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{{Short description|None}}

THIS IS A SANDBOX FOR THE '''[[Second Philippine Commission]]''' ARTICLE

{{Short description|Legislature of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Philippine Commission
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic = The Phillipine Comission of which Judge Taft was President.jpg
| coa_caption =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| logo_pic =
| logo_caption =
| logo_res =
| logo_alt =
| house_type = <small>''From 1901–07''</small><br />[[Unicameral]]<br /><br /><small>''From 1907–16''</small><br />[[Upper house]]
| body = Philippine Legislature
| term_limits =
| foundation = {{Start date|1900|03|16}}
| disbanded = {{End date|1916|10|16}}
| preceded_by = [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|U.S. military government]]
| succeeded_by = [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|U.S. insular government]]
| new_session =
| leader1_type = [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]
| leader1 = [[William Howard Taft]]
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| seats = 5
| meeting_place =
| footnotes =
| motto =
}}
{{Politics of Philippines}}
The '''Taft Commission''', also known as the '''Second Philippine Commission''' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas''),{{efn|The Taft Commission is sometimes referred "The Philippine Commission". This tends to mask the impact of the [[Schurman Commission]] that preceded it.}} was established by United States President [[William McKinley]] on March 16, 1900, following the recommendations of the [[First Philippine Commission]], using presidential war powers while the U.S. was engaged in the [[Philippine–American War]].

McKinley's letter of instruction to the commission defined American policies and intentions which make cultural and economic progress, acquire skill in self-government, and eventually progress to national independence. [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], who led the Philippine war against America, wrote retrospectively in 1957 that McKinley's instructions to the commission would "prove one of the most important documents in the history of international relations."{{sfn|Aguinaldo|2016|pp=133-134}}<ref name=LOI>{{cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACQ0871.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext|title=Instructions of the President to the Philippine commission|author=United States. President William McKinley|date=April 7, 1900|publisher=University of Michigan|work=The United States and its Territorieed : 1870 - 1925 " The Age of Imperialism}}</ref>

The Second Commission was at first the sole legislative body of the [[Philippines]], then known as the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]] under the sovereign control of the [[United States]]. After the passage of the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]] in 1902, the Commission functioned as the house of a [[bicameral legislature]] until it was supplanted by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Philippine Autonomy Act]].

[[William Howard Taft]] was the first head of the Philippine Commission from March 16, 1900 until July 4, 1901, after which the commission's head also became the [[Governor General of the Philippines|Civil Governor]] of the Philippines.<ref>{{harvnb|U.S. War Department|1901|p=11}}.</ref> Taft served in that office until January 31, 1904, when he was appointed Secretary of War by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>[http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/2 "American President: A Reference Resource"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807230203/http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/2 |date=August 7, 2013 }}. University of Virginia Miller Center. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.</ref> Taft was succeeded by vice-governor [[Luke Edward Wright]] and the Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by a number of persons, but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the "Taft Commission".

==Background==
The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), established by President [[William McKinley]] on March 16, 1900, and headed by [[William Howard Taft]], was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers.<ref name=Kalaw1927appF>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=472 452–459]}} (Appendix F).</ref> Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws, established a [[Judiciary|judicial system]], including a [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]], drew up a [[legal code]], and organized a [[civil service]].<ref name=chronphil>{{Citation|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronphil.html|title=Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish–American War|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=February 16, 2008}}.</ref> The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected ''presidentes'', ''vicepresidentes'', and councilors to serve on [[township|municipal]] boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected [[province|provincial]] [[governor]]s.<ref name=LoC>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/16.htm|title=Philippines – United States rule|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=August 20, 2007}}.</ref>


==Timeline==
===Chairmanship and terms===
{{#tag:timeline|
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id:Period value:black
id:US value:blue legend:American
id:PH value:red legend:Filipino

id:linemark value:gray(0.8)
id:linemark2 value:gray(0.9)

DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1900 till:12/31/1916
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ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:3 start:1900 grid:linemark2

Legend = columns:3 left:150 top:65 columnwidth:200

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text:"Nationalities:"

