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{{short description|English landscape architect}}
{{short description|English landscape architect}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{original research|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}


{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| image = Lancelot ('Capability') Brown by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt) cropped.jpg
| image = File:Nathaniel Dance-Holland (1735-1811) - Capability Brown - NPG 6049 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg
| caption = A [[portrait painting]] of Brown painted by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland|Nathaniel Dance]], {{circa|1773}}
| caption =''[[Portrait of Capability Brown]]'' by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland|Nathaniel Dance]], 1769
| awards =
| awards =
| birth_name = Lancelot Brown
| birth_name = Lancelot Brown
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| height =
| height =
| nationality =
| nationality =
| parents = {{ublist|William Brown|Ursula Hall}}
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage |Bridget Wayet |22 November 1744}}
| spouse = {{marriage |Bridget Wayet |22 November 1744}}
| children = 8
| children = 8
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}}
}}


'''Lancelot Brown''' (born c. 1715&ndash;16, baptised 30 August 1716 – 6 February 1783),<ref name="Lancelot">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81572/Lancelot-Brown?anchor=ref45555 |title=Lancelot Brown |year=2007 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Encyclopædia Britannica Online|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> more commonly known as '''Capability Brown''', was an English gardener and [[landscape architect]], who remains the most famous figure in the history of the [[English landscape garden]] style. He is remembered as "the last of the great English 18th-century artists to be accorded his due" and "England's greatest gardener".
'''Lancelot''' "'''Capability'''" '''Brown''' (born c. 1715&ndash;16, baptised 30 August 1716 – 6 February 1783)<ref name="Lancelot">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81572/Lancelot-Brown?anchor=ref45555 |title=Lancelot Brown |year=2007 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Encyclopædia Britannica Online|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> was an English gardener and [[landscape architect]], a notable figure in the history of the [[English landscape garden]] style.


Unlike other architects including [[William Kent]], he was a hands-on gardener and provided his clients with a full [[turnkey]] service, designing the gardens and park, and then managing their landscaping and planting. He is most famous for the landscaped parks of [[English country house]]s, many of which have survived reasonably intact. However, he also included in his plans "pleasure gardens" with flower gardens and the new [[shrubberies]], usually placed where they would not obstruct the views across the park of and from the main facades of the house. Few of his plantings of "pleasure gardens" have survived later changes. He also submitted plans for much smaller urban projects, for example the college gardens along [[The Backs]] at [[Cambridge]].
Unlike other architects including [[William Kent]], he was a hands-on gardener and provided his clients with a full [[turnkey]] service, designing the gardens and park, and then managing their landscaping and planting. He is most famous for the landscaped parks of [[English country house]]s, many of which have survived reasonably intact. However, he also included in his plans "pleasure gardens" with flower gardens and the new [[shrubberies]], usually placed where they would not obstruct the views across the park of and from the main facades of the house. Few of his plantings of "pleasure gardens" have survived later changes. He also submitted plans for much smaller urban projects, for example the college gardens along [[The Backs]] at [[Cambridge]].


Criticism of his style, both in his own day and subsequently, mostly centres on the claim that "he created 'identikit' landscapes with the main house in a sea of turf, some water, albeit often an impressive feature, and trees in clumps and shelterbelts," giving "a uniformity equating to authoritarianism" and showing a lack of imagination and even taste on the part of his patrons.<ref>Wickham, 2</ref>
Criticism of his style, both in his own day and subsequently, mostly centres on the claim that "he created 'identikit' landscapes with the main house in a sea of turf, some water, albeit often an impressive feature, and trees in clumps and shelterbelts", giving "a uniformity equating to authoritarianism" and showing a lack of imagination and even taste on the part of his patrons.<ref>Wickham, 2</ref>


He designed more than 170 parks, many of which survive. He was nicknamed "Capability" because he would tell his clients that their property had "capability" for improvement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.traveller.com.au/highclere-castle-the-reallife-downton-abbey-go1ore|title=Highclere Castle: The real-life Downton Abbey|last=McKenna|first=Steve|date=17 April 2016|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> His influence was so great that the contributions to the [[English garden]] made by his predecessors [[Charles Bridgeman]] and [[William Kent]] are often overlooked; even Kent's champion [[Horace Walpole]] allowed that Kent "was succeeded by a very able master".<ref>{{cite book |first1=Horace |last1=Walpole |author-link=Horace Walpole |location=Canton, Pa. |publisher=Kirgate Press |page=87 |url=https://archive.org/details/essayonmodernga00walpgoog |title=On Modern Gardening |orig-year=1780 |year=1905}} at [[Internet Archive]]</ref>
He designed more than 170 parks, many of which survive. He was nicknamed "Capability" because he would tell his clients that their property had "capability" for improvement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.traveller.com.au/highclere-castle-the-reallife-downton-abbey-go1ore|title=Highclere Castle: The real-life Downton Abbey|last=McKenna|first=Steve|date=17 April 2016|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> His influence was so great that the contributions to the [[English garden]] made by his predecessors [[Charles Bridgeman]] and [[William Kent]] are often overlooked; even Kent's champion [[Horace Walpole]] allowed that Kent "was succeeded by a very able master".<ref>{{cite book |first1=Horace |last1=Walpole |author-link=Horace Walpole |location=Canton, Pa. |publisher=Kirgate Press |page=87 |url=https://archive.org/details/essayonmodernga00walpgoog |title=On Modern Gardening |orig-year=1780 |year=1905}} at [[Internet Archive]]</ref>


==Early life and Stowe==
==Early life and Stowe==
Lancelot Brown was the fifth child of a [[land agent]] and a [[chambermaid]], born in the village of [[Kirkharle]], [[Northumberland]], and educated at a school in [[Cambo, Northumberland|Cambo]] until he was 16. Brown's father, William Brown, had been Sir William [[Loraine baronets|Loraine]]’s land agent and his mother, Ursula (née Hall<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/about-capability-brown|title=About Capability Brown {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024011/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/about-capability-brown|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>), had been in service at [[Kirkharle Hall]]. His eldest brother, John, became the estate surveyor and later married Sir William's daughter. His older brother George became a mason-architect.
Lancelot Brown was the fifth child of a [[land agent]] and a [[chambermaid]], born in the village of [[Kirkharle]], [[Northumberland]], and educated at a school in [[Cambo, Northumberland|Cambo]] until he was 16. Brown's father, William Brown, had been Sir William [[Loraine baronets|Loraine]]’s land agent and his mother, Ursula (née Hall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/about-capability-brown|title=About Capability Brown {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024011/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/about-capability-brown|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref>), had been in service at [[Kirkharle Hall]]. His eldest brother, John, became the estate surveyor and later married Sir William's daughter. His older brother George became a mason-architect.


After school Lancelot worked as the head gardener's apprentice at Sir William [[Loraine baronets|Loraine]]'s kitchen garden at [[Kirkharle Hall]] until he was 23. In 1739 he journeyed south to the port of [[Boston, Lincolnshire|Boston]], [[Lincolnshire]].<ref>Brown 2011</ref> Then he moved further inland, where his first landscape commission was for a new lake in the park at [[Kiddington Hall]], [[Oxfordshire]].<ref name="Colvin1995">{{Harvnb|Colvin|1995}}.</ref> He moved to [[Wotton Underwood|Wotton Underwood House]], [[Buckinghamshire]], seat of Sir Richard Grenville.<ref name="Twickenham">{{Citation |url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=295 |title=Lancelot 'Capability' Brown Date: 1716 – 1783 Landscape Gardener |publisher=The Twickenham Museum |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090042/http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=295 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
After school Lancelot worked as the head gardener's apprentice at Sir William [[Loraine baronets|Loraine]]'s kitchen garden at [[Kirkharle Hall]] until he was 23. In 1739 he journeyed south to the port of [[Boston, Lincolnshire|Boston]], [[Lincolnshire]].<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2011}}</ref> Then he moved further inland, where his first landscape commission was for a new lake in the park at [[Kiddington Hall]], [[Oxfordshire]].<ref name="Colvin1995">{{harvnb|Colvin|1995}}.</ref> He moved to [[Wotton Underwood|Wotton Underwood House]], [[Buckinghamshire]], seat of Sir Richard Grenville.<ref name="Twickenham">{{cite web |url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=295 |title=Lancelot 'Capability' Brown Date: 1716 – 1783 Landscape Gardener |publisher=The Twickenham Museum |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090042/http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=295 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Berrington Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1263571.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|[[Ha-ha]] and house at [[Berrington Hall]] in [[Herefordshire]], Brown's last big project, a new-build designed by [[Henry Holland (architect)|his son-in-law]], placed to exploit views in two directions.]]
[[File:Berrington Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1263571.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|[[Ha-ha]] and house at [[Berrington Hall]] in [[Herefordshire]], Brown's last big project, a new-build designed by [[Henry Holland (architect)|his son-in-law]], placed to exploit views in two directions.]]


