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{{Short description|Business jet}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{{Infobox aircraft
|name = Jet Commander/Westwind
|name = Jet Commander/Westwind
|image = File:IAI Westwind (2323424886).jpg
|image = File:IAI Westwind (2323424886).jpg
|caption = The Westwind is a Business aircraft with a mid-wing and two aft-mounted engines
|caption = The Westwind is a Business aircraft with a mid-wing and two aft-mounted engines
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type = [[Business jet]]
|type = [[Business jet]]
|manufacturer = [[Aero Commander]] <br> [[Israel Aerospace Industries|Israel Aircraft Industries]]
|manufacturer = [[Aero Commander]] <br> [[Israel Aerospace Industries|Israel Aircraft Industries]]
|designer =
|designer =
|first flight = 27 January 1963<ref name=Flight14feb1963>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200252.html |title= Sport and business |magazine= Flight International |date= 14 February 1963}}</ref>
|first_flight = 27 January 1963<ref name=Flight14feb1963>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200252.html |title= Sport and business |magazine= Flight International |date= 14 February 1963}}</ref>
|introduced = 1965
|introduction = 1965
|retired =
|retired =
|status = Active service
|status = Limited service
|primary user = [[Pel-Air]]
|primary_user = [[Pel-Air]]
|more users =
|more_users =
|produced = 1965–1987
|produced = 1965–1987
|number built = 442
|number_built = 442
|unit cost = $475,000 (1121, 1963)<ref name=Flight14feb1963/><br/>$1.155 million (1123, 1974)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200582.html |title= IAI continues Westwind|magazine= Flight International |date= 11 April 1974}}</ref><br/>$1.6 million (1124, 1975)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200636.html |title= Israel Aircraft Industries |magazine= Flight International |date= 3 April 1975}}</ref><br/>$3 million (1124N, 1976)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200552.html |title= Nautical Westwind |date= 3 April 1976 |magazine= Flight International }}</ref><br/>$3 million (1124A, 1979)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1979/1979%20-%203636.html |date= 6 October 1979 |title= Winglets for Westwind and Commanders |magazine= Flight International }}</ref>
|unit cost = $475,000 (1121, 1963)<ref name=Flight14feb1963/><br/>$1.155 million (1123, 1974)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200582.html |title= IAI continues Westwind|magazine= Flight International |date= 11 April 1974}}</ref><br/>$1.6 million (1124, 1975)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200636.html |title= Israel Aircraft Industries |magazine= Flight International |date= 3 April 1975}}</ref><br/>$3 million (1124N, 1976)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200552.html |title= Nautical Westwind |date= 3 April 1976 |magazine= Flight International }}</ref><br/>$3 million (1124A, 1979)<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1979/1979%20-%203636.html |date= 6 October 1979 |title= Winglets for Westwind and Commanders |magazine= Flight International }}</ref>
|developed from = [[Aero Commander 500]]
|developed_from = [[Aero Commander 500]]
|variants with their own articles = [[IAI Astra]]<br/>[[Gulfstream G100]]
|developed_into = [[IAI Astra]]<br/>[[Gulfstream G100]]
}}
}}
⚫
|}


The '''IAI Westwind''' is a [[business jet]] initially produced by [[Aero Commander (aircraft manufacturer)|Aero Commander]] as the '''1121 Jet Commander'''.
The '''IAI Westwind''' is a [[business jet]] initially produced by [[Aero Commander (aircraft manufacturer)|Aero Commander]] as the '''1121 Jet Commander'''.
<!--development-->
<!--development-->
Powered by twin [[General Electric CJ610|GE CJ610]] turbojets, it first flew on January 27, 1963 and received its type certification on November 4, 1964, before the first delivery.
Powered by twin [[General Electric CJ610|GE CJ610]] turbojets, it first flew on January 27, 1963, and received its type certification on November 4, 1964, before the first delivery.
The program was bought by [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] (IAI) in 1968, which stretched it slightly into the '''1123 Westwind''', and then re-engined it with [[Garrett TFE731]] turbofans into the '''1124 Westwind'''.
The program was bought by [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] (IAI) in 1968, which stretched it slightly into the '''1123 Westwind''', and then re-engined it with [[Garrett TFE731]] turbofans into the '''1124 Westwind'''.
<!--design/production-->
<!--design/production-->
Line 30: Line 29:


==Development==
==Development==
{{external media
⚫
[[File:Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander, Private JP5962515.jpg|thumb|Early 1121 Jet Commanders are powered by thin [[General Electric CJ610|CJ610]] turbojets, they have 5 starboard and 3 or 4 port windows]]
| image1 = [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFGngRiYQS0 Business Machine of the Air] – promotional film covering the early history of the aircraft
⚫
[[File:4X-CJK, at Paris Le Bourget Airport,, Marvin G Goldman collection.jpg; Ex John Wegg coll'n.jpg|thumb|Later 1123 Westwinds are stretched by {{cvt|22|in|cm}}, they have tip tanks, 6 starboard and 5 port windows]]
⚫
}}