BarData =
Barset:Commissioners


In the Philippines, '''Natural Parks'''. by law, are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity. Rxtraction resources uses not allowed in these areas and they are maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational, and recreational use.
PlotData=
<ref name=RA11038>{{cite PH act |title=Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018 |chamber=RA|number=11038 |date=March 21, 2018|url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11038_2018.html}} </REF>
width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
Barset:Commissioners
from:03/16/1900 till:01/31/1904 color:US text:"[[William Howard Taft]]"
from:03/16/1900 till:12/31/1902 color:US text:"[[Bernard Moses]]"
from:03/16/1900 till:03/30/1906 color:US text:"[[Luke Edward Wright]]"
from:03/16/1900 till:09/19/1906 color:US text:"[[Henry Clay Ide]]"
from:03/16/1900 till:09/15/1913 color:US text:"[[Dean Conant Worcester]]"
from:09/01/1901 till:10/31/1907 color:PH text:"[[Benito Legarda]]"
from:09/01/1901 till:02/28/1909 color:PH text:"[[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]]"
from:09/01/1901 till:10/27/1913 color:PH text:"[[Jose de Luzuriaga]]"
from:01/01/1903 till:11/10/1909 color:US text:"[[James Francis Smith]]"
from:06/05/1904 till:09/01/1913 color:US text:"[[William Cameron Forbes]]"
from:09/26/1906 till:02/28/1909 color:US text:"[[William Morgan Shuster]]"
from:07/06/1908 till:12/01/1913 color:US text:"[[Newton W. Gilbert]]"
from:07/06/1908 till:10/16/1916 color:PH text:"[[Rafael Palma]]"
from:02/25/1909 till:10/27/1913 color:PH text:"[[Gregorio S. Araneta]]"
from:03/01/1909 till:10/26/1913 color:PH text:"[[Juan Sumulong]]"
from:03/02/1909 till:10/26/1913 color:US text:"[[Frank Branagan]]"
from:02/14/1910 till:10/16/1916 color:US text:"[[Francis Burton Harrison]]"
from:10/27/1913 till:10/16/1916 color:PH text:"[[Victorino Mapa]]"
from:10/27/1913 till:04/07/1916 color:PH text:"[[Jaime C. de Veyra]]"
from:10/27/1913 till:10/16/1916 color:PH text:"[[Vicente Ilustre]]"
from:10/27/1913 till:10/16/1916 color:PH text:"[[Vicente Singson Encarnacion]]"
from:11/29/1913 till:10/16/1916 color:US text:"[[Henderson Martin]]"
from:11/29/1913 till:10/31/1915 color:US text:"[[Clinton L. Riggs]]"
from:01/27/1914 till:03/31/1916 color:US text:"[[Wilford Denison]]"
from:05/24/1916 till:10/16/1916 color:US text:"[[Eugene Elliott Reed]]"
}}


== Natural parks ==
===Commission membership===
{{{Color box|#CFECEC|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;''[[World Heritage Site]] or part of a World Heritage Site''.
{|class=wikitable
{{toptextcells}}
|+Members of the Philippine Commission<br />1900–1916<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=132–133}}, citing {{Harvnb|Worcester|1930|pp=62–63}}.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable toptextcells"
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:6.5em;" | Area
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Established
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:8em;" | Location
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:6.5em;" | Coordinates
|-
|-
!Provinces
!Original members<ref group=note>An asterisk by the name denotes members who served in the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Insular Government]] as [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]</ref> || Period of service
!Island Group
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[William Howard Taft]]* || March 16, 1900 – January 31, 1904
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|3,903.19|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Ilocos Norte (province)|Ilocos Norte]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="18.5" | {{coord|18|31|57|N|120|54|50|E|name=Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Tumauini Watershed Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Henry Clay Ide]]* || March 16, 1900 – September 19, 1906
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|6,509.38|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Isabela|Isabela]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="17.3" | {{coord|17.3|N|122|E|name=Tumauini Watershed Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bataan Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Luke Edward Wright]]* || March 16, 1900 – March 30, 1906
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|20,004.17|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Bataan|Bataan]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="14.55" | {{coord|14|39|N|120|36|E|name= |region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Apo Reef Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Dean Conant Worcester]] || March 16, 1900 – September 15, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|15,799.23|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Occidental Mindoro|Occidental Mindoro]]|}}
|Mindoro
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.7" | {{coord|12.7|N|120.4|E|name=Apo Reef Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Bernard Moses]]|| March 16, 1900 – December 31, 1902
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|106,655.62|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Occidental Mindoro|Occidental Mindoro]]<BR />[[Oriental Mindoro]]|}}
|Mindoro
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.6" | {{coord|12|54|N|121|13|E|name=Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
!Subsequent Members || Period of service
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|15,799.23|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Romblon]]|}}
|Sibuyan
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.4" | {{coord|12.41|N|122.5|E|name=Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bicol Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Benito Legarda]] || September 1, 1901 – October 31, 1907
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|5466.35|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Camarines Sur]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="13.99" | {{coord|13|55|32|N|122|58|17|E|name=Bicol Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Isarog Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera]]|| September 1, 1901 – February 1909
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|10,090.89|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Camarines Sur|Camarines Sur]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="13.6" | {{coord|13|39|33|N|123|22|24|E|name=Mount Isarog Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Catanduanes Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Jose de Luzuriaga]]|| September 1, 1901 – October 27, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|48,924.09|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Catanduanes|Catanduanes]]|}}
|Catanduanes
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="13.8" | {{coord|13.8|N|122.4|E|name=Catanduanes Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bongsanglay Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[James Francis Smith]]* || January 1, 1903 – November 10, 1909
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|518.90|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Masbate|Masbate]]|}}
| Masbate
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.4" | {{coord|12|23|9|N|123|46|58|E|name=Bongsanglay Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Bulusan Volcano Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[William Cameron Forbes]]* || June 5, 1904 – September 1, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|3641.47|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Sorsogon|Sorsogon]]|}}
|Luzon
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.8" | {{coord|12|46|12|N|124|0|0|E|name=Bulusan Volcano Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[William Morgan Shuster]]|| September 26, 1906 – February 28, 1909
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|12,009.29|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Aklan]]<br />[[Antique|Antique]]|}}
|Panay
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="11.8" | {{coord|11.8|N|121.8|E|name=North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Sibalom Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Newton W. Gilbert]]* || July 6, 1908 – December 1, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|6,778.44|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Antique|Antique]]|}}
|Panay
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="18.5" | {{coord|18|31|57|N|120|54|50|E|name=Sibalom Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Northen Negros Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Rafael Palma]]|| July 6, 1908 – October 16, 1916
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|70,826.16|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]]|}}
|Negros
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="10.6" | {{coord|10.6|N|123.0|E|name=Northen Negros Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Gregorio S. Araneta]]|| February 25, 1909 – October 27, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|8,016.05|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Negros Oriental|Negros Oriental]]|}}
|Negros
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="9.4" | {{coord|9.4|N|123.2|E|name=Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Lake Danao Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Juan Sumulong]] || March 1, 1909 – October 26, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|8,016.05|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Leyte|Leyte]]|}}
|Leyte
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="11.1" | {{coord|11.1|N|124.7|E|name=Lake Danao Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Frank Branagan]]|| March 2, 1909 – October 26, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|340.82|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Leyte|Leyte]]|}}
| Leyte
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="10.8" | {{coord|10|52|26|N|124|51|35|E|name=Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Samar Island Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Charles Burke Elliott]]|| February 14, 1910 – February 1, 1913
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|335,105.57|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Samar]]<br />[[Eastern Samar]]<br />[[Northern Samar|Northern Samar]]|}}
|Samar
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="12.1" | {{coord|12|2|10|N|125|12|40|E|name=Samar Island Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Pasonanca Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Francis Burton Harrison]]* || September 2, 1913 – October 16, 1916
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|12,102.08|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga City]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="7.1" | {{coord|7|4|16|N|122|4|32|E|name=Pasonanca Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Victorino Mapa]] || October 27, 1913 – October 16, 1916
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|22,225.11|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Bukidnon|Bukidnon]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="7.9" | {{coord|7.9|N|124.8|E|name=Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Jaime C. de Veyra]]|| October 27, 1913 – April 7, 1916
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|4,236.19|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Lanao del Norte|Lanao del Norte]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="7.8" | {{coord|7|49|10|N|123|55|34|E|name=Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Vicente Ilustre]]|| October 27, 1913 – October 16, 1916
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|8,437.86|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Misamis Oriental|Misamis Oriental]]|}}
|Mindanao
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="8.8" | {{coord|8.8|N|124.9|E|name=Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
<!-- template for additions
|-
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[<>]]<ref name=RA11038 />
|[[Vicente Singson Encarnacion]]|| October 27, 1913 – October 16, 1916
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|<>|ha|disp=br()|sortable=on|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |April 20, 2007
|[[Henderson Martin]]|| November 29, 1913 – October 16, 1916
| {{hlist | item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[<>province|]]|}}
|-
|<>island(s)
|[[Clinton L. Riggs]] || November 29, 1913 – October 31, 1915
| style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" data-sort-value="<>" | {{coord|18|31|57|N|120|54|50|E|name=<>|region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms}}
|-
-->
|[[Eugene Elliott Reed]]|| May 24, 1916 – October 16, 1916
|-
|[[Winfred Thaxter Denison]]|| January 27, 1914 – March 31, 1916
|}
|}
Notes:<br />{{reflist|group=note}}