In 1741<ref>{{Citation |first=Thomas|last=Hinde|title=Capability Brown: the Story of a Master Gardener|location=London|publisher=Hutchinson|year=1986|isbn=0-09-163740-6|page=19}}</ref> Brown joined Lord Cobham's gardening staff as undergardener at [[Stowe Gardens]], [[Buckinghamshire]],<ref name="Lancelot" /> where he worked under [[William Kent]], one of the founders of the new English style of [[landscape gardening|landscape garden]]. In 1742, at the age of 26, he was officially appointed Head Gardener, earning £25 ({{inflation|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£|UK|25|1742}}) a year and residing in the western Boycott Pavilion.
In 1741<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas|last=Hinde|title=Capability Brown: the Story of a Master Gardener|location=London|publisher=Hutchinson|year=1986|isbn=0-09-163740-6|page=19}}</ref> Brown joined [[Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham|Lord Cobham]]'s gardening staff as undergardener at [[Stowe Gardens]], [[Buckinghamshire]],<ref name="Lancelot" /> where he worked under [[William Kent]], one of the founders of the new English style of [[landscape gardening|landscape garden]]. In 1742, at the age of 26, he was officially appointed Head Gardener, earning £25 ({{inflation|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£|UK|25|1742}}) a year and residing in the western Boycott Pavilion.


Brown remained at Stowe until 1750. He made the Grecian Valley at Stowe under William Kent's supervision. It is an abstract composition of landform and woodland. Lord Cobham let Brown take freelance work from his aristocratic friends, thus making him well known as a landscape gardener. As a proponent of the new English style Brown became immensely sought after by the [[landed class|landed families]]. By 1751, when Brown was beginning to be widely known, [[Horace Walpole]] wrote somewhat slightingly of Brown's work at [[Warwick Castle]]:
Brown remained at Stowe until 1750. He made the Grecian Valley at Stowe under William Kent's supervision. It is an abstract composition of landform and woodland. Lord Cobham let Brown take freelance work from his aristocratic friends, thus making him well known as a landscape gardener. As a proponent of the new English style Brown became immensely sought after by the [[landed class|landed families]]. By 1751, when Brown was beginning to be widely known, [[Horace Walpole]] wrote somewhat slightingly of Brown's work at [[Warwick Castle]]:


:''The castle is enchanting; the view pleased me more than I can express, the River Avon tumbles down a cascade at the foot of it. It is well laid out by one Brown who has set up on a few ideas of Kent and [[Philip Southcote|Mr. Southcote]].''
<blockquote>The castle is enchanting; the view pleased me more than I can express, the River Avon tumbles down a cascade at the foot of it. It is well laid out by one Brown who has set up on a few ideas of Kent and [[Philip Southcote|Mr. Southcote]].</blockquote>
By the 1760s, he was earning on average £6,000 ({{inflation|UK|6000|1765|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}) a year, usually £500 ({{inflation|UK|500|1765|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}) for one commission. As an accomplished rider he was able to work fast, taking only an hour or so on horseback to survey an estate and rough out an entire design. In 1764, Brown was appointed [[King George III]]'s Master Gardener at [[Hampton Court Palace]], succeeding John Greening and residing at the Wilderness House.<ref name="Twickenham" /> In 1767 he bought an estate for himself at [[Fenstanton]] in Huntingdonshire from the [[Earl of Northampton]] and was appointed [[High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire]] for 1770, although his son Lance carried out most of the duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambsgardens.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CGT_News36_May2014_lores.pdf|title=HOW THE MANOR OF FENSTANTON WAS EXCHANGED FOR TASTE|publisher=Cambridgeshire Gardens Trust|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328154009/http://cambsgardens.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CGT_News36_May2014_lores.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
By the 1760s he was earning on average £6,000 ({{inflation|UK|6000|1765|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}) a year, usually £500 ({{inflation|UK|500|1765|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-2}}) for one commission. As an accomplished rider he was able to work fast, taking only an hour or so on horseback to survey an estate and rough out an entire design. In 1764, Brown was appointed [[George III]]'s Master Gardener at [[Hampton Court Palace]], succeeding John Greening and residing at the Wilderness House.<ref name="Twickenham" /> In 1767 he bought an estate for himself at [[Fenstanton]] in Huntingdonshire from [[Spencer Compton, 8th Earl of Northampton]] and was appointed [[High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire]] for 1770, although his son Lance carried out most of the duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambsgardens.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CGT_News36_May2014_lores.pdf|title=HOW THE MANOR OF FENSTANTON WAS EXCHANGED FOR TASTE|publisher=Cambridgeshire Gardens Trust|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328154009/http://cambsgardens.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CGT_News36_May2014_lores.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Landscape gardens==
==Landscape gardens==
It is estimated that Brown was responsible for more than 170 gardens surrounding the finest country houses and estates in Britain. His work endures at [[Belvoir Castle]], [[Croome Park|Croome Court]] (where he also designed the house), [[Blenheim Palace]], [[Warwick Castle]], [[Harewood House]], [[Highclere Castle]], [[Appuldurcombe House]], [[Milton Abbey]] (and nearby [[Milton Abbas]] village) and in traces at [[Kew Gardens]] and many other locations.<ref name="kew">{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/brown.html |title=Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716–1783) |work=Kew History & Heritage |publisher=Kew Gardens |access-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008111550/http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/brown.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
It is estimated that Brown was responsible for more than 170 gardens surrounding the finest country houses and estates in Britain. His work endures at [[Belvoir Castle]], [[Croome Court]] (where he also designed the house), [[Blenheim Palace]], [[Warwick Castle]], [[Harewood House]], [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]], [[Highclere Castle]], [[Appuldurcombe House]], [[Milton Abbey]] (and nearby [[Milton Abbas]] village) and in traces at [[Kew Gardens]] and many other locations.<ref name="kew">{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/brown.html |title=Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716–1783) |work=Kew History & Heritage |publisher=Kew Gardens |access-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008111550/http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/brown.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lancelot Brown |url=https://www.chatsworth.org/visit-chatsworth/chatsworth-estate/park/about-the-park/lancelot-brown/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=www.chatsworth.org}}</ref>
[[Image:BadmintonMorris edited.jpg|thumb|left|280px|[[Badminton House]] in [[Gloucestershire]]: features of the Brownian landscape at full maturity in the 19th century]]
[[Image:BadmintonMorris edited.jpg|thumb|left|280px|[[Badminton House]] in [[Gloucestershire]]: features of the Brownian landscape at full maturity in the 19th century]]
His style of smooth undulating grass, which would run straight to the house, clumps, belts and scatterings of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers were a new style within the English landscape, a 'gardenless' form of landscape gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles.
His style of smooth undulating grass, which would run straight to the house, clumps, belts and scatterings of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers were a new style within the English landscape, a 'gardenless' form of landscape gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles.
[[File:Brown's Pond at Sandleford, Berkshire. Designed by and named after Lancelot Brown.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Brown's Pond at [[Sandleford]], [[Berkshire]]. One of a string of former priory fish ponds adapted by Brown who was at Sandleford on behalf of [[Elizabeth Montagu|Mrs Montagu]] from 1781.]]
[[File:Brown's Pond at Sandleford, Berkshire. Designed by and named after Lancelot Brown.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Brown's Pond at [[Sandleford]], [[Berkshire]]. One of a string of former priory fish ponds adapted by Brown who was at Sandleford on behalf of [[Elizabeth Montagu]] from 1781.]]
His landscapes were at the forefront of fashion. They were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by [[Alexander Pope]] and others from the 1710s. Starting in 1719, William Kent replaced these with more naturalistic compositions, which reached their greatest refinement in Brown's landscapes.
His landscapes were at the forefront of fashion. They were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by [[Alexander Pope]] and others from the 1710s. Starting in 1719, William Kent replaced these with more naturalistic compositions, which reached their greatest refinement in Brown's landscapes.