⚫
[[File:Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander, Private JP5962515.jpg|thumb|Early 1121 Jet Commanders are powered by thin [[General Electric CJ610|CJ610]] turbojets, and they have five starboard and three or four port windows.]]
⚫
[[File:4X-CJK, at Paris Le Bourget Airport,, Marvin G Goldman collection.jpg; Ex John Wegg coll'n.jpg|thumb|Later 1123 Westwinds are stretched by {{cvt|22|in|cm}}, they have tip tanks, and six starboard and five port windows.]]
[[File:4X-JYO Shimon-Kahlon a.jpg|thumb|The 1124 Westwind is powered by two larger [[Garrett TFE731]] turbofans, the Sea Scan [[maritime patrol aircraft]] of the [[Israeli Air Force]] has a nose [[radome]] and additional [[Aerial (radio)|aerial]]s.]]
[[File:4X-JYO Shimon-Kahlon a.jpg|thumb|The 1124 Westwind is powered by two larger [[Garrett TFE731]] turbofans, the Sea Scan [[maritime patrol aircraft]] of the [[Israeli Air Force]] has a nose [[radome]] and additional [[Aerial (radio)|aerial]]s.]]
[[File:N993DS Israel IAI-1124 Westwind 2 (cn 356) (6837117598).jpg|thumb|The final 1124A Westwind 2 has [[Wingtip device|winglets]] on the tip tanks]]
[[File:N993DS Israel IAI-1124 Westwind 2 (cn 356) (6837117598).jpg|thumb|The 1124A Westwind 2 has [[Wingtip device|winglets]] on the tip tanks]]


=== Aero Commander ===
=== Aero Commander ===
The Westwind was originally designed in the United States by [[Aero Commander (aircraft manufacturer)|Aero Commander]] as a development of its twin-propeller [[Aero Commander 500|namesake aircraft]], first flying on January 27, 1963 as the Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander.<ref>Scott A. Thompson, ''Flight Check!: The Story Of Faa Flight Inspection'' (Government Printing Office, 1990) p108; "Jet Commander Flies", by Gerald J. Schlaeger, ''Flying'' magazine (April 1963)p30</ref>
The Westwind was originally designed in the United States by Aero Commander as a development of its twin-propeller [[Aero Commander 500|namesake aircraft]], first flying on January 27, 1963, as the Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander.<ref>Scott A. Thompson, ''Flight Check!: The Story Of Faa Flight Inspection'' (Government Printing Office, 1990) p108; "Jet Commander Flies", by Gerald J. Schlaeger, ''Flying'' magazine (April 1963)p30</ref>
After successful testing, the aircraft was put into series production with deliveries to customers beginning in early 1965.<ref name="GF"/>
After successful testing, the aircraft was put into series production with deliveries to customers beginning in early 1965.<ref name="GF"/>


After initial testing of the prototype it was modified to production standard with an addition 2ft 6in to the fuselage length and increased payload and maximum weights. The second prototype first flew on 14 April 1964 which was followed by the first production aircraft in November 1964. Type approval was awarded by the FAA in November enabling the first customer delivery on 11 January 1965.
After initial testing of the prototype, it was modified to production standard with an addition of 2.5 ft to the fuselage length and increased payload and maximum weights. The second prototype first flew on April 14, 1964, which was followed by the first production aircraft in November 1964. Type approval was awarded by the [[FAA]] in November, enabling the first customer delivery on January 11, 1965.


Shortly thereafter, Aero Commander was acquired by [[Rockwell International|North American Rockwell]]. The Jet Commander created a problem, since Rockwell already had an executive jet of its own design, the [[North American Sabreliner|Sabreliner]], and could not keep both in production because of [[Competition law|anti-trust laws]]. Therefore, the company decided to sell off the rights to the Jet Commander, which were purchased by IAI in [[1968 in aviation|1968]].<ref name="GF"/>
Shortly thereafter, Aero Commander was acquired by [[Rockwell International|North American Rockwell]]. The Jet Commander created a problem, since Rockwell already had an executive jet of its own design, the [[North American Sabreliner|Sabreliner]], and could not keep both in production because of [[Competition law|antitrust laws]]. Therefore, the company decided to sell off the rights to the Jet Commander, which were purchased by IAI in 1968.<ref name="GF"/>