==Legislative powers==
[[File:President Taft and the Sultan of Sulu (1913).png|thumb|[[Sultan]] [[Jamalul Kiram II]] with [[William Howard Taft]] of the Philippine Commission in [[Jolo, Sulu]] (March 27, 1901)]]

===Background===
Article 1, Section 1 of the [[United States Constitution]] specifies that the [[U.S. Congress]] exercises legislative power. Since the Philippines was in a state of war, however, the [[Executive Branch]] ran affairs there without much congressional intervention. President McKinley's instruction to the Philippine Commission in April 1900 directed that, "... Beginning with the 1{{sup|st}} day of September 1900, the authority to exercise that part of the power of government in the Philippine Islands which is legislative, is to be transferred from the Military Governor to this commission." The instruction also gave the Commission the power to appoint officers under the judicial, educational, and civil service systems and in the municipal and departmental governments. The instruction charged the Commission, "... In all the forms of government and administrative provisions which they are authorized to proscribe, the Commission should bear in mind that the government which they are establishing is designed not for our satisfaction, or the expression of our theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace, and prosperity of the people of the Philippine islands, and measures adopted should be made to conform to their customs, their habits, and even their prejudices, to the fullest extent consistent with the accomplishment of just and effective government.".<ref name=Kalaw1927appF />

In a statement published on September 1, 1900, the commissioners announced the holding of public meetings every Wednesday and Friday to allow interested parties to comment and make suggestions on proposed legislative matters. The open sessions were mainly conducted in English and Spanish. As the Americans became familiar with Spanish, the commissioners allowed their guests to use the language of their choice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=88}}.</ref> [[William Cameron Forbes|William Forbes]], later [[Governor General of the Philippines]], wrote that he could not remember any instance where a commissioner protested because he could not understand an issue on linguistic grounds.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=88}}, citing {{Harvnb|Forbes|1945|p=90}}.</ref>

===The Spooner Amendment (U.S.)===
A few months before the inauguration of Taft as governor-general, Senator [[John Coit Spooner|John Spooner]] filed a bill giving unprecedented powers to the executive branch in the development of colonial policy in the Philippines.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=91}}, remarking that Secretary [[Elihu Root|Root]]'s biographer alleged that Root wrote the first paragraph of Spooner's bill in which the executive was empowered to establish civilian rule in the Philippines, citing {{Harvnb|Leopold|1954|p=36}}.</ref> The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] ferociously attacked the bill, resurrecting anti-imperialist arguments they had employed at the time of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]]. By February 1900, a filibuster was in full cry, with the Democrats determined to curb the powers of the Philippine Commission and reserve for Congress the right to grant franchises and sell lands in the Philippines.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=91}}, referencing {{Harvnb|Francisco|Fast|1985|pp=221–237}}.</ref> The Spooner bill was rejected on September 1, 1900, but McKinley nevertheless granted the Taft commission legislative powers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Blitz|2000|pp=39–40}}.</ref> Legislators repackaged it as an amendment to the 1901 Army Appropriation Bill.<ref>{{cite book | author=United States. War Department | title=Annual Reports of the War Department | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | issue=v. 1, pt. 10 | year=1901 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMyK2XHz-WoC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMyK2XHz-WoC&pg=PA11 11]}}</ref>