At [[Hampton Court]] Brown encountered [[Hannah More]] in 1782 and she described his "grammatical" manner in her literary terms: ''"'Now ''there''' said he, pointing his finger, 'I make a comma, and there' pointing to another spot, 'where a more decided turn is proper, I make a colon; at another part, where an interruption is desirable to break the view, a parenthesis; now a full stop, and then I begin another subject'".''<ref>Quoted in Peter Willis, "Capability Brown in Northumberland" ''Garden History'' '''9'''.2 (Autumn, 1981, pp. 157–183) p. 158.</ref> Brown's patrons saw the idealised landscapes he was creating for them in terms of the Italian landscape painters they admired and collected, as Kenneth Woodbridge first observed in the landscape at [[Stourhead]], a "Brownian" landscape (with an un-Brownian circuit walk) in which Brown himself was not involved.[[Image:Blenheim Palace Grand Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|At [[Blenheim Palace]] in [[Oxfordshire]], Brown dammed the paltry stream flowing under [[Vanbrugh]]'s Grand Bridge, drowning half the structure with improved results]]
At [[Hampton Court]] Brown encountered [[Hannah More]] in 1782 and she described his "grammatical" manner in her literary terms: {{"'}}Now <em>there</em>' said he, pointing his finger, 'I make a comma, and there' pointing to another spot, 'where a more decided turn is proper, I make a colon; at another part, where an interruption is desirable to break the view, a parenthesis; now a full stop, and then I begin another subject.{{'"}}<ref>Quoted in Peter Willis, "Capability Brown in Northumberland" ''Garden History'' '''9'''.2 (Autumn, 1981, pp. 157–183) p. 158.</ref> Brown's patrons saw the idealised landscapes he was creating for them in terms of the Italian landscape painters they admired and collected, as Kenneth Woodbridge first observed in the landscape at [[Stourhead]], a "Brownian" landscape (with an un-Brownian circuit walk) in which Brown himself was not involved.[[Image:Blenheim Palace Grand Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|At [[Blenheim Palace]] in [[Oxfordshire]], Brown dammed the paltry stream flowing under [[Vanbrugh]]'s Grand Bridge, drowning half the structure with improved results]]


===Criticism===
===Criticism===
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[[Richard Owen Cambridge]], the English poet and [[satire|satirical]] author, declared that he hoped to die before Brown so that he could "see heaven before it was 'improved'." This was a typical statement reflecting the controversy about Brown's work, which has continued over the last 200 years. By contrast, a recent historian and author, Richard Bisgrove, described Brown's process as perfecting nature by "judicious manipulation of its components, adding a tree here or a concealed head of water there. His art attended to the formal potential of ground, water, trees and so gave to English landscape its ideal forms. The difficulty was that less capable imitators and less sophisticated spectators did not see nature perfected... they saw simply what they took to be nature."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
[[Richard Owen Cambridge]], the English poet and [[satire|satirical]] author, declared that he hoped to die before Brown so that he could "see heaven before it was 'improved'." This was a typical statement reflecting the controversy about Brown's work, which has continued over the last 200 years. By contrast, a recent historian and author, Richard Bisgrove, described Brown's process as perfecting nature by "judicious manipulation of its components, adding a tree here or a concealed head of water there. His art attended to the formal potential of ground, water, trees and so gave to English landscape its ideal forms. The difficulty was that less capable imitators and less sophisticated spectators did not see nature perfected... they saw simply what they took to be nature."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}


This deftness of touch was recognised in his own day; one anonymous [[obituary]] writer opined: "Such, however, was the effect of his genius that when he was the happiest man, he will be least remembered; so closely did he copy nature that his works will be mistaken."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} In 1772, [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]] (though he did not mention Brown by name) complained that the "new manner" of gardens "differ very little from common fields, so closely is vulgar nature copied in most of them."<ref>{{cite book |first1=William |last1=Chambers |author-link=William Chambers (architect) |title=A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening |publisher=W. Griffin |year=1772 |page=v |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_dissertation00cham}}</ref>
This deftness of touch was recognised in his own day; one anonymous [[obituary]] writer opined: "Such, however, was the effect of his genius that when he was the happiest man, he will be least remembered; so closely did he copy nature that his works will be mistaken."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} In 1772, Sir [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]] (though he did not mention Brown by name) complained that the "new manner" of gardens "differ very little from common fields, so closely is vulgar nature copied in most of them."<ref>{{cite book |first1=William |last1=Chambers |author-link=William Chambers (architect) |title=A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening |publisher=W. Griffin |year=1772 |page=v |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_dissertation00cham}}</ref>


==Architecture==
==Architecture==
Capability Brown produced more than 100 architectural drawings,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.historicengland.org.uk/Report.aspx?i=16397&ru=/Results.aspx?p=1&n=10&rn=64&ry=2019&ns=1|title=Capability Brown's Drawings: A Reference Catalogue of Drawings by Brown or his Office (c.1740s–83) Including Architectural Drawings and Landscape Scenes|last1=Rutherford|first1=Sarah|last2=Evans|first2=Ceryl|date=2019|website=Historic England|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> and his work in the field of architecture was a natural outgrowth of his unified picture of the [[English country house]] in its setting:
Capability Brown produced more than 100 architectural drawings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.historicengland.org.uk/Report.aspx?i=16397&ru=/Results.aspx?p=1&n=10&rn=64&ry=2019&ns=1|title=Capability Brown's Drawings: A Reference Catalogue of Drawings by Brown or his Office (c.1740s–83) Including Architectural Drawings and Landscape Scenes|last1=Rutherford|first1=Sarah|last2=Evans|first2=Ceryl|date=2019|website=Historic England|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> and his work in the field of architecture was a natural outgrowth of his unified picture of the [[English country house]] in its setting:
<blockquote>"In Brown's hands the house, which before had dominated the estate, became an integral part of a carefully composed landscape intended to be seen through the eye of a painter, and its design could not be divorced from that of the garden"<ref name="Colvin1995"/></blockquote>
<blockquote>"In Brown's hands the house, which before had dominated the estate, became an integral part of a carefully composed landscape intended to be seen through the eye of a painter, and its design could not be divorced from that of the garden"<ref name="Colvin1995"/></blockquote>
[[Humphry Repton]] observed that Brown ''"fancied himself an architect"'',<ref>{{cite book |first1=Humphry (1752–1818)|last1=Repton |author-link=Humphry Repton |title=Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening |year=1803 |url=https://archive.org/details/observationsonth00rept |first2=John Adey (1775–1860)|last2=Repton |author-link2=John Adey Repton|publisher=T. Bensley |location=London}} at Internet Archive.</ref> but Brown's work as an architect is overshadowed by his great reputation as a designer of landscapes. Repton was bound to add: ''"he was inferior to none in what related to the comfort, convenience, taste and propriety of design, in the several mansions and other buildings which he planned".'' Brown's first country house project was the remodelling of [[Croome Court]], [[Worcestershire]], (1751–52) for the [[George William Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry|6th Earl of Coventry]], in which instance he was likely following sketches by the gentleman amateur [[Sanderson Miller]].<ref name="Colvin1995" />
[[Humphry Repton]] observed that Brown "fancied himself an architect",<ref>{{cite book |first1=Humphry (1752–1818)|last1=Repton |author-link=Humphry Repton |title=Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening |year=1803 |url=https://archive.org/details/observationsonth00rept |first2=John Adey (1775–1860)|last2=Repton |author-link2=John Adey Repton|publisher=T. Bensley |location=London}} at Internet Archive.</ref> but Brown's work as an architect is overshadowed by his great reputation as a designer of landscapes. Repton was bound to add: "he was inferior to none in what related to the comfort, convenience, taste and propriety of design, in the several mansions and other buildings which he planned". Brown's first country house project was the remodelling of [[Croome Court]], [[Worcestershire]], (1751–52) for the [[George William Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry|6th Earl of Coventry]], in which instance he was likely following sketches by the gentleman amateur [[Sanderson Miller]].<ref name="Colvin1995" />


