tense because of the Balangiga incident and other recent happenings; hence the measures prescribed for crushing the insurrection were somewhat retaliatory. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39 people.<ref>''The Balangiga Massacre: Getting Even'' by Victor Nebrida</ref>

On November 5, Major Waller took a detachment to the Sohoton River and drove the guerrillas from their trenches there; two Marines were killed. A number of small expeditions were sent up the Cadacan River; several of these parties were fired on, but the skirmishes were slight. In an engagement, November 8, at Iba, several insurgents were killed and captured. An expedition under Captain Porter, sent out to scout in the vicinity of Balangiga, killed one insurgent and captured seven, and found many relics of the killed men of the Ninth Infantry.

As a result of the continual harassing by the Marines along the southern coast of Samar, General Lukbán and his insurgents fell back from that region and occupied their fortified defenses on the Sohoton cliffs, along the Sohoton River. About the middle of November three columns of Marines were sent into the Sohoton region to attack this stronghold, which had been reported by scouts and others to be practically impregnable. Two of the columns, under the command of Captains Porter and Bearss, marched on shore, while the third column, commanded by Major Waller, went up the river in boats. The plan of attack was for the three columns to unite on November 16 at the enemy's stronghold and make a combined assault.

On November 17, the shore column struck the enemy's trail and soon came upon a number of bamboo guns. One of these guns, emplaced to command the trail, had the fuse burning. Acting corporal Harry Glenn rushed forward and pulled out the fuse. The attack of the Marines was a complete surprise, and the enemy was routed. After driving the insurgents from their positions the Marines crossed the river and assaulted the cliff defenses. In order to reach the enemy's position, the Marines had to climb the cliffs, which rose sheer from the river to the height of about 200 feet and were honeycombed with caves, to which access was had by means of bamboo ladders, and also by narrow ledges with bamboo hand rails. Tons of rocks were suspended in cages held in position by vine cables (known as bejuco), in readiness to be precipitated upon people and boats below. The guerrillas were unable to spring their trap, however, because of heavy covering fire provided by Medal of Honor recipient Gunnery Sergeant [[John H. Quick]] on the [[M1895 Colt–Browning|Colt machine gun]].<ref name=Boot_121>[[Max Boot|Boot, Max]], "The Savage Wars of Peace", p. 121</ref> The Marines scaled the 200 foot cliffs and with their [[Krag–Jørgensen]] rifles and .45 Caliber pistols, drove the insurgents from their positions and destroyed their camps. Major Waller's detachment, coming up the river in boats, did not arrive in time for the attack, which fact probably saved it from disaster; instant destruction would have undoubtedly been the fate of the boats had they undertaken the ascent of the river before the shore column had dislodged the insurgents.

Further pursuit of the enemy at this time was abandoned because the rations were exhausted and the men were in bad shape. The volcanic stone had cut the men's shoes to pieces, many of them were barefooted, and all had bad feet. The men had overcome incredible difficulties and dangers in their march. The positions which they had destroyed must have taken several years to prepare. Reports from old prisoners said they had been there years working on the defenses. No white troops had ever penetrated to these positions, and they were held as a final rallying point. The ''insurrectos'' of Samar had spent years of labor on the defenses, and considered the cliff fortifications impregnable. No Marines were killed in the attack, which resulted in the deaths of around 30 insurgents and the capture of General Lukbán and his lieutenants. Two of the Marine officers involved in the action, Captains Porter and Bearss, would both later receive the [[Medal of Honor]] for their conduct.<ref name=Boot_121/>

The [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army|Judge Advocate General]] of the Army later observed that only the good sense and restraint of the majority of Smith's subordinates prevented a complete reign of terror in Samar. However, the abuses were still sufficient to outrage [[Anti-imperialism|anti-Imperialist]] groups in the United States when these became known in March 1902.

==Waller's "March across Samar"==
{{main|March Across Samar}}

<>summarize<>

==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
*{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Stuart Creighton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC |title="Benevolent Assimilation": The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 |year=1982 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16193-9 |language=en}}
* [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180622-RA-11038-RRD.pdf Expanded National Integrated Protected Area Systems Act of 2018] – Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
* {{commons category-inline|Natural parks of the Philippines}}

{{National parks of the Philippines}}
{{Philippines topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:National Parks Of Philippines}}
[[Category:National parks of the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:Lists of national parks|Philippines]]
[[Category:Philippines geography-related lists]]
[[Category:Parks in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in the Philippines]]
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Revision as of 01:02, 25 December 2024

In the Philippines, Natural Parks. by law, are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity. Rxtraction resources uses not allowed in these areas and they are maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational, and recreational use. [1]

Natural parks

{  World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site.