The passage of the Spooner amendment was a significant milestone in the development of U.S.–Philippine policy because it allowed the president to govern the Philippines by the authority of Congress and not by his wartime authority as commander in chief.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=92}}; {{Harvnb|Blitz|2000|p=41}}.</ref> Emilio Aguinaldo wrote in 1957 that the Spooner Amendment had laid the basis of a far-sighted and enlightened economic policy in the Philippines.{{sfn|Aguinaldo|2016|p=141}}

===The Philippine Organic Act (U.S.)===
[[File:Philippine Commission's First Session in Baguio PHC historical marker.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Historical marker near the Baden Powell Hotel on Governor Pack Road in [[Baguio]] commemorating the first summer session of the Taft Commission to be held in Baguio, the "Summer Capital of the Philippines."]]The [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]] of July 1902 was a basic law for the [[Insular Government]] (1901–1935). (The term "insular" refers to an [[unincorporated territory|unincorporated island territory]].) The act provided that future appointments of the civil governor, vice-governor, members the Philippine Commission, and heads of Executive Departments shall be made by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the establishment of a [[bicameral legislature]] composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. The [[1907 Philippine Assembly elections|Philippine Assembly elections of 1907]] were held on July 30, 1907 and the [[1st Philippine Legislature]] opened its first session on October 16, 1907.<ref name=LoC/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/philippinebillof1902.htm|title=The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902|date=July 1, 1902|access-date=July 5, 2007}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1994|p=285}}</ref>

==Legislation==
The Taft Commission promulgated a total of 157 laws between September 1900 and July 4, 1901, when Taft became [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Civil Governor]], classified as follows:<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=122–123}}.</ref>

{|class=wikitable
|+Classification of Laws Passed by the Philippine Commission
|-
!Classification || Quantity || Percent
|-
|Local Government || 46 || 29.30
|-
|Reorganization of Government Agencies || 40 || 25.48
|-
|Appropriations for Government Expenditures || 33 || 21.02
|-
|Judicial Reforms || 12 || 7.65
|-
|Economic and Tariff || 9 || 5.73
|-
|Public Works Projects || 7 || 4.46
|-
|Public Health || 4 || 2.55
|-
|Anti-Sedition || 2 || 1.27
|-
|Church || 2 || 1.27
|-
|Education || 2 || 1.27
|-
|Totals || 157 || 100.00
|}

Following the advice of McKinley to start at the bottom and gradually move upward, over seventy percent of the laws dealt with local government and the bureaucracy; with more than half of these being acts extending the provision of the Provincial Government Act to the different provinces. Others were acts establishing municipalities, and the rest concerned the local police.<ref name=Escalante2007p123>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=123}}.</ref>

The thirty-three appropriations laws passed were appropriations to pay certain expenses not covered by the General Appropriations Act, including salaries of government employees, burial benefits for victims of the war, funds for the construction of roads and bridges, and other miscellaneous expenses.<ref name=Escalante2007p123 />

===Specific major items of legislation===
====Reorganization of local government units====
The Commission created and reorganized government offices, including the following:<ref name=Escalante|2007p123 /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/taxonomy/congress/philippine-commission|title=Legislative Issuances of the Philippine Commission|date=n.d.|publisher=Philippine Senate: Legislative Issuances}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
! Act || Office
|-
| Act No. 7<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%207|title=Act No. 7|date=September 25, 1900|publisher=Philippine Senate: Legislative Issuances}}</ref> || Bureau of Statistics
|-
| Act No. 16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%2016|title=Act No. 16|date=October 9, 1900|publisher=Philippine Senate: Legislative Issuances}}</ref> || Bureau of Forestry
|-
| Act No. 17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%2020|title=Act No. 17|date=October 9, 1900|publisher=Philippine Senate: Legislative Issuances}}</ref> || Bureau of Mining
|-
|Act No. 20<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%2020|title=Act No. 20|date=October 10, 1900|publisher=Philippine Senate: Legislative Issuances}}</ref>|| Office of the Auditor
|-
| Act No. 46<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%2046|title=Act No. 46|date=November 12, 1900|publisher=Philippine Senate: Legislative Issuances}}</ref> || Inspectors of Customs
|-
| Act No. 157<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/9332|title=Act No. 157|date=July 1, 1901|publisher=Supreme Court E-Library}}</ref> || Board of Health
|}

President McKinley had declared in his message to Congress in December 1899 that Philippine reconstruction should proceed by building up from the bottom.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=103}}, citing quote in {{harvnb|Blount|1913|pp=288–289}}.</ref> McKinley's instruction to the Commission stressed that the establishment of civilian government should start from the smallest unit of political organization and gradually move towards Manila. In compliance with this, on January 31, 1901, the Commission enacted Act No. 82, a Municipal Code to guide the formation and management of towns, and six days later, Act No. 83, a which dealt with the procedure for the creation of provincial governments.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=103–106}}</ref> Both acts were titled ''A General Act for the Organization of Municipal Governments in the Philippines''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%2082|title=Act No. 82|publisher=Official Gazette of the Philippine government|date=January 30, 1901}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/15574|title=Act No. 83|publisher=Official Gazette of the Philippine government|date=February 6, 1901}}</ref>