Fisherwick, Staffordshire, Redgrave Hall, Suffolk, and [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]], Surrey, were classical, while at Corsham his outbuildings are in a [[Gothic Revival|Gothic]] vein, including the [[Bath House at Corsham Court|bathhouse]]. Gothic stable blocks and decorative outbuildings, arches and garden features constituted many of his designs. From 1771 he was assisted in the technical aspects by the master builder Henry Holland, and by Henry's son [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland the architect]], whose initial career Brown supported; the younger Holland was increasingly Brown's full collaborator and became Brown's son-in-law in 1773.
Fisherwick, Staffordshire, Redgrave Hall, Suffolk, and [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]], Surrey, were classical, while at Corsham his outbuildings are in a [[Gothic Revival|Gothic]] vein, including the [[Bath House at Corsham Court|bathhouse]]. Gothic stable blocks and decorative outbuildings, arches and garden features constituted many of his designs. From 1771 he was assisted in the technical aspects by the master builder Henry Holland, and by Henry's son [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland the architect]], whose initial career Brown supported; the younger Holland was increasingly Brown's full collaborator and became Brown's son-in-law in 1773.
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==Subsequent reputation==
==Subsequent reputation==
[[File:Memorial to Capability Brown in the church of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Capability Brown in the church of St Peter and St Paul, [[Fenstanton]], Cambridgeshire]]
[[File:Memorial to Capability Brown in the church of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Capability Brown in the church of St Peter and St Paul, [[Fenstanton]], Cambridgeshire]]
Brown's reputation declined rapidly after his death, because the English Landscape style did not convey the dramatic conflict and awesome power of wild nature. A reaction against the harmony and calmness of Brown's landscapes was inevitable; the landscapes lacked the [[sublime (philosophy)|sublime]] thrill which members of the [[Romanticism|Romantic generation]] (such as [[Richard Payne Knight]] and [[Uvedale Price]]) looked for in their ideal landscape, where the painterly inspiration would come from [[Salvator Rosa]] rather than [[Claude Lorrain]].
Brown's reputation declined rapidly after his death, because the English landscape style did not convey the dramatic conflict and awesome power of wild nature. A reaction against the harmony and calmness of Brown's landscapes was inevitable; the landscapes lacked the [[sublime (philosophy)|sublime]] thrill which members of the [[Romanticism|Romantic generation]] (such as [[Richard Payne Knight]] and [[Uvedale Price]]) looked for in their ideal landscape, where the painterly inspiration would come from [[Salvator Rosa]] rather than [[Claude Lorrain]].


During the 19th century he was widely criticised,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/475793/Sir-Uvedale-Price-1st-Baronet?anchor=ref59941 |title=Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2012 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> but during the twentieth century his reputation rose again. [[Tom Turner]] has suggested that the latter resulted from a favourable account of his talent in [[Marie-Luise Gothein]]'s ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/A_history_of_garden_art.html?id=bWhRAAAAMAAJ History of Garden Art]'' which predated [[Christopher Hussey (historian)|Christopher Hussey]]'s positive account of Brown in ''The Picturesque'' (1927). [[Dorothy Stroud]] wrote the first full monograph on Capability Brown, fleshing out the generic attributions with documentation from country house estate offices.
During the 19th century he was widely criticised,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/475793/Sir-Uvedale-Price-1st-Baronet?anchor=ref59941 |title=Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2012 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> but during the twentieth century his reputation rose again. [[Tom Turner]] has suggested that the latter resulted from a favourable account of his talent in [[Marie-Luise Gothein]]'s ''History of Garden Art''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWhRAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Garden Art|first=Marie Luise Schroeter|last=Gothein|date=22 November 1966|publisher=Hacker Art Books|accessdate=22 November 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref> which predated [[Christopher Hussey (historian)|Christopher Hussey]]'s positive account of Brown in ''The Picturesque'' (1927). [[Dorothy Stroud]] wrote the first full monograph on Capability Brown, fleshing out the generic attributions with documentation from country house estate offices.


Later landscape architects like [[William Sawrey Gilpin|William Gilpin]] would opine that Brown's 'natural curves' were as artificial as the straight lines that were common in French gardens.<ref name="Clifford">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225753/garden-and-landscape-design/26254/Renaissance-to-modern-15th-to-20th-centuries?anchor=ref393494 |title=Garden and landscape design |first1=Derek Plint |last1=Clifford |year=2012 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> Brown's portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland|Nathaniel Dance]], c. 1773, is conserved in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]], London. His work has often been favourably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the œuvre of [[André Le Nôtre]], the French [[French formal garden|''jardin à la française'']] landscape architect.<ref name="Lancelot" /><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=André Le Nôtre |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |date=12 March 2012 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/333395/Andre-Le-Notre/Andre-Le-Notre |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> He became both "rich and honoured and had 'improved' a greater acreage of ground than any landscape architect" who preceded him.<ref name="Lancelot" /><ref name="Clifford" />
Later landscape architects like [[William Sawrey Gilpin]] would opine that Brown's 'natural curves' were as artificial as the straight lines that were common in French gardens.<ref name="Clifford">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225753/garden-and-landscape-design/26254/Renaissance-to-modern-15th-to-20th-centuries?anchor=ref393494 |title=Garden and landscape design |first1=Derek Plint |last1=Clifford |year=2012 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> Brown's portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland|Nathaniel Dance]], c. 1773, is conserved in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]], London. His work has often been favourably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the œuvre of [[André Le Nôtre]], the French [[French formal garden|''jardin à la française'']] landscape architect.<ref name="Lancelot" /><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=André Le Nôtre |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |date=12 March 2012 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/333395/Andre-Le-Notre/Andre-Le-Notre |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> He became both "rich and honoured and had 'improved' a greater acreage of ground than any landscape architect" who preceded him.<ref name="Lancelot" /><ref name="Clifford" />


A festival to celebrate the tercentenary of Brown's birth was held in 2016. The [http://www.capabilitybrown.org/ Capability Brown Festival 2016]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/|title=Home page {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> published a large amount of new research on Brown's work<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/map|title=INTERACTIVE MAP {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408051650/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/map|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and held over 500 events across Britain as part of the celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/executive_summary_of_evaluation_report_on_the_capability_brown_festival_2016.pdf|title=Executive Summary of Evaluation Report on the Capability Brown Festival 2016}}</ref> Royal Mail issued a series of Landscape Stamps<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/royal-mail-marks-300th-anniversary-capability-browns-birth|title=Royal Mail Marks 300th Anniversary of Capability Brown's Birth - News {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408051802/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/royal-mail-marks-300th-anniversary-capability-browns-birth|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> in his honour in August 2016.
A festival to celebrate the tercentenary of Brown's birth was held in 2016. The {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130920033055/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/ Capability Brown Festival 2016]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920033055/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 September 2013|title=Home page {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> published a large amount of new research on Brown's work<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/map|title=INTERACTIVE MAP {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408051650/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/map|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and held over 500 events across Britain as part of the celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/executive_summary_of_evaluation_report_on_the_capability_brown_festival_2016.pdf|title=Executive Summary of Evaluation Report on the Capability Brown Festival 2016|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140324/https://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/executive_summary_of_evaluation_report_on_the_capability_brown_festival_2016.pdf|archivedate=12 June 2018}}</ref> Royal Mail issued a series of Landscape Stamps<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/royal-mail-marks-300th-anniversary-capability-browns-birth|title=Royal Mail Marks 300th Anniversary of Capability Brown's Birth - News {{!}} Capability Brown|website=www.capabilitybrown.org|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408051802/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/royal-mail-marks-300th-anniversary-capability-browns-birth|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> in his honour in August 2016.