=== Israel Aircraft Industries ===
=== Israel Aircraft Industries ===
Jet Commander production amounted to 150 aircraft in the United States and Israel before IAI undertook a series of modifications to create the '''1123 Westwind'''. These included stretching the fuselage and increased maximum takeoff, maximum landing, and maximum zero-fuel weights, with the wing modified to incorporate double-slotted flaps and drooped leading edges and tip tanks. The [[stabilator|trimmable horizontal stabiliser]] was also modified to have increased span and more travel.<ref name="TC"/> Not long after the aircraft went into production, the original [[General Electric CJ610|General Electric CJ610 turbojet]] engines were replaced by more fuel-efficient [[Garrett TFE731]] [[turbofan]]s<ref name="GF"/> There were also numerous airframe modifications, such as drooped leading edges on the wings, a dorsal fin, revised engine pylons and nacelles, and further increases in maximum takeoff, maximum landing, and maximum zero-fuel weights. With improvements to a number of onboard systems incorporated as well, these changes resulted in the '''1124 Westwind'''<ref name="TC"/> delivered from 1976.<ref name="GF"/>
Jet Commander production amounted to 150 aircraft in the United States and Israel before IAI undertook a series of modifications to create the 1123 Westwind. These included stretching the fuselage and increasing maximum takeoff, maximum landing, and maximum zero-fuel weights, with the wing modified to incorporate double-slotted flaps and drooped leading edges and tip tanks. The [[stabilator|trimmable horizontal stabiliser]] was also modified to have increased span and more travel.<ref name="TC"/> Not long after the aircraft went into production, the original [[General Electric CJ610|General Electric CJ610 turbojet]] engines were replaced by more fuel-efficient [[Garrett TFE731]] [[turbofan]]s<ref name="GF"/> Numerous airframe modifications also were made, such as drooped leading edges on the wings, a dorsal fin, revised engine pylons and nacelles, and further increases in maximum takeoff, maximum landing, and maximum zero-fuel weights. With improvements to a number of onboard systems incorporated, as well, these changes resulted in the 1124 Westwind<ref name="TC"/> delivered from 1976.<ref name="GF"/>


In 1976, in the wake of the [[Savoy Hotel attack|terrorist takeover of the Savoy hotel]] in Tel Aviv, the [[Israeli Air Force]] decided to use the Westwind as the basis for a maritime patrol aircraft, which became known as the '''IAI Sea Scan'''. It had originally been developed to meet a requirement for the United States Coast Guard to replace the Grumman HU-16 Albatross. The [[Dassault Falcon]] was selected instead.
In 1976, in the wake of the [[Savoy Hotel attack|terrorist takeover of the Savoy hotel]] in Tel Aviv, the [[Israeli Air Force]] decided to use the Westwind as the basis for a maritime patrol aircraft, which became known as the IAI Sea Scan. It had originally been developed to meet a requirement for the United States Coast Guard to replace the Grumman HU-16 Albatross, but they selected the [[Dassault Falcon]] instead.


In 1980, deliveries of the Model 1124A commenced; modifications included a new wing centre-section and the addition of [[Wingtip device|winglets]] to the tips. The revamped aircraft was called the '''Westwind II''', replacing the original design in production. IAI built its last Westwind in 1987, after a total of 442 Jet Commanders and Westwinds had been built, switching production to the [[IAI Astra|Astra]].<ref name="GF"/>
In 1980, deliveries of the Model 1124A commenced; modifications included a new wing centre-section and the addition of [[Wingtip device|winglets]] to the tips. The revamped aircraft was called the Westwind II, replacing the original design in production. IAI built its last Westwind in 1987, after a total of 442 Jet Commanders and Westwinds had been built, switching production to the [[IAI Astra|Astra]].<ref name="GF"/>


By 2018, 1980s Westwind 1124s were priced from $300,000 to $700,000.<ref name=AINdec2018>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.ainonline.com/sites/default/files/full-issues/ain_1218.pdf |title= For many models, market hitting the apex |magazine= Aviation International News |author= Mark Huber |date= December 2018 |pages= 20-21, 24}}</ref>
By 2018, 1980s Westwind 1124s were priced from $300,000 to $700,000.<ref name=AINdec2018>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.ainonline.com/sites/default/files/full-issues/ain_1218.pdf |title= For many models, market hitting the apex |magazine= Aviation International News |author= Mark Huber |date= December 2018 |pages= 20–21, 24 |access-date= 2018-12-27 |archive-date= 2018-12-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181227181555/https://www.ainonline.com/sites/default/files/full-issues/ain_1218.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>


==Design==
==Design==
The Jet Commander/Westwind was of broadly conventional business jet arrangement, with two engines mounted in [[nacelle]]s carried on the rear fuselage. However the wings were mounted halfway up the fuselage instead of the typical low-wing arrangement of aircraft in this class.
The Jet Commander/Westwind was of broadly conventional business jet arrangement, with two engines mounted in [[nacelle]]s carried on the rear fuselage, but the wings were mounted halfway up the fuselage instead of the typical low-wing arrangement of aircraft in this class.