In some instances, the Commission doled out government offices to persuade leaders of the resistance movement to give up the fight. General Martin Delgado, for example, was appointed the governor of [[Iloilo]] and similar moves were done in Cavite, Bulacan, and Laguna with the appointment of Mariano Trias, Pablo Tecson, and Juan Cailles, respectively.<ref>Delgado, along with 30 officers and 140 riflemen, surrendered on January 10, 1901. Trias and 200 of his followers did the same thing on March 15, 1901. {{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=109}}, citing {{Harvnb|Linn|2000|pp=215, 295}}.</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|+Members of the Revolutionary Government who later joined the Taft administration<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=110}}, citing {{Citation|title=Committee on Insular Affairs: Committee Reports, Hearings and Acts of Congress Pertaining Thereto 1901–1903|author=U.S. Congress, House|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington|year=1903|pages=26–27|editor=R.B. Horton}}.</ref>
! Name ||Position under the<br />Aguinaldo Administration ||Position under the<br />Taft Administration
|-
|Cayetano Arellano || Secretary of State || Chief Justice
|-
|Victorino Mapa || Counselor of the Revolutionary Government || Associate Justice
|-
|[[Trinidad Pardo de Tavera|T.H. Pardo de Tavera]] || Assistant Secretary of State || Commissioner
|-
|Benito Lagarda || Vice President of the Malalos Congress || Commissioner
|-
|Jose Luzuriaga || President of the Reverend Congress of Panay || Commissioner
|-
|Felipe Buencamino || Secretary of State || Civil Service Board
|-
|Felix Roxas || Member of the Filipino Junta in Paris || Governor of Batangas
|-
|[[Ignacio Villamor]]|| Malolos Congress delegate || Judge
|-
|[[Gregorio S. Araneta]] || Secretary of Justice || Solicitor General
|-
|[[Martin Teofilo Delgado]] || Commanding General of Panay || Governor of Iloilo
|-
|Ambrosio Flores || Assistant Secretary of War || Governor of Rizal
|-
|[[Mariano Trias]] || Secretary of War || Governor of Cavite
|-
|Jose Serapio || Colonel of the Revolutionary Army || Governor of Bulacan
|-
|Gracio Gonzaga || Secretary of the Interior || Governor of Cagayan
|-
|[[Arsenio Cruz Herrera]] || Assistant Secretary of Interior || President of the Municipal Board of Manila
|-
|[[Jose Alejandrino]] || General of the Revolutionary Army || City Engineer of Manila
|-
|Modesto Reyes || Member of the Filipino Junta in Paris || City Attorney of Manila
|-
|[[Daniel Tirona]] || Secretary of War || Provincial Secretary of Cavite
|-
|Mariano Cunanan || Major in the Revolutionary Army || Principal Secretary of Pampanga
|-
|Mariano Crisostomo || Malolos Congress Delegate || Provincial Fiscal of Bulacan
|}

====The Civil Service Act====
The first major legislation passed by the commission was Act No. 5, the Civil Service Act, enacted on September 19, 1900. From the passage of this act until the departure of Taft from the Philippines, the number of Americans and Filipinos applying to serve the government continued to increase, as follows:<ref name=Escalante|2007p123>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=98}}, citing {{Harvnb|Willis|1905|p=54}}.</ref>

{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2 | Period covered
!colspan=2 | Examined
!colspan=2 | Passed
!colspan=2 | Appointed
!colspan=2 | Percentage<br />appointed
|-
!English
!Spanish
!English
!Spanish
!English
!Spanish
!English
!Spanish
|-
| Up to July 2, 1901 ||550 || 821 || 314 || 383 || 126 || 157 || 23 || 19
|-
| July 3, 1901 –<br /> September 30, 1901 || 154 || 259 || 68 || 79 || 89 || 75 || 58 || 29
|-
| October 1, 1901 –<br /> September 30, 1902 || 1,267 || 2,072 || 794 || 916 || 558 || 515 || 44 || 25
|-
| October 1, 1902 –<br /> September 30, 1903 || 1,248 || 3,105 || 828 || 1,633 || 579 || 820 || 46 || 27
|-
| Totals || 3,219 || 6,167 || 2,004 || 3,011 || 1,352 || 1,567 || 42.00 || 25.41
|}

====The Education Act of 1901====
General [[Elwell Otis]] had taken the initiative on September 1, 1898, of establishing a public school system, organizing seven schools in Manila. While the war was raging, American soldiers took time out to organize schools, and to teach classes. When General [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|MacArthur]] assumed command, he continued the public education project and increased its budget. When the Taft Commission arrived in Manila, the Army had organized 39 schools in Manila with a daily attendance of between 4,500 and 5,000 students.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=99–100}}.</ref>

Commissioner Bernard Moses, who had been an educator at the [[University of California]], worked with Captain Albert Todd and Dr. [[Fred Atkinson (educator)|Fred Atkinson]] to draft Act No. 74, also known as the ''Education Act of 1901''.<ref name=ActNo.74>[http://lawph.com/statutes/act74.html Act No. 74]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Enacted January 21, 1901), [http://lawph.com lawph.com].</ref> The act was largely based on a report which Todd submitted to the Commission on April 17, 1900. Some of the recommendations in the Todd Report were:<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=100–101}}, citing {{Citation|title=1903 Census of the Philippine Islands|author=U.S. Bureau of Census|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington|year=1905|volume=III|page=640}}.</ref>