The Gardens Trust with support from [[Historic England]], published ''Vulnerability Brown: Capability Brown landscapes at risk''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/vulnerability_brown_for_website_with_hyperlinks_smaller_file.pdf|title=Vulnerability Brown}}</ref> in October 2017 to review the issues facing the survival of these landscapes as well as suggested solutions.
The Gardens Trust with support from [[Historic England]], published ''Vulnerability Brown: Capability Brown landscapes at risk''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/vulnerability_brown_for_website_with_hyperlinks_smaller_file.pdf|title=Vulnerability Brown|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120195320/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/vulnerability_brown_for_website_with_hyperlinks_smaller_file.pdf|url-status=usurped}}</ref> in October 2017 to review the issues facing the survival of these landscapes as well as suggested solutions.


A commemorative fountain in [[Westminster Abbey]]’s cloister garth was dedicated for Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown after Evensong on Tuesday 29 May 2018 by the [[Dean of Westminster]], the Very Reverend Dr [[John Hall (priest)|John Hall]]. The fountain sits over an old monastic well in the garth. It was designed by [[Ptolemy Dean]], the Abbey's Surveyor of the Fabric, and was developed with the assistance of gardener [[Alan Titchmarsh]]. The fountain was made in lead by sculptor Brian Turner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-news/capability-brown-fountain-dedicated/#i25017|title='Capability' Brown fountain dedicated |work=Westminster Abbey|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>
A commemorative fountain in [[Westminster Abbey]]’s cloister garth was dedicated for Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown after Evensong on Tuesday 29 May 2018 by the [[Dean of Westminster]], Dr [[John Hall (priest)|John Hall]]. The fountain sits over an old monastic well in the garth. It was designed by [[Ptolemy Dean]], the Abbey's [[Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey|Surveyor of the Fabric]], and was developed with the assistance of gardener [[Alan Titchmarsh]]. The fountain was made in lead by sculptor Brian Turner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-news/capability-brown-fountain-dedicated/#i25017|title='Capability' Brown fountain dedicated |work=Westminster Abbey|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
[[File:The grave of Capability Brown in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire.jpg|thumb|The grave of Capability Brown in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire]]
[[File:The grave of Capability Brown in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire.jpg|thumb|The grave of Capability Brown in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire]]
On 22 November 1744 he married Bridget Wayet (affectionately called Biddy) from [[Boston, Lincolnshire]], in [[Stowe, Buckinghamshire|Stowe]] parish church.<ref>Rutherford. Page 32.</ref> Her father was an [[alderman]] and landowner while her family had surveyors and engineers among its members. They had eight children: Bridget in 1746, [[Lancelot Brown (MP)|Lancelot]] (known as Lance), William (who died young), John in 1751, a son in 1754 who died shortly afterwards, Anne who was born and died in 1756, Margaret (known as Peggy) in 1758 and Thomas in 1761.<ref>Rutherford. Pages 33, 35, 36.</ref>
On 22 November 1744 he married in [[Stowe, Buckinghamshire|Stowe]] parish church, Bridget Wayet (affectionately called Biddy) from [[Boston, Lincolnshire]].<ref>Rutherford. Page 32.</ref>
Her father was an [[alderman]] and landowner while her family had surveyors and engineers among its members. They had eight children: Bridget in 1746, Lancelot (known as Lance), William (who died young), John in 1751, a son in 1754 who died shortly afterwards, Anne who was born and died in 1756, Margaret (known as Peggy) in 1758 and Thomas in 1761.<ref>Rutherford. Pages 33, 35, 36.</ref>


In 1768 he purchased the manor of Fenstanton in [[Huntingdonshire]] in East Anglia for £13,000 from Lord Northampton. This came with two manor houses, two villages and 2,668 acres of land.<ref>Rutherford. Page 42.</ref> The property stayed in the family until it was sold in lots in 1870s and 1880s. Ownership of the property allowed him to stand for and serve as High Sheriff of Huntingdonshire from 1770 to 1771.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/capable-sheriff|title=A Capable Sheriff|date=2016|website=Capability Brown Festival|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408051607/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/capable-sheriff|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> He continued to work and travel until his sudden collapse and death on 6 February 1783, on the doorstep of his daughter Bridget Holland's house, at 6 [[Hertford Street]], London while returning after a night out at Lord Coventry's.<ref>Rutherford. Page 43.</ref>
In 1768 he purchased the manor of Fenstanton in [[Huntingdonshire]] in East Anglia for £13,000 ({{inflation|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£|UK|13000|1768}}) from Lord Northampton. This came with two manor houses, two villages and 2,668 acres of land.<ref>Rutherford. Page 42.</ref> The property stayed in the family until it was sold in lots in 1870s and 1880s. Ownership of the property allowed him to stand for and serve as [[High sheriff]] of Huntingdonshire from 1770 to 1771.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/capable-sheriff|title=A Capable Sheriff|date=2016|website=Capability Brown Festival|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408051607/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/news/capable-sheriff|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He continued to work and travel until his sudden collapse and death on 6 February 1783, on the doorstep of his daughter Bridget Holland's house, at 6 [[Hertford Street]], London while returning after a night out at Lord Coventry's.<ref>Rutherford. Page 43.</ref>


[[Horace Walpole]] wrote to [[Lady Ossory]]: ''"Your dryads must go into black gloves, Madam, their father-in-law, Lady Nature’s second husband, is dead!"''.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Horace |last1=Walpole |author-link=Horace Walpole |title=The Letters of Horace Walpole: Earl of Orford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ic1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22lady+ossory%22+capability&pg=RA2-PA331 |journal=Bohn's English Gentleman's Library |volume=8 |page=331 |year=1861 |location=Covent Garden; London |publisher=Bradbury and Evans; Henry G. Bohn |access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> Brown was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter and St. Paul, the parish church of Brown's small estate at [[Fenstanton]] Manor.<ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=jX4WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133&dq=capability+brown+buried&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig7MvAs8_lAhVOKqwKHU7cBloQ6AEIWTAH#v=onepage&q=capability%20brown%20buried&f=false ''I Never Knew That About England's Country Churches'']</ref> He left an estate of approximately £40,000, which included property in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Lincolnshire.<ref>Rutherford. Page 44.</ref> His eldest daughter Bridget married the architect [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland]]. Brown sent two of his sons to [[Eton College|Eton]]. One of them, Lancelot Brown the younger, became the MP for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]]. His son John joined the Royal Navy and rose to become an admiral.
[[Horace Walpole]] wrote to [[Lady Ossory]]: "Your dryads must go into black gloves, Madam, their father-in-law, Lady Nature’s second husband, is dead!".<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Horace |last1=Walpole |author-link=Horace Walpole |title=The Letters of Horace Walpole: Earl of Orford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ic1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22lady+ossory%22+capability&pg=RA2-PA331 |journal=Bohn's English Gentleman's Library |volume=8 |page=331 |year=1861 |location=Covent Garden; London |publisher=Bradbury and Evans; Henry G. Bohn |access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> Brown was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter and St. Paul, the parish church of Brown's small estate at [[Fenstanton]] Manor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jX4WBAAAQBAJ&dq=capability+brown+buried&pg=PA133|title=I Never Knew That About England's Country Churches|first=Christopher|last=Winn|date=4 August 2014|publisher=Random House|accessdate=22 November 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref> He left an estate of approximately £40,000 ({{inflation|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£|UK|40000|1783}}), which included property in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Lincolnshire.<ref>Rutherford. Page 44.</ref> His eldest daughter Bridget married the architect [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland]]. Brown sent two of his sons to [[Eton College|Eton]]. One of them, Lancelot Brown the younger, became the MP for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]]. His son John joined the [[Royal Navy]] and rose to become an admiral.