At FL310 and {{cvt|0.74|Mach|31000|kn km/h|0}}, the 1124 burns {{cvt|1600|lb}} per hour, and {{cvt|{{#expr:1600-400}}|lb}} at {{cvt|0.7|Mach|31000|kn km/h|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20-%203014.html |title= Westwind 1124 in the air |author= Hugh Field |magazine= Flight International |date= 25 November 1978 }}</ref>
At FL310 and {{cvt|0.74|Mach|altitude_ft=31000|kn km/h|0}}, the 1124 burns {{cvt|1600|lb}} per hour, and {{cvt|{{#expr:1600-400}}|lb}} at {{cvt|0.7|Mach|altitude_ft=31000|kn km/h|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20-%203014.html |title= Westwind 1124 in the air |author= Hugh Field |magazine= Flight International |date= 25 November 1978 }}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
Line 73: Line 76:
| {{cvt|16,800-17,500|lb|0|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|16,800-17,500|lb|0|disp=br}}
| rowspan=3 | 8
| rowspan=3 | 8
| {{cvt|926|USgal|l|0|disp=br}}
| {{cvt|926|USgal|L|0|disp=br}}
| 3-120
| 3-120
|-
|-
Line 82: Line 85:
| rowspan=3 | {{cvt|41,000|ft|0|disp=br}}{{efn|with passengers, {{cvt|45,000|ft|0}} with crew only}}
| rowspan=3 | {{cvt|41,000|ft|0|disp=br}}{{efn|with passengers, {{cvt|45,000|ft|0}} with crew only}}
| rowspan=2 | {{cvt|17,500|lb|0|disp=br}}
| rowspan=2 | {{cvt|17,500|lb|0|disp=br}}
| rowspan=2 | {{cvt|1,090|USgal|l|0|disp=br}}
| rowspan=2 | {{cvt|1,090|USgal|L|0|disp=br}}
| 121-131
| 121-131
|-
|-
Line 117: Line 120:
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}
The 1122 Type Certificate was cancelled, the two airplanes manufactured have been converted to model 1123.<ref name="TC"/>
The 1122 Type Certificate was cancelled, the two airplanes manufactured have been converted to model 1123.<ref name="TC"/>
The 1124N Sea Scan is a Maritime surveillance aircraft, the 1124 was renamed Westwind I after the introduction of the 1124A Westwind II.<ref name="GF"/>
The 1124N Sea Scan is a maritime surveillance aircraft, and the 1124 was renamed Westwind I after the introduction of the 1124A Westwind II.<ref name="GF"/>
The 1121C is an unofficial designation for 1121 aircraft modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate with an increased all-up weight available from 1971.{{cn|date=October 2019}}
The 1121C is an unofficial designation for 1121 aircraft modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate with an increased all-up weight available from 1971.{{cn|date=October 2019}}
The 1123 Westwind was stretched by {{cvt|22|in|cm}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202951.html |title= At the NBAA convention |magazine= Flight International |date= 9 October 1969}}</ref>
The 1123 Westwind was stretched by {{cvt|22|in|cm}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202951.html |title= At the NBAA convention |magazine= Flight International |date= 9 October 1969}}</ref>
Line 124: Line 127:


===Civil operators===
===Civil operators===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
;{{AUS}}
;{{AUS}}
*[[Pel-Air]]: 6 of which 4 are in aero medical configuration.
*[[Pel-Air]]: six, of which four are in aero medical configuration.
⚫
*[[Medex Aero]]: three, two of which are in aero medical configuration and one in corporate configuration
;{{CAN}}
;{{CAN}}
*[[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
*[[Discovery Air Defence]]
*[[Discovery Air Defence]]
*SkyCare Air Ambulance
⚫
;{{USA}}
⚫
North Country Aviation, Gaylord, Mi. Chartered


;{{BRA}}
⚫
*[[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA Federal Aviation Administration]]
*Brasil Vida Táxi Aéreo: four aircraft, two in aero medical configuration
⚫
;{{FIJ}}
*[[Helipro Fiji]]: one aircraft is in aero medical configuration.

;{{PHL}}
*[[Lionair_(Philippines)|Lionair]]

⚫
;{{USA}}
*[[Avalair Aircraft Management]]
*[[Corporate Flight Management]]
*[[Corporate Flight Management]]
⚫
*[[Federal Aviation Administration]]
*[[Monarch Airlines|Monarch Air]]
*[[Monarch Airlines|Monarch Air]]
*[[Nomadic Aviation Group]]

⚫
*[[North Country Aviation]]
⚫
;{{FIJ}}
⚫
}}
⚫
*[[Helipro Fiji]]: 1 aircraft are in aero medical configuration.