:*That a comprehensive modern school system for the teaching of elementary English be inaugurated at the earliest possible moment.
:*That industrial schools for manual training be established as soon as a fair knowledge of English has been acquired.
:*That all schools under government control be conducted in the English language so far as in any way practicable, and that the use of Spanish and the dialects be only for a period of transition.
:*That English teachers, well trained in primary instruction, be brought over from the U.S. in sufficient numbers to take charge of the schools of the larger towns at least.
:*That a well-equipped normal school be established for instructing natives to be teachers of English.
:*That in the larger towns a portion, at least, of the schoolhouse must be made of a modern structure, plainly but well and properly equipped.
:*That the school supported by the Government be divorced from the Church. If the natives desire schools in which religious instruction is to be given, that they furnish the entire support for the same from private sources, but attendance from the latter schools shall not excuse the children from attendance at the public school where English is taught. Also, the Parochial Church school, if such are maintained, shall be required to be equal in character of the general instruction to the public school.

On January 21, 1901, the commission enacted Act No. 74, establishing the Department of Public Instruction. Section One of the act provided that primary instruction should be free of charge and open to all Filipinos.<ref name=ActNo.74 /> Commissioner Bernard Moses became Secretary of Public Instruction and Dr. Atkinson became General Superintendent of Public Instruction. Atkinson was tasked to put up a school in every pueblo and empowered to fix the salaries of teachers, formulate curricula, purchase school supplies, construct school buildings, and disburse the funds of the Department. A Superior Advisory Board assisted Atkinson in policy-making concerning educational needs and the condition of the islands. Act 74 divided the archipelago into divisions composed of school districts and ordered the creation of Normal and Trade schools in Manila and a School of Agriculture in [[Negros island|Negros]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=101}}.</ref>

At the time Taft arrived in the Philippines, the student-teacher ratio was one teacher for 4,179 students.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=142}}.</ref> Section 15 of Act 74 empowered the general superintendent to import 1,000 teachers from the U.S. The first batch of 48 American teachers arrived in June 1901. The second batch of 509 teachers (386 men and 141 women, accompanied by 4 nurses, 13 spouses) arrived in August, and became known as the ''[[Thomasites]]'', after the [[USAT Thomas|United States Army Transport ''Thomas'']], one of the ships which transported them.

From the very start, serious problems threatened the success of the educational program. Problems encountered included opposition from [[Catholic]] clerics, language difficulties, health problems and difficulty in adjusting to the tropical climate, financial problems brought on by delayed salary payments, lack of school buildings (many of the 2,167 primary schools existing before the war had either been destroyed or pressed into use by the army as barracks, prisons, or hospitals<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=144}}, citing {{Harvnb|Willis|1905|pp=228–229}}.</ref>), etc.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=143–144}}</ref> Cultural values which had developed under Spanish rule also posed a severe hindrance. The Thomasites had a difficult time convincing their students to give more importance to activities that developed critical thinking than to those which simply required rote memorization, or that coming an hour late or being absent to attend a town fiesta was a big shortcoming.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=144–145}}</ref>

Another problem encountered was difficulty in promoting equality among the students, as children of wealthy families thought they were entitled to special privileges. Some wealthy parents openly opposed the American educational system because of the insecurities it created. For them, education was a privilege of their class and should not be extended to the common people. They believed that general education would create an imbalance in the country's workforce, with the labor market having a surplus of people seeking white-collars and a shortage of people willing to engage in manual work. To address this concern, education officials propagated the trade and agricultural schools, explaining that graduates of these schools were at par with those earning degrees from the normal school and universities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=145}}.</ref>

As the years went by, the Thomasites won the respect and admiration not only of their students but also of their parents. The parents admired the way the American teachers treated their children and managed classroom activities. Specifically, they lauded the abolition of [[corporal punishment]]. The Thomasites' friendliness, informality, and approachability were admired by many Filipinos, who still remembered bad experiences with the aristocratic Spanish.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=145–146}}.</ref>

==Friar lands==
The instructions of President McKinley to the commission stipulated that it was their duty to make a thorough investigation into the titles of large tracts of land held or claimed by individuals or by religious orders.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=476 456–457]}}.</ref> The commission conducted a series of public hearings into the matter beginning on July 31, 1900, and lasting until November.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|p=80}}.</ref> On November 30, 1900, a 604-page report submitted by the commission discussed the friar lands in detail, recommending that "... the insular government buy the large haciendas of the friars and sell them out as small holdings to the present tenants."<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=83–84}}.</ref> In 1902, testifying in the U.S. before the House Committee on Insular Affairs, Taft repeated this recommendation, appraising the market value of the friar lands as between $2,500,000 to $7,000,000 in gold, and proposing that the Insular Government be allowed to float bonds for the purchase of the lands and use the proceeds from the sale of the lands to settle the bonds.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=190–192}}.</ref>

The Philippine Organic Act, enacted in July 1902, authorized the Insular Government to purchase the friar lands, empowering it to issue bonds for the purpose.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=198–199}}.</ref> Taft traveled to Rome in May 1902, meeting with [[Pope Leo XIII]] and proposing to buy the lands. The Pope promised to study the issue and expressed support for the American pacification program.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=202–203}}</ref> On November 18, 1902, Papal representative Jean Baptiste Guidi arrived in Manila to negotiate the sale of the lands. Taft commissioned a survey to determine their market value, and a purchase price of $7,239,784.66 was paid in December 1903 by the Insular Government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Escalante|2007|pp=221–226}}.</ref> The holdings amounted to some {{convert|166000|ha|acre}}, of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority were estate owners.<ref name=Seekins1993US-Rule>{{Harvnb|Seekins|1993|Ref=Seekins1993US-Rule}}</ref>

This was the first program of modern [[land reform in the Philippines]].