==Gardens and parks==
==Gardens and parks==
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* [[Berrington Hall]], Herefordshire
* [[Berrington Hall]], Herefordshire
* [[Blenheim Palace]], Oxfordshire
* [[Blenheim Palace]], Oxfordshire
* [[Boarstall]], Buckinghamshire (unknown if work carried out)<ref>[http://www.boarstall.com/ Boarstall people]</ref>
* [[Boarstall]], Buckinghamshire (unknown if work carried out){{cn|date=November 2024}}
* [[Bowood House]], Wiltshire
* [[Bowood House]], Wiltshire
* [[Cowlinge|Branches Park]], Cowlinge, Suffolk
* [[Cowlinge|Branches Park]], Cowlinge, Suffolk
* [[Brentford]], Ealing
* [[Brentford]], Ealing
* [[Brightling Park]], Sussex
* [[Brightling Park]], East Sussex
* [[Broadlands]], Hampshire
* [[Broadlands]], Hampshire
* Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire
* [[Brocklesby Hall]], Lincolnshire<ref>{{NHLE|num=1000971|desc=Brocklesby Park|grade=I|access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Burghley House]], Lincolnshire
* [[Burghley House]], Lincolnshire
* [[Burton Constable Hall]], East Riding of Yorkshire
* [[Burton Constable Hall]], East Riding of Yorkshire
* [[Burton Park, West Sussex|Burton Park]], Sussex
* [[Burton Park]], West Sussex
* [[Burton Pynsent House]], Somerset
* [[Burton Pynsent House]], Somerset
* Byram, West Yorkshire
* Byram, West Yorkshire
* Cadland, Hampshire
* Cadland, Hampshire
* [[Capheaton Hall]], Northumberland
* [[Capheaton Hall]], Northumberland
* [[Chillingham Castle]], Northumberland
* [[Cardiff Castle]], Cardiff
* [[Cardiff Castle]], Cardiff
* [[Castle Ashby House]], Northamptonshire<ref name="Turner">{{cite book |last1=Turner |first=Roger |year=1999 |title=Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape |edition=2nd |location=Chichester |publisher=Phillimore |pages=112–114}}</ref>
* [[Castle Ashby House]], Northamptonshire<ref name="Turner">{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Roger |year=1999 |title=Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape |edition=2nd |location=Chichester |publisher=Phillimore |pages=112–114}}</ref>
* [[Caversham, Berkshire|Caversham]], Berkshire
* [[Caversham, Berkshire|Caversham]], Berkshire
* Chalfont House, Buckinghamshire
* Chalfont House, Buckinghamshire
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* [[Kimbolton Castle]], Cambridgeshire
* [[Kimbolton Castle]], Cambridgeshire
* [[King's Weston House]], Bristol
* [[King's Weston House]], Bristol
* [[Kirkharle Hall]], Northumberland<ref name="CB2016">{{cite web |title=The Capability Brown Festival, 2016 - About Capability Brown |url=http://www.capabilitybrown.org/about-capability-brown |website=capabilitybrown.org (archived) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024011/http://www.capabilitybrown.org/about-capability-brown |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=15 February 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Kirkharle]], Northumberland
* [[Kirtlington]], Oxfordshire
* [[Kirtlington]], Oxfordshire
* [[Knowsley Hall|Knowsley]], near Liverpool
* [[Knowsley Hall]], near Liverpool
* [[Kyre]] Park, Herefordshire
* [[Kyre]] Park, Herefordshire
* [[Lacock Abbey]], Wiltshire
* [[Lacock Abbey]], Wiltshire
Line 194: Line 197:
* [[Langley Park, Buckinghamshire|Langley Park]], Buckinghamshire
* [[Langley Park, Buckinghamshire|Langley Park]], Buckinghamshire
* [[Langley Park, Norfolk|Langley Park]], Norfolk
* [[Langley Park, Norfolk|Langley Park]], Norfolk
* [[Latimer, Buckinghamshire|Latimer]], Buckinghamshire
* [[Latimer, Buckinghamshire|Latimer Park, Amersham]], Buckinghamshire<ref>{{cite web |title=Latimer Park |url=https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/latimer-park |website=Parks & Gardens (.org) |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Leeds Abbey]], Kent
* [[Leeds Abbey]], Kent
* Littlegrove, Barnet, London
* Littlegrove, Barnet, London
Line 210: Line 213:
* [[Moor Park (house)|Moor Park]], Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire
* [[Moor Park (house)|Moor Park]], Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire
* [[Mount Clare (Roehampton)|Mount Clare]], Roehampton, South West London
* [[Mount Clare (Roehampton)|Mount Clare]], Roehampton, South West London
* [[Navestock|Navestock Hall]], Essex<ref>{{cite web |title=Navestock |url=https://www.parksandgardens.org/places/navestock |website=Parks & Gardens (.org) |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Navestock]], Essex
* Newnham Paddox, Warwickshire
* Newnham Paddox, Warwickshire
* [[Newton Park]], Newton St Loe, Somerset
* [[Newton Park]], Newton St Loe, Somerset
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* North Cray Place, near Sidcup, Bexley, London
* North Cray Place, near Sidcup, Bexley, London
* [[North Stoneham Park]], Eastleigh, Hampshire
* [[North Stoneham Park]], Eastleigh, Hampshire
* [[Nuneham Courtenay]], Oxfordshire
* [[Nuneham House]], Nuneham Courtney, Oxfordshire
* Oakley, Shropshire
* Oakley, Shropshire
* [[Great Packington|Packington Park]], Warwickshire
* [[Great Packington|Packington Park]], Warwickshire
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* [[Schloss Richmond]] (Richmond Palace) in [[Braunschweig]], Germany
* [[Schloss Richmond]] (Richmond Palace) in [[Braunschweig]], Germany
* [[Scampston Hall]], North Yorkshire
* [[Scampston Hall]], North Yorkshire
* [[Sheffield Park Garden]], Sussex
* [[Sheffield Park and Garden|Sheffield Park]], East Sussex
* [[Sherborne Castle]], Dorset
* [[Sherborne Castle]], Dorset
* [[Sledmere House]], East Riding of Yorkshire
* [[Sledmere House]], East Riding of Yorkshire
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* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{NPG name}}
* {{NPG name}}
* [https://collections.rhs.org.uk/view/4167 ‘The Account Book of Lancelot Brown ‘Capability’ Brown’. Digitised copy on the RHS Digital Collections website]
*[https://www.rhs.org.uk/about-the-rhs/pdfs/publications/lindley-library-occasional-papers/volume-14-oct-2016.pdf Capability Brown and his Account Book], Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library, volume 14, October 2016.
* [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4261629a-c369-11e0-b163-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1VwHw9DI9 FT review of Compton Verney 2011 exhibition]
* [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4261629a-c369-11e0-b163-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1VwHw9DI9 FT review of Compton Verney 2011 exhibition]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07xt6t9 Capability Brown's unfinished garden]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07xt6t9 Capability Brown's unfinished garden]
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[[Category:English Landscape Garden designers]]
[[Category:English Landscape Garden designers]]
[[Category:English gardeners]]
[[Category:English gardeners]]
[[Category:1716 births]]
[[Category:1710s births]]
[[Category:1783 deaths]]
[[Category:1783 deaths]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire]]
[[Category:People from Fenstanton]]
[[Category:People from Fenstanton]]

Latest revision as of 01:39, 25 December 2024

Lancelot "Capability" Brown
Born
Lancelot Brown

Kirkharle, Northumberland, England
Baptised30 August 1716
Died6 February 1783(1783-02-06) (aged 67–68)
London, England
Occupations
Spouse
Bridget Wayet
(m. 1744)
Children8

Lancelot "Capability" Brown (born c. 1715–16, baptised 30 August 1716 – 6 February 1783)[1] was an English gardener and landscape architect, a notable figure in the history of the English landscape garden style.

Unlike other architects including William Kent, he was a hands-on gardener and provided his clients with a full turnkey service, designing the gardens and park, and then managing their landscaping and planting. He is most famous for the landscaped parks of English country houses, many of which have survived reasonably intact. However, he also included in his plans "pleasure gardens" with flower gardens and the new shrubberies, usually placed where they would not obstruct the views across the park of and from the main facades of the house. Few of his plantings of "pleasure gardens" have survived later changes. He also submitted plans for much smaller urban projects, for example the college gardens along The Backs at Cambridge.