===Military operators===
===Military operators===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
;{{CHL}}
;{{CHL}}
*[[Chilean Navy]]
*[[Chilean Navy]]
Line 147: Line 161:
*[[Honduran Air Force]] - one 1123 operated during 1976.<ref name=Hartoch>Hartoch, Noam. ''Jet Commander - Westwind'' Tonbridge, Kent, England:Air-Britain (Historians), 1979. {{ISBN|0 85130 075 8}}, p. 42-44</ref>
*[[Honduran Air Force]] - one 1123 operated during 1976.<ref name=Hartoch>Hartoch, Noam. ''Jet Commander - Westwind'' Tonbridge, Kent, England:Air-Britain (Historians), 1979. {{ISBN|0 85130 075 8}}, p. 42-44</ref>
;{{ISR}}
;{{ISR}}
*[[Israeli Air Force]]
*[[Israeli Air Force]] (inactive as of 2017)
;{{MEX}}
;{{MEX}}
*[[Mexican Air Force]]: '''Inactive'''
*[[Mexican Air Force]]: Inactive
;{{PAN}}
;{{PAN}}
*[[Panamanian Air Force]] - one 1123 delivered in 1975.<ref name=Hartoch/>
*[[Panamanian Air Force]] - one 1123 delivered in 1975<ref name=Hartoch/>
;{{UGA}}
;{{UGA}}
*[[Ugandan Air Force]] - one 1121N operated from 1971 to 1976 as a presidential aircraft.<ref name=Hartoch/>
*[[Ugandan Air Force]] - one 1121N operated from 1971 to 1976 as a presidential aircraft.<ref name=Hartoch/>
;{{USA}}
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Coast Guard]] - one 1123 leased in 1973 for evaluation.<ref name=Hartoch/>
*[[United States Coast Guard]] - one 1123 leased in 1973 for evaluation<ref name=Hartoch/>
}}

==Accidents and incidents==

*The Rockwell 1121 had 21 [[hull-loss]] accidents causing 45 fatalities,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Rockwell-1121-Jet-Commander/statistics |title= Rockwell 1121 Statistics |date= 30 March 2020 |work= Aviation Safety Network }}</ref> and the IAI 1124 had 25 hull-loss accidents causing 47 fatalities.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/IAI-1124-Westwind/statistics |title= IAI 1124 Statistics |date= 30 March 2020 |work= Aviation Safety Network }}</ref>
*The latest, on March 29, 2020, an [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Lionair (Philippines)|Lionair]], caught fire and exploded during take off at [[Manila Airport]], killing all five passengers and three crew.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/world/asia/lion-air-crash-philippines-coronavirus.html |title=8 Killed After Philippine Plane Bursts Into Flames |author= Jason Gutierrez |date=2020-03-29 |website=The New York Times |url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/plane-crash-philippines-manila-airport-naia-lionair-12587828 |title= Eight killed after medical evacuation plane crashes in Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport |date= 2020-03-29 |website= [[Channel News Asia]] |access-date= 2020-03-30 |archive-date= 2020-03-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200330081806/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/plane-crash-philippines-manila-airport-naia-lionair-12587828 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