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of protected areas of the Philippines]]
*[[Philippine Commission]]
* [[Environment of the Philippines]]
*[[First Philippine Commission]]
*[[Congress of the Philippines]]
*[[Senate of the Philippines]]
*[[House of Representatives of the Philippines]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Citation
|last=Aguinaldo
|first=Emilio
|title=A Second Look at America (Classic Reprint)
|publisher=Fb&c Limited
|year=2016
|isbn=978-1-333-84114-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDc-vgAACAAJ
|access-date=2022-11-17
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Blitz
|first=Amy
|title=The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines
|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield
|year=2000
|isbn=0-8476-9935-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2rdOhMdCDEC
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Escalante
|first=Rene R.
|title=The Bearer of Pax Americana: The Philippine Career of William H. Taft, 1900–1903
|publisher=New Day Publishers
|year=2007
|location=Quezon City, Philippines
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obZwAAAAMAAJ
|isbn=978-971-10-1166-6
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Kalaw
|first=Maximo M.
|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AFJ2233.0001.001
|title=The development of Philippine politics
|publisher=Oriental Commercial
|year=1927
|access-date=January 21, 2008
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Seekins <!-- chapter author -->
|first=Donald M.
|editor-last=Dolan
|editor-first=Ronald E.
|url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html
|title=Philippines: A Country Study
|location=Washington, D.C.
|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
|year=1993
|edition=4th
|chapter-url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ph0026)
|chapter=The First Phase of United States Rule, 1898–1935
|access-date=December 25, 2007
|ref=Seekins1993US-Rule
}}.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|U.S. War Department|1901}}|reference=U.S. War Department (1901) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMyK2XHz-WoC Annual Report of the War Department Vol. I, Part 10 – Public Laws and Rules Passed by the Philippine Commission (Nos. 1 – 263)]''. Government Printing Office, Washington.}}
*{{Citation
|last=Worcester
|first=Dean Conant
|author-link=Dean Conant Worcester
|title=The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077
|publisher=MacMillan
|year=1914
|isbn=1-4191-7715-X
|access-date=February 15, 2008
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Worcester
|first=Dean Conant
|author-link=Dean Conant Worcester
|title=The Philippines: Past and Present
|publisher=MacMillan
|year=1930
}}.

==Further reading==
===Books===
*{{Citation
|last=Blount
|first=James
|title=American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912
|location=New York
|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons
|year=1913
}}.
* {{Citation
|last=Elliott
|first=Charles Burke
|title=The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC
|year=1917
|chapter=Appendix C: Instructions of the President to the Taft Commission
|pages=485–490
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Forbes
|first=William Cameron
|title=The Philippine Islands
|publisher=Harvard University Press
|location=Massachusetts
|year=1945
}}.
*{{Citation
|last1=Francisco
|first1=Luzviminda
|last2=Fast
|first2=Jonathan
|title=Conspiracy of Empire: Big Business, Corruption, and Politics for Imperialism in America, 1876–1907
|location=Quezon City, Philippines
|publisher=Foundation for Nationalist Studies
|year=1985
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Linn
|first=Brian MacAllister
|title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902
|location=Kansas
|publisher=University Press of Kansas
|year=2000
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNEIAAAACAAJ
|isbn=0-7006-0990-3
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Leopold
|first=Richard W.
|title=Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition
|location=Boston
|publisher=Little, Brown and Company
|year=1954
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46CJHgAACAAJ
|isbn=978-0-316-52114-7
}}.
*{{Citation
| last = Pobre
| first = Cesar P.
| title = Philippine Legislature 100 Years
| isbn = 971-92245-0-9
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Willis
|first=Henry Parker
|title=Our Philippine Problem: A Study of American Colonial Policy
|location=New York
|publisher=Henry Holt and Company
|year=1905
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejHv1FgkZiMC
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Zaide
|first=Sonia M.
|title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation
|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Co.
|year=1994
|isbn=971-642-071-4
}}.

===Other items===
*Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library


==External links==
==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
*{{cite book|last=Elliott|first=Charles Burke|title=The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/afj2336.0001.001.umich.edu|year=1917|chapter=Appendix C: Instructions of the President to the Taft Commission|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afj2336.0001.001.umich.edu/page/485 485]–490}}
* [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180622-RA-11038-RRD.pdf Expanded National Integrated Protected Area Systems Act of 2018] – Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
*{{Citation
* {{commons category-inline|Natural parks of the Philippines}}
|url = http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000007&page=1&epage=1
|title = Instructions of President McKinley to the Taft Commission, 7 April 1900
|access-date = January 7, 2008
|last = McKinley
|first = William
|publisher = In Filipiniana.net online digital library
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228152732/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000007&page=1&epage=1
|archive-date = February 28, 2009
}}.