Criticism of his style, both in his own day and subsequently, mostly centres on the claim that "he created 'identikit' landscapes with the main house in a sea of turf, some water, albeit often an impressive feature, and trees in clumps and shelterbelts", giving "a uniformity equating to authoritarianism" and showing a lack of imagination and even taste on the part of his patrons.[2]

He designed more than 170 parks, many of which survive. He was nicknamed "Capability" because he would tell his clients that their property had "capability" for improvement.[3] His influence was so great that the contributions to the English garden made by his predecessors Charles Bridgeman and William Kent are often overlooked; even Kent's champion Horace Walpole allowed that Kent "was succeeded by a very able master".[4]

Early life and Stowe

[edit]

Lancelot Brown was the fifth child of a land agent and a chambermaid, born in the village of Kirkharle, Northumberland, and educated at a school in Cambo until he was 16. Brown's father, William Brown, had been Sir William Loraine’s land agent and his mother, Ursula (née Hall[5]), had been in service at Kirkharle Hall. His eldest brother, John, became the estate surveyor and later married Sir William's daughter. His older brother George became a mason-architect.

After school Lancelot worked as the head gardener's apprentice at Sir William Loraine's kitchen garden at Kirkharle Hall until he was 23. In 1739 he journeyed south to the port of Boston, Lincolnshire.[6] Then he moved further inland, where his first landscape commission was for a new lake in the park at Kiddington Hall, Oxfordshire.[7] He moved to Wotton Underwood House, Buckinghamshire, seat of Sir Richard Grenville.[8]

Ha-ha and house at Berrington Hall in Herefordshire, Brown's last big project, a new-build designed by his son-in-law, placed to exploit views in two directions.

In 1741[9] Brown joined Lord Cobham's gardening staff as undergardener at Stowe Gardens, Buckinghamshire,[1] where he worked under William Kent, one of the founders of the new English style of landscape garden. In 1742, at the age of 26, he was officially appointed Head Gardener, earning £25 (equivalent to £4,900 in 2023) a year and residing in the western Boycott Pavilion.

Brown remained at Stowe until 1750. He made the Grecian Valley at Stowe under William Kent's supervision. It is an abstract composition of landform and woodland. Lord Cobham let Brown take freelance work from his aristocratic friends, thus making him well known as a landscape gardener. As a proponent of the new English style Brown became immensely sought after by the landed families. By 1751, when Brown was beginning to be widely known, Horace Walpole wrote somewhat slightingly of Brown's work at Warwick Castle:

The castle is enchanting; the view pleased me more than I can express, the River Avon tumbles down a cascade at the foot of it. It is well laid out by one Brown who has set up on a few ideas of Kent and Mr. Southcote.

By the 1760s he was earning on average £6,000 (equivalent to £1,036,000 in 2023) a year, usually £500 (equivalent to £86,300 in 2023) for one commission. As an accomplished rider he was able to work fast, taking only an hour or so on horseback to survey an estate and rough out an entire design. In 1764, Brown was appointed George III's Master Gardener at Hampton Court Palace, succeeding John Greening and residing at the Wilderness House.[8] In 1767 he bought an estate for himself at Fenstanton in Huntingdonshire from Spencer Compton, 8th Earl of Northampton and was appointed High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1770, although his son Lance carried out most of the duties.[10]

Landscape gardens

[edit]

It is estimated that Brown was responsible for more than 170 gardens surrounding the finest country houses and estates in Britain. His work endures at Belvoir Castle, Croome Court (where he also designed the house), Blenheim Palace, Warwick Castle, Harewood House, Chatsworth, Highclere Castle, Appuldurcombe House, Milton Abbey (and nearby Milton Abbas village) and in traces at Kew Gardens and many other locations.[11][12]

Badminton House in Gloucestershire: features of the Brownian landscape at full maturity in the 19th century

His style of smooth undulating grass, which would run straight to the house, clumps, belts and scatterings of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers were a new style within the English landscape, a 'gardenless' form of landscape gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles.

Brown's Pond at Sandleford, Berkshire. One of a string of former priory fish ponds adapted by Brown who was at Sandleford on behalf of Elizabeth Montagu from 1781.

His landscapes were at the forefront of fashion. They were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by Alexander Pope and others from the 1710s. Starting in 1719, William Kent replaced these with more naturalistic compositions, which reached their greatest refinement in Brown's landscapes.

At Hampton Court Brown encountered Hannah More in 1782 and she described his "grammatical" manner in her literary terms: "'Now there' said he, pointing his finger, 'I make a comma, and there' pointing to another spot, 'where a more decided turn is proper, I make a colon; at another part, where an interruption is desirable to break the view, a parenthesis; now a full stop, and then I begin another subject.'"[13] Brown's patrons saw the idealised landscapes he was creating for them in terms of the Italian landscape painters they admired and collected, as Kenneth Woodbridge first observed in the landscape at Stourhead, a "Brownian" landscape (with an un-Brownian circuit walk) in which Brown himself was not involved.

At Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, Brown dammed the paltry stream flowing under Vanbrugh's Grand Bridge, drowning half the structure with improved results

Criticism

[edit]

Perhaps Brown's sternest critic was his contemporary Uvedale Price, who likened Brown's clumps of trees to "so many puddings turned out of one common mould."[14] Russell Page, who began his career in the Brownian landscape of Longleat but whose own designs have formal structure, accused Brown of "encouraging his wealthy clients to tear out their splendid formal gardens and replace them with his facile compositions of grass, tree clumps and rather shapeless pools and lakes."[15]

Richard Owen Cambridge, the English poet and satirical author, declared that he hoped to die before Brown so that he could "see heaven before it was 'improved'." This was a typical statement reflecting the controversy about Brown's work, which has continued over the last 200 years. By contrast, a recent historian and author, Richard Bisgrove, described Brown's process as perfecting nature by "judicious manipulation of its components, adding a tree here or a concealed head of water there. His art attended to the formal potential of ground, water, trees and so gave to English landscape its ideal forms. The difficulty was that less capable imitators and less sophisticated spectators did not see nature perfected... they saw simply what they took to be nature."[citation needed]

This deftness of touch was recognised in his own day; one anonymous obituary writer opined: "Such, however, was the effect of his genius that when he was the happiest man, he will be least remembered; so closely did he copy nature that his works will be mistaken."[citation needed] In 1772, Sir William Chambers (though he did not mention Brown by name) complained that the "new manner" of gardens "differ very little from common fields, so closely is vulgar nature copied in most of them."[16]

Architecture

[edit]

Capability Brown produced more than 100 architectural drawings,[17] and his work in the field of architecture was a natural outgrowth of his unified picture of the English country house in its setting:

"In Brown's hands the house, which before had dominated the estate, became an integral part of a carefully composed landscape intended to be seen through the eye of a painter, and its design could not be divorced from that of the garden"[7]

Humphry Repton observed that Brown "fancied himself an architect",[18] but Brown's work as an architect is overshadowed by his great reputation as a designer of landscapes. Repton was bound to add: "he was inferior to none in what related to the comfort, convenience, taste and propriety of design, in the several mansions and other buildings which he planned". Brown's first country house project was the remodelling of Croome Court, Worcestershire, (1751–52) for the 6th Earl of Coventry, in which instance he was likely following sketches by the gentleman amateur Sanderson Miller.[7]

Fisherwick, Staffordshire, Redgrave Hall, Suffolk, and Claremont, Surrey, were classical, while at Corsham his outbuildings are in a Gothic vein, including the bathhouse. Gothic stable blocks and decorative outbuildings, arches and garden features constituted many of his designs. From 1771 he was assisted in the technical aspects by the master builder Henry Holland, and by Henry's son Henry Holland the architect, whose initial career Brown supported; the younger Holland was increasingly Brown's full collaborator and became Brown's son-in-law in 1773.

Subsequent reputation

[edit]
Memorial to Capability Brown in the church of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire

Brown's reputation declined rapidly after his death, because the English landscape style did not convey the dramatic conflict and awesome power of wild nature. A reaction against the harmony and calmness of Brown's landscapes was inevitable; the landscapes lacked the sublime thrill which members of the Romantic generation (such as Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price) looked for in their ideal landscape, where the painterly inspiration would come from Salvator Rosa rather than Claude Lorrain.