==Specifications (1124A Westwind II)==
==Specifications (1124A Westwind II)==
[[File:IAI 1124 Westwind II 3-view line drawing.jpg|thumb|IAI Westwind II]]
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83<ref name="Janes 82 p124-6">[[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7106-0748-2}}, pp. 124–126.</ref>
|ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83'' <ref name="Janes 82 p124-6">[[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7106-0748-2}}, pp. 124–126.</ref>
|prime units?=met
|prime units?=met
<!--
<!--
Line 165: Line 186:
-->
-->
|crew=2
|crew=2
|capacity=7 pax normal (maximum 10) / {{cvt|1474|kg|0}} max payload
|capacity=7 pax normal (maximum 10) / {{cvt|1474|kg|0}} maximum payload
|length m=15.93
|length m=15.93
|length note=
|length note=
|span m=13.65
|span m=13.65
|span note=, {{cvt|13.16|m|0}} excluding tip-tanks
|span note=, {{cvt|13.16|m|0}} excluding tip tanks
|height m=4.81
|height m=4.81
|height note=
|height note=
Line 175: Line 196:
|wing area note=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio={{#expr:13.65/(28.64/13.65)round2}}
|aspect ratio={{#expr:13.65/(28.64/13.65)round2}}
|airfoil=IAI 54-12 (Sigma 1 modified)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|airfoil=IAI 54-12 (Sigma 1 modified)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg={{#expr:6010-1474}} <!--gross weight (MZFW) - max payload-->
|empty weight kg={{#expr:6010-1474}} <!--gross weight (MZFW) - max payload-->
|empty weight note=
|empty weight note=
Line 198: Line 219:
|max speed note=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=723
|cruise speed kmh=723
|cruise speed note=economical at {{cvt|11890|-|12500|m|0}}
|cruise speed note=economical at {{cvt|11890|-|12500|m|-2}}
|stall speed kmh=184
|stall speed kmh=184
|stall speed note=at max landing weight, flaps down, engines idling
|stall speed note=at maximum landing weight, flaps down, engines idling
|never exceed speed kmh=868
|never exceed speed kmh=868
|never exceed speed note=at {{cvt|8840|m|0}}
|never exceed speed note=at {{cvt|8840|m}}
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=4430
|range km=4430
|range note=10 pax, {{cvt|5385|km|mi nmi}} with max fuel + 4 pax
|range note=10 pax, {{cvt|5385|km|mi nmi}} with maximum fuel and four passengers
|combat range km=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|combat range note=
Line 213: Line 234:
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=13725
|ceiling m=13725
|ceiling sigfig=2
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
Line 223: Line 245:
|thrust/weight= 0.31
|thrust/weight= 0.31
|more performance=<br/>
|more performance=<br/>
*'''Take-off balanced field length:''' {{cvt|1600|m|0}}
*'''Take-off balanced field length:''' {{cvt|1600|m}}
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt|747|m|0}} at max landing weight
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt|747|m|-1}} at maximum landing weight
|avionics=
|avionics=
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Aero Commander 500]]
* [[Aero Commander 500]]
* [[IAI Astra]]
|similar aircraft=<!-- The Westwind was produced in 1965-1987, had a 7.9-10.7t MTOW and 2 × 1.3-1.6tf GE CJ610 turbojets/TFE731 turbofans-->
* [[North American Sabreliner]] <!--1959–1982, 8.1t, 2 × 1.3tf PW JT12 turbojets-->
* [[British Aerospace 125]] <!--1963–2013, 11.3t MTOW, 2 × 1.7tf R-R Viper turbojets -->
* [[British Aerospace 125]] <!--1963–2013, 11.3t MTOW, 2 × 1.7tf R-R Viper turbojets -->
* [[Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet]] <!-- 1964-1973, 9.2t MTOW, 2 × 1.4tf GE CJ610 turbojets-->
* [[Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet]] <!-- 1964-1973, 9.2t MTOW, 2 × 1.4tf GE CJ610 turbojets-->
* [[Piaggio PD.808]] <!-- from 1966, 8.2t, 2 × R-R Viper turbojets -->
* [[Piaggio PD.808]] <!-- from 1966, 8.2t, 2 × R-R Viper turbojets -->
* [[Dassault Falcon 10]] <!--1970–1989, 8.5t, 2 × 1.4tf TFE731 turbofans -->
* [[Learjet 35/36]] <!--1973-1994, 8.2t, 2 × 1.6tf TFE731 turbofans-->
* [[Learjet 35/36]] <!--1973-1994, 8.2t, 2 × 1.6tf TFE731 turbofans-->
* [[Cessna Citation III]] <!--1983-2000, 10t, 2 × 1.6tf TFE731 -->
* [[Cessna Citation III]] <!--1983-2000, 10t, 2 × 1.6tf TFE731 -->
|lists=
* [[Business jet]]
|see also=
⚫
}}


==References==
==References==
Line 251: Line 264:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|IAI Westwind}}
{{Commons category|IAI Westwind}}

* {{cite web |url= http://www.worthingtonav.com/corporate.php |title= Worthington Aviation LLC |quote= the Westwind Global Support provider}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.worthingtonav.com/corporate.php |title= Worthington Aviation LLC |quote= the Westwind Global Support provider |access-date= 2019-10-08 |archive-date= 2019-10-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191008082351/http://www.worthingtonav.com/corporate.php |url-status= dead }}
* {{cite news |url= https://www.bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/westwind-ii |title= Westwind II |author= Mark Huber |date= June 2010 |work= Business Jet Traveler}}
* {{cite news |url= https://www.bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/westwind-ii |title= Westwind II |author= Mark Huber |date= June 2010 |work= Business Jet Traveler}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Iai Westwind}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iai Westwind}}
[[Category:Aero Commander aircraft]]
[[Category:Aero Commander aircraft]]
[[Category:IAI aircraft]]
[[Category:Israel Aerospace Industries aircraft]]
[[Category:1960s Israeli business aircraft]]
[[Category:1960s Israeli business aircraft]]
[[Category:1960s United States business aircraft]]
[[Category:1960s United States business aircraft]]
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[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1963]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1963]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]

Latest revision as of 02:27, 25 December 2024

Jet Commander/Westwind
The Westwind is a Business aircraft with a mid-wing and two aft-mounted engines
General information
TypeBusiness jet
ManufacturerAero Commander
Israel Aircraft Industries
StatusLimited service
Primary userPel-Air
Number built442
History
Manufactured1965–1987
Introduction date1965
First flight27 January 1963[1]
Developed fromAero Commander 500
Developed intoIAI Astra
Gulfstream G100

The IAI Westwind is a business jet initially produced by Aero Commander as the 1121 Jet Commander. Powered by twin GE CJ610 turbojets, it first flew on January 27, 1963, and received its type certification on November 4, 1964, before the first delivery. The program was bought by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) in 1968, which stretched it slightly into the 1123 Westwind, and then re-engined it with Garrett TFE731 turbofans into the 1124 Westwind. The 16,800–23,500 lb (7.6–10.7 t) MTOW aircraft can carry up to 8 or 10 passengers, and 442 were produced until 1987.