{{National parks of the Philippines}}
{{Philippine legislative periods}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Philippines topics}}
/* rm cats while editing in userspace
>!-- while editing in userspace
[[Category:Political history of the Philippines]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Parks Of Philippines}}
[[Category:History of the Congress of the Philippines]]
[[Category:National parks of the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:United States national commissions]]
[[Category:Lists of national parks|Philippines]]
[[Category:Philippines geography-related lists]]
*/
[[Category:Parks in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in the Philippines]]
-->

Latest revision as of 01:02, 25 December 2024

In the Philippines, Natural Parks. by law, are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity. Rxtraction resources uses not allowed in these areas and they are maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational, and recreational use. [1]

Natural parks

[edit]

{  World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site.

Name Area Established Location Coordinates
Provinces Island Group
Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park[1] 3,903.19 ha
(9,645.0 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 18°31′57″N 120°54′50″E / 18.53250°N 120.91389°E / 18.53250; 120.91389 (Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park)
Tumauini Watershed Natural Park[1] 6,509.38 ha
(16,085.0 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 17°18′N 122°00′E / 17.3°N 122°E / 17.3; 122 (Tumauini Watershed Natural Park)
Bataan Natural Park[1] 20,004.17 ha
(49,431.4 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 14°39′N 120°36′E / 14.650°N 120.600°E / 14.650; 120.600
Apo Reef Natural Park[1] 15,799.23 ha
(39,040.7 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindoro 12°42′N 120°24′E / 12.7°N 120.4°E / 12.7; 120.4 (Apo Reef Natural Park)
Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park[1] 106,655.62 ha
(263,551.8 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindoro 12°54′N 121°13′E / 12.900°N 121.217°E / 12.900; 121.217 (Mounts Iglit–Baco Natural Park)
Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park[1] 15,799.23 ha
(39,040.7 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Sibuyan 12°25′N 122°30′E / 12.41°N 122.5°E / 12.41; 122.5 (Mount Guiting-Guiting Natural Park)
Bicol Natural Park[1] 5,466.35 ha
(13,507.6 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 13°55′32″N 122°58′17″E / 13.92556°N 122.97139°E / 13.92556; 122.97139 (Bicol Natural Park)
Mount Isarog Natural Park[1] 10,090.89 ha
(24,935.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 13°39′33″N 123°22′24″E / 13.65917°N 123.37333°E / 13.65917; 123.37333 (Mount Isarog Natural Park)
Catanduanes Natural Park[1] 48,924.09 ha
(120,894.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Catanduanes 13°48′N 122°24′E / 13.8°N 122.4°E / 13.8; 122.4 (Catanduanes Natural Park)
Bongsanglay Natural Park[1] 518.90 ha
(1,282.2 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Masbate 12°23′9″N 123°46′58″E / 12.38583°N 123.78278°E / 12.38583; 123.78278 (Bongsanglay Natural Park)
Bulusan Volcano Natural Park[1] 3,641.47 ha
(8,998.3 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Luzon 12°46′12″N 124°0′0″E / 12.77000°N 124.00000°E / 12.77000; 124.00000 (Bulusan Volcano Natural Park)
North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park[1] 12,009.29 ha
(29,675.6 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Panay 11°48′N 121°48′E / 11.8°N 121.8°E / 11.8; 121.8 (North west Panay Peninsula Natural Park)
Sibalom Natural Park[1] 6,778.44 ha
(16,749.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Panay 18°31′57″N 120°54′50″E / 18.53250°N 120.91389°E / 18.53250; 120.91389 (Sibalom Natural Park)
Northen Negros Natural Park[1] 70,826.16 ha
(175,015.3 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Negros 10°36′N 123°00′E / 10.6°N 123.0°E / 10.6; 123.0 (Northen Negros Natural Park)
Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park[1] 8,016.05 ha
(19,808.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Negros 9°24′N 123°12′E / 9.4°N 123.2°E / 9.4; 123.2 (Balisasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park)
Lake Danao Natural Park[1] 8,016.05 ha
(19,808.1 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Leyte 11°06′N 124°42′E / 11.1°N 124.7°E / 11.1; 124.7 (Lake Danao Natural Park)
Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park[1] 340.82 ha
(842.2 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Leyte 10°52′26″N 124°51′35″E / 10.87389°N 124.85972°E / 10.87389; 124.85972 (Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park)
Samar Island Natural Park[1] 335,105.57 ha
(828,063.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Samar 12°2′10″N 125°12′40″E / 12.03611°N 125.21111°E / 12.03611; 125.21111 (Samar Island Natural Park)
Pasonanca Natural Park[1] 12,102.08 ha
(29,904.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 7°4′16″N 122°4′32″E / 7.07111°N 122.07556°E / 7.07111; 122.07556 (Pasonanca Natural Park)
Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park[1] 22,225.11 ha
(54,919.4 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 7°54′N 124°48′E / 7.9°N 124.8°E / 7.9; 124.8 (Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park)
Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park[1] 4,236.19 ha
(10,467.9 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 7°49′10″N 123°55′34″E / 7.81944°N 123.92611°E / 7.81944; 123.92611 (Mount Inayawan Range Natural Park)
Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park[1] 8,437.86 ha
(20,850.4 acres) 		April 20, 2007
Mindanao 8°48′N 124°54′E / 8.8°N 124.9°E / 8.8; 124.9 (Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Republic Act No. 11038 (March 21, 2018), Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018
[edit]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

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