During the 19th century he was widely criticised,[19] but during the twentieth century his reputation rose again. Tom Turner has suggested that the latter resulted from a favourable account of his talent in Marie-Luise Gothein's History of Garden Art[20] which predated Christopher Hussey's positive account of Brown in The Picturesque (1927). Dorothy Stroud wrote the first full monograph on Capability Brown, fleshing out the generic attributions with documentation from country house estate offices.

Later landscape architects like William Sawrey Gilpin would opine that Brown's 'natural curves' were as artificial as the straight lines that were common in French gardens.[21] Brown's portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1773, is conserved in the National Portrait Gallery, London. His work has often been favourably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the œuvre of André Le Nôtre, the French jardin à la française landscape architect.[1][22] He became both "rich and honoured and had 'improved' a greater acreage of ground than any landscape architect" who preceded him.[1][21]

A festival to celebrate the tercentenary of Brown's birth was held in 2016. The Capability Brown Festival 2016[usurped][23] published a large amount of new research on Brown's work[24] and held over 500 events across Britain as part of the celebrations.[25] Royal Mail issued a series of Landscape Stamps[26] in his honour in August 2016.

The Gardens Trust with support from Historic England, published Vulnerability Brown: Capability Brown landscapes at risk[27] in October 2017 to review the issues facing the survival of these landscapes as well as suggested solutions.

A commemorative fountain in Westminster Abbey’s cloister garth was dedicated for Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown after Evensong on Tuesday 29 May 2018 by the Dean of Westminster, Dr John Hall. The fountain sits over an old monastic well in the garth. It was designed by Ptolemy Dean, the Abbey's Surveyor of the Fabric, and was developed with the assistance of gardener Alan Titchmarsh. The fountain was made in lead by sculptor Brian Turner.[28]

Personal life

[edit]
The grave of Capability Brown in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire

On 22 November 1744 he married Bridget Wayet (affectionately called Biddy) from Boston, Lincolnshire, in Stowe parish church.[29] Her father was an alderman and landowner while her family had surveyors and engineers among its members. They had eight children: Bridget in 1746, Lancelot (known as Lance), William (who died young), John in 1751, a son in 1754 who died shortly afterwards, Anne who was born and died in 1756, Margaret (known as Peggy) in 1758 and Thomas in 1761.[30]

In 1768 he purchased the manor of Fenstanton in Huntingdonshire in East Anglia for £13,000 (equivalent to £2,180,000 in 2023) from Lord Northampton. This came with two manor houses, two villages and 2,668 acres of land.[31] The property stayed in the family until it was sold in lots in 1870s and 1880s. Ownership of the property allowed him to stand for and serve as High sheriff of Huntingdonshire from 1770 to 1771.[32] He continued to work and travel until his sudden collapse and death on 6 February 1783, on the doorstep of his daughter Bridget Holland's house, at 6 Hertford Street, London while returning after a night out at Lord Coventry's.[33]

Horace Walpole wrote to Lady Ossory: "Your dryads must go into black gloves, Madam, their father-in-law, Lady Nature’s second husband, is dead!".[34] Brown was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter and St. Paul, the parish church of Brown's small estate at Fenstanton Manor.[35] He left an estate of approximately £40,000 (equivalent to £6,080,000 in 2023), which included property in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Lincolnshire.[36] His eldest daughter Bridget married the architect Henry Holland. Brown sent two of his sons to Eton. One of them, Lancelot Brown the younger, became the MP for Huntingdon. His son John joined the Royal Navy and rose to become an admiral.

Gardens and parks

[edit]

Many of Capability Brown's parks and gardens may still be visited today. A partial list of the landscapes he designed or worked on includes:

More than 30 of the gardens are open to the public.[44]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Lancelot Brown". Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  2. ^ Wickham, 2
  3. ^ McKenna, Steve (17 April 2016). "Highclere Castle: The real-life Downton Abbey". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  4. ^ Walpole, Horace (1905) [1780]. On Modern Gardening. Canton, Pa.: Kirgate Press. p. 87. at Internet Archive
  5. ^ "About Capability Brown | Capability Brown". www.capabilitybrown.org. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  6. ^ Brown 2011
  7. ^ a b c Colvin 1995.
  8. ^ a b c "Lancelot 'Capability' Brown Date: 1716 – 1783 Landscape Gardener". The Twickenham Museum. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  9. ^ Hinde, Thomas (1986). Capability Brown: the Story of a Master Gardener. London: Hutchinson. p. 19. ISBN 0-09-163740-6.
  10. ^ "HOW THE MANOR OF FENSTANTON WAS EXCHANGED FOR TASTE" (PDF). Cambridgeshire Gardens Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716–1783)". Kew History & Heritage. Kew Gardens. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  12. ^ "Lancelot Brown". www.chatsworth.org. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  13. ^ Quoted in Peter Willis, "Capability Brown in Northumberland" Garden History 9.2 (Autumn, 1981, pp. 157–183) p. 158.
  14. ^ Uvedale Price. An Essay on the Picturesque. J. Robson, London, 1796. Page 268. (In the 1794 edition this is on page 191.)
  15. ^ Page, Russell (3 May 1994) [1962]. Education of a Gardener (Paperback). The Harvill Press. p. 384. ISBN 0-00-271374-8. ISBN 978-0-00-271374-0
  16. ^ Chambers, William (1772). A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening. W. Griffin. p. v.
  17. ^ Rutherford, Sarah; Evans, Ceryl (2019). "Capability Brown's Drawings: A Reference Catalogue of Drawings by Brown or his Office (c.1740s–83) Including Architectural Drawings and Landscape Scenes". Historic England. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  18. ^ Repton, Humphry (1752–1818); Repton, John Adey (1775–1860) (1803). Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. London: T. Bensley.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) at Internet Archive.
  19. ^ "Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  20. ^ Gothein, Marie Luise Schroeter (22 November 1966). "A History of Garden Art". Hacker Art Books. Retrieved 22 November 2024 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ a b Clifford, Derek Plint (2012). "Garden and landscape design". Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  22. ^ "André Le Nôtre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  23. ^ "Home page | Capability Brown". www.capabilitybrown.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  24. ^ "INTERACTIVE MAP | Capability Brown". www.capabilitybrown.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  25. ^ "Executive Summary of Evaluation Report on the Capability Brown Festival 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original on 12 June 2018.
  26. ^ "Royal Mail Marks 300th Anniversary of Capability Brown's Birth - News | Capability Brown". www.capabilitybrown.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  27. ^ "Vulnerability Brown" (PDF). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  28. ^ "'Capability' Brown fountain dedicated". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  29. ^ Rutherford. Page 32.
  30. ^ Rutherford. Pages 33, 35, 36.
  31. ^ Rutherford. Page 42.
  32. ^ "A Capable Sheriff". Capability Brown Festival. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  33. ^ Rutherford. Page 43.
  34. ^ Walpole, Horace (1861). "The Letters of Horace Walpole: Earl of Orford". Bohn's English Gentleman's Library. 8. Covent Garden; London: Bradbury and Evans; Henry G. Bohn: 331. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  35. ^ Winn, Christopher (4 August 2014). "I Never Knew That About England's Country Churches". Random House. Retrieved 22 November 2024 – via Google Books.
  36. ^ Rutherford. Page 44.
  37. ^ "Adderbury Conservation Area Appraisal" (PDF). Cherwell District Council. September 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  38. ^ Historic England. "Brocklesby Park (Grade I) (1000971)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^ Turner, Roger (1999). Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape (2nd ed.). Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 112–114.
  40. ^ "The Capability Brown Festival, 2016 - About Capability Brown". capabilitybrown.org (archived). Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  41. ^ "Latimer Park". Parks & Gardens (.org). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  42. ^ "Navestock". Parks & Gardens (.org). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  43. ^ Pevsner, N., et al. 1992, The Buildings of England: Northumberland
  44. ^ Ross, David. "Capability Brown biography". Britain Express. Retrieved 14 March 2012.

References

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Further reading

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Media related to Capability Brown at Wikimedia Commons