Name Area Established Location Coordinates
Provinces Island Group
Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park[1] 3,903.19 ha
(9,645.0 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 18°31′57″N 120°54′50″E / 18.53250°N 120.91389°E / 18.53250; 120.91389 (Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park)
Tumauini Watershed Natural Park[1] 6,509.38 ha
(16,085.0 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 17°18′N 122°00′E / 17.3°N 122°E / 17.3; 122 (Tumauini Watershed Natural Park)
Bataan Natural Park[1] 20,004.17 ha
(49,431.4 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 14°39′N 120°36′E / 14.650°N 120.600°E / 14.650; 120.600
Apo Reef Natural Park[1] 15,799.23 ha
(39,040.7 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindoro 12°42′N 120°24′E / 12.7°N 120.4°E / 12.7; 120.4 (Apo Reef Natural Park)
Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park[1] 106,655.62 ha
(263,551.8 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindoro 12°54′N 121°13′E / 12.900°N 121.217°E / 12.900; 121.217 (Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park)
Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park[1] 15,799.23 ha
(39,040.7 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Sibuyan 12°25′N 122°30′E / 12.41°N 122.5°E / 12.41; 122.5 (Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park)
Bicol Natural Park[1] 5,466.35 ha
(13,507.6 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 13°55′32″N 122°58′17″E / 13.92556°N 122.97139°E / 13.92556; 122.97139 (Bicol Natural Park)
Mount Isarog Natural Park[1] 10,090.89 ha
(24,935.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 13°39′33″N 123°22′24″E / 13.65917°N 123.37333°E / 13.65917; 123.37333 (Mount Isarog Natural Park)
Catanduanes Natural Park[1] 48,924.09 ha
(120,894.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Catanduanes 13°48′N 122°24′E / 13.8°N 122.4°E / 13.8; 122.4 (Catanduanes Natural Park)
Bongsanglay Natural Park[1] 518.90 ha
(1,282.2 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Masbate 12°23′9″N 123°46′58″E / 12.38583°N 123.78278°E / 12.38583; 123.78278 (Bongsanglay Natural Park)
Bulusan Volcano Natural Park[1] 3,641.47 ha
(8,998.3 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 12°46′12″N 124°0′0″E / 12.77000°N 124.00000°E / 12.77000; 124.00000 (Bulusan Volcano Natural Park)
North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park[1] 12,009.29 ha
(29,675.6 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Panay 11°48′N 121°48′E / 11.8°N 121.8°E / 11.8; 121.8 (North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park)
Sibalom Natural Park[1] 6,778.44 ha
(16,749.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Panay 18°31′57″N 120°54′50″E / 18.53250°N 120.91389°E / 18.53250; 120.91389 (Sibalom Natural Park)
Northen Negros Natural Park[1] 70,826.16 ha
(175,015.3 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Negros 10°36′N 123°00′E / 10.6°N 123.0°E / 10.6; 123.0 (Northen Negros Natural Park)
Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park[1] 8,016.05 ha
(19,808.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Negros 9°24′N 123°12′E / 9.4°N 123.2°E / 9.4; 123.2 (Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park)
Lake Danao Natural Park[1] 8,016.05 ha
(19,808.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Leyte 11°06′N 124°42′E / 11.1°N 124.7°E / 11.1; 124.7 (Lake Danao Natural Park)
Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park[1] 340.82 ha
(842.2 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Leyte 10°52′26″N 124°51′35″E / 10.87389°N 124.85972°E / 10.87389; 124.85972 (Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park)
Samar Island Natural Park[1] 335,105.57 ha
(828,063.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Samar 12°2′10″N 125°12′40″E / 12.03611°N 125.21111°E / 12.03611; 125.21111 (Samar Island Natural Park)
Pasonanca Natural Park[1] 12,102.08 ha
(29,904.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 7°4′16″N 122°4′32″E / 7.07111°N 122.07556°E / 7.07111; 122.07556 (Pasonanca Natural Park)
Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park[1] 22,225.11 ha
(54,919.4 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 7°54′N 124°48′E / 7.9°N 124.8°E / 7.9; 124.8 (Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park)
Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park[1] 4,236.19 ha
(10,467.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 7°49′10″N 123°55′34″E / 7.81944°N 123.92611°E / 7.81944; 123.92611 (Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park)
Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park[1] 8,437.86 ha
(20,850.4 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 8°48′N 124°54′E / 8.8°N 124.9°E / 8.8; 124.9 (Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Republic Act No. 11038 (March 21, 2018), Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018
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