Development

[edit]
External image
image icon Business Machine of the Air – promotional film covering the early history of the aircraft
Early 1121 Jet Commanders are powered by thin CJ610 turbojets, and they have five starboard and three or four port windows.
Later 1123 Westwinds are stretched by 22 in (56 cm), they have tip tanks, and six starboard and five port windows.
The 1124 Westwind is powered by two larger Garrett TFE731 turbofans, the Sea Scan maritime patrol aircraft of the Israeli Air Force has a nose radome and additional aerials.
The 1124A Westwind 2 has winglets on the tip tanks

Aero Commander

[edit]

The Westwind was originally designed in the United States by Aero Commander as a development of its twin-propeller namesake aircraft, first flying on January 27, 1963, as the Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander.[2] After successful testing, the aircraft was put into series production with deliveries to customers beginning in early 1965.[3]

After initial testing of the prototype, it was modified to production standard with an addition of 2.5 ft to the fuselage length and increased payload and maximum weights. The second prototype first flew on April 14, 1964, which was followed by the first production aircraft in November 1964. Type approval was awarded by the FAA in November, enabling the first customer delivery on January 11, 1965.

Shortly thereafter, Aero Commander was acquired by North American Rockwell. The Jet Commander created a problem, since Rockwell already had an executive jet of its own design, the Sabreliner, and could not keep both in production because of antitrust laws. Therefore, the company decided to sell off the rights to the Jet Commander, which were purchased by IAI in 1968.[3]

Israel Aircraft Industries

[edit]

Jet Commander production amounted to 150 aircraft in the United States and Israel before IAI undertook a series of modifications to create the 1123 Westwind. These included stretching the fuselage and increasing maximum takeoff, maximum landing, and maximum zero-fuel weights, with the wing modified to incorporate double-slotted flaps and drooped leading edges and tip tanks. The trimmable horizontal stabiliser was also modified to have increased span and more travel.[4] Not long after the aircraft went into production, the original General Electric CJ610 turbojet engines were replaced by more fuel-efficient Garrett TFE731 turbofans[3] Numerous airframe modifications also were made, such as drooped leading edges on the wings, a dorsal fin, revised engine pylons and nacelles, and further increases in maximum takeoff, maximum landing, and maximum zero-fuel weights. With improvements to a number of onboard systems incorporated, as well, these changes resulted in the 1124 Westwind[4] delivered from 1976.[3]

In 1976, in the wake of the terrorist takeover of the Savoy hotel in Tel Aviv, the Israeli Air Force decided to use the Westwind as the basis for a maritime patrol aircraft, which became known as the IAI Sea Scan. It had originally been developed to meet a requirement for the United States Coast Guard to replace the Grumman HU-16 Albatross, but they selected the Dassault Falcon instead.

In 1980, deliveries of the Model 1124A commenced; modifications included a new wing centre-section and the addition of winglets to the tips. The revamped aircraft was called the Westwind II, replacing the original design in production. IAI built its last Westwind in 1987, after a total of 442 Jet Commanders and Westwinds had been built, switching production to the Astra.[3]

By 2018, 1980s Westwind 1124s were priced from $300,000 to $700,000.[5]

Design

[edit]

The Jet Commander/Westwind was of broadly conventional business jet arrangement, with two engines mounted in nacelles carried on the rear fuselage, but the wings were mounted halfway up the fuselage instead of the typical low-wing arrangement of aircraft in this class.

At FL310 and Mach 0.74 (436 kn; 808 km/h), the 1124 burns 1,600 lb (730 kg) per hour, and 1,200 lb (540 kg) at Mach 0.7 (413 kn; 764 km/h).[6]

Variants

[edit]
Type certificate data sheet[4]
Model Approved Engines Thrust Mmo Ceiling MTOW pax fuel Serials
Aero
Commander 		1121 Nov 4, 1964 CJ610-1/-5 2,850–2,950 lbf
12.68–13.12 kN 		0.765 40,000 ft
12,192 m 		16,800–17,500 lb
7,620–7,938 kg 		8 926 US gal
3,505 L 		3-120
1121A[a] Sep 19, 1967 CJ610-1 2,850 lbf
12.68 kN 		41,000 ft
12,497 m[b] 		17,500 lb
7,938 kg 		1,090 US gal
4,126 L 		121-131
1121B Apr 23, 1968 CJ610-5 2,950 lbf
13.12 kN 		132-150
IAI 1123[c] 8 Dec 1971 CJ610-9[d] 3,100 lbf
13.79 kN 		20,700 lb
9,389 kg 		10 1,300 US gal
4,921 L 		  36 built[3]
1124[e] 17 Mar 1976 TFE-731-3-1G 3,700 lbf
16.46 kN 		45,000 ft
13,716 m 		23,500 lb
10,659 kg 		1,400 US gal
5,300 L
1124A[f] Apr 17, 1980 0.785
  1. ^ overwing refuelling points with integral fuel tanks, new wheels, tires and brakes, improved cockpit lighting[citation needed]
  2. ^ with passengers, 45,000 ft (13,716 m) with crew only
  3. ^ Increased fuselage length, tip tanks, double-slotted flaps and drooped leading edge, Increased horizontal tail span...
  4. ^ plus Microturbo SAPHIR III APU
  5. ^ Improved drooped leading edge, added dorsal fin, new pod and pylon shapes, new wheel well fairing...
  6. ^ winglets on the wing tip tanks, New leading edge profile

The 1122 Type Certificate was cancelled, the two airplanes manufactured have been converted to model 1123.[4] The 1124N Sea Scan is a maritime surveillance aircraft, and the 1124 was renamed Westwind I after the introduction of the 1124A Westwind II.[3] The 1121C is an unofficial designation for 1121 aircraft modified under a Supplemental Type Certificate with an increased all-up weight available from 1971.[citation needed] The 1123 Westwind was stretched by 22 in (56 cm).[7]

Operators

[edit]

Civil operators

[edit]
 Australia
  • Pel-Air: six, of which four are in aero medical configuration.
  • Medex Aero: three, two of which are in aero medical configuration and one in corporate configuration
 Canada
 Brazil
  • Brasil Vida Táxi Aéreo: four aircraft, two in aero medical configuration
 Fiji
  • Helipro Fiji: one aircraft is in aero medical configuration.
 Philippines
 United States

Military operators

[edit]
 Chile
 Ecuador
 Honduras
 Israel
 Mexico
 Panama
 Uganda
 United States

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • The Rockwell 1121 had 21 hull-loss accidents causing 45 fatalities,[9] and the IAI 1124 had 25 hull-loss accidents causing 47 fatalities.[10]
  • The latest, on March 29, 2020, an air ambulance operated by Lionair, caught fire and exploded during take off at Manila Airport, killing all five passengers and three crew.[11][12]

Specifications (1124A Westwind II)

[edit]
IAI Westwind II

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83 [13]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 7 pax normal (maximum 10) / 1,474 kg (3,250 lb) maximum payload
  • Length: 15.93 m (52 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 13.65 m (44 ft 9 in) , 13.16 m (43 ft) excluding tip tanks
  • Height: 4.81 m (15 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 28.64 m2 (308.3 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 6.51
  • Airfoil: IAI 54-12 (Sigma 1 modified)[14]
  • Empty weight: 4,536 kg (10,000 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 10,660 kg (23,501 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 4,345 kg (9,579 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Honeywell TFE731-3-1G turbofan engines, 16.46 kN (3,700 lbf) thrust each

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 723 km/h (449 mph, 390 kn) economical at 11,890–12,500 m (39,000–41,000 ft)
  • Stall speed: 184 km/h (114 mph, 99 kn) at maximum landing weight, flaps down, engines idling
  • Never exceed speed: 868 km/h (539 mph, 469 kn) at 8,840 m (29,000 ft)
  • Range: 4,430 km (2,750 mi, 2,390 nmi) 10 pax, 5,385 km (3,346 mi; 2,908 nmi) with maximum fuel and four passengers
  • Service ceiling: 13,725 m (45,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 25.4 m/s (5,000 ft/min) at sea level
  • Wing loading: 372 kg/m2 (76 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.31
  • Take-off balanced field length: 1,600 m (5,200 ft)
  • Landing run from 15 m (49 ft): 747 m (2,450 ft) at maximum landing weight

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sport and business". Flight International. 14 February 1963.
  2. ^ Scott A. Thompson, Flight Check!: The Story Of Faa Flight Inspection (Government Printing Office, 1990) p108; "Jet Commander Flies", by Gerald J. Schlaeger, Flying magazine (April 1963)p30
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Frawley, Gerald. "IAI Westwind". The International Directory of Civil Aircraft 1997/98. Fyshwick ACT: Aerospace Publications, 1997. ISBN 1-875671-26-9. p. 123.
  4. ^ a b c d "FAA Type Certificate Number A2SW" (PDF). FAA. April 17, 1980.
  5. ^ Mark Huber (December 2018). "For many models, market hitting the apex" (PDF). Aviation International News. pp. 20–21, 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  6. ^ Hugh Field (25 November 1978). "Westwind 1124 in the air". Flight International.
  7. ^ "At the NBAA convention". Flight International. 9 October 1969.
  8. ^ a b c d Hartoch, Noam. Jet Commander - Westwind Tonbridge, Kent, England:Air-Britain (Historians), 1979. ISBN 0 85130 075 8, p. 42-44
  9. ^ "Rockwell 1121 Statistics". Aviation Safety Network. 30 March 2020.
  10. ^ "IAI 1124 Statistics". Aviation Safety Network. 30 March 2020.
  11. ^ Jason Gutierrez (2020-03-29). "8 Killed After Philippine Plane Bursts Into Flames". The New York Times.
  12. ^ "Eight killed after medical evacuation plane crashes in Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport". Channel News Asia. 2020-03-29. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  13. ^ Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2, pp. 124–126.
  14. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
[edit